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Unix Tutorial

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ABOUT THE TUTORIAL Unix Tutorial UNIX is a computer Operating System which is capable of handling activities from multiple users at the same time. Unix was originated around in 1969 at AT&T Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. This tutorial gives a very good understanding on Unix. Audience This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand them basic to advanced concepts covering Unix commands, UNIX shell scripting and various utilities. Prerequisites We assume you have little knowledge about Operating System and its functionalities. A basic understanding on various computer concepts will also help you in understanding various exercises given in this tutorial. Copyright & Disclaimer Notice All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws. This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy of the site or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at webmaster@tutorialspoint.com TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

Table of Content Unix Tutorial . 2 Audience . 2 Prerequisites . 2 Copyright & Disclaimer Notice. 2 Unix Getting Started . 11 What is Unix ? . 11 Unix Architecture: . 11 System Bootup: . 12 Login Unix: . 13 To log in: . 13 Change Password: . 13 Listing Directories and Files: . 14 Who Are You? . 14 Who is Logged In? . 14 Logging Out:. 15 To log out: . 15 System Shutdown: . 15 Unix File Management . 16 Listing Files: . 16 Meta Characters: . 17 Hidden Files: . 18 Creating Files: . 18 Editing Files:. 19 Display Content of a File: . 19 Counting Words in a File: . 19 Copying Files: . 20 Renaming Files: . 20 Deleting Files: . 20 Standard Unix Streams: . 20 Unix Directories. 22 Home Directory: . 22 Absolute/Relative Pathnames: . 22 Listing Directories: . 23 Creating Directories:. 23 Creating Parent Directories: . 24 Removing Directories: . 24 Changing Directories: . 24 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

Renaming Directories: . 25 The directories . (dot) and . (dot dot) . 25 Unix File Permission Setup . 26 The Permission Indicators: . 26 File Access Modes: . 26 1. Read:. 26 2. Write: . 27 3. Execute: . 27 Directory Access Modes:. 27 1. Read:. 27 2. Write: . 27 3. Execute: . 27 Changing Permissions: . 27 Using chmod in Symbolic Mode: . 27 Using chmod with Absolute Permissions:. 28 Changing Owners and Groups: . 28 Changing Ownership: . 29 Changing Group Ownership: . 29 SUID and SGID File Permission: . 29 Unix Environment . 31 The .profile File: . 32 Setting the Terminal Type: . 32 Setting the PATH: . 32 PS1 and PS2 Variables: . 33 Environment Variables: . 34 Java Basic Utilities . 36 Printing Files: . 36 The pr Command: . 36 The lp and lpr Commands: . 37 The lpstat and lpq Commands: . 37 The cancel and lprm Commands: . 38 Sending Email: . 38 Unix Pipes and Filters . 40 The grep Command: . 40 The sort Command: . 41 The pg and more Commands:. 42 Unix Processes Management . 43 Starting a Process: . 43 Foreground Processes: . 43 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

Background Processes: . 44 Listing Running Processes: . 44 Stopping Processes: . 45 Parent and Child Processes: . 46 Zombie and Orphan Processes: . 46 Daemon Processes: . 46 The top Command: . 46 Job ID Versus Process ID: . 46 Unix Communication . 48 The ping Utility: . 48 Syntax: . 48 Example: . 48 The ftp Utility: . 49 Syntax: . 49 Example: . 50 The telnet Utility: . 51 The finger Utility: . 51 Unix – The vi Editor . 53 Starting the vi Editor: . 53 Operation Modes: . 54 Getting Out of vi: . 54 Moving within a File: . 54 Control Commands: . 55 Editing Files:. 56 Deleting Characters: . 56 Change Commands: . 57 Copy and Past Commands: . 57 Advanced Commands: . 57 Word and Character Searching: . 58 Set Commands: . 59 Running Commands:. 59 Replacing Text: . 59 IMPORTANT: . 60 Unix- What is Shell. 61 Shell Prompt:. 61 Shell Types: . 61 Shell Scripts: . 62 Example Script: . 62 Shell Comments: . 62 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

Extended Shell Scripts: . 63 Unix- Using Variables. 64 Variable Names: . 64 Defining Variables: . 64 Accessing Values: . 65 Read-only Variables: . 65 Unsetting Variables: . 65 Variable Types: . 66 Unix-Special Variables . 67 Command-Line Arguments: . 68 Special Parameters * and @: . 68 Exit Status: . 69 Unix – Using Arrays . 70 Defining Array Values:. 70 Accessing Array Values: . 71 Unix - Basic Operators . 72 Arithmetic Operators: . 73 Relational Operators: . 74 Boolean Operators: . 76 Example: . 76 String Operators: . 77 Example: . 78 File Test Operators: . 79 Example: . 80 C Shell Operators: . 81 Arithmatic and Logical Operators: . 81 File Test Operators: . 82 Korn Shell Operators: . 83 Arithmatic and Logical Operators: . 83 File Test Operators: . 83 Unix – Decision Making. 85 The if.else statements: . 85 if.fi statement . 85 Syntax: . 85 Example: . 86 if.else.fi statement . 86 Syntax: . 86 Example: . 86 if.elif.else.fi statement . 87 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

Syntax: . 87 Example: . 87 The case.esac Statement:. 87 case.esac statement . 88 Syntax: . 88 Example: . 88 Unix – Shell Loops . 90 The while loop . 90 Syntax: . 90 Example: . 90 The for loop . 91 Syntax: . 91 Example: . 91 The until loop. 92 Syntax: . 92 Example: . 92 The select loop . 93 Syntax: . 93 Example: . 93 Nesting Loops: . 94 Nesting while Loops: . 94 Syntax: . 94 Example: . 95 Unix – Loop Control . 96 The infinite Loop: . 96 Example: . 96 The break statement: . 96 Syntax: . 97 Example: . 97 The continue statement: . 98 Syntax: . 98 Example: . 98 Unix – Shell Substitutions . 99 What is Substitution? . 99 Example: . 99 Command Substitution: . 100 Syntax: . 100 Example: . 100 Variable Substitution: . 100 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

Example: . 101 Unix – Quoting Mechanisms . 102 The Metacharacters . 102 Example: . 102 The Single Quotes: . 103 The Double Quotes: . 104 The Back Quotes: . 104 Syntax: . 104 Example: . 105 Example: . 105 Unix – IO Redirections . 106 Output Redirection: . 106 Input Redirection: . 107 Here Document: . 107 Discard the output: . 108 Redirection Commands: . 109 Unix – Shell Functions . 110 Creating Functions: . 110 Example: . 110 Pass Parameters to a Function: . 111 Returning Values from Functions: . 111 Example: . 111 Nested Functions: . 112 Function Call from Prompt:. 112 Unix - Manpage Help . 114 Syntax: . 114 Example: . 114 Man Page Sections: . 114 Useful Shell Commands: . 115 Unix - Regular Expressions . 116 Invoking sed: . 116 The sed General Syntax:. 116 Deleting All Lines with sed: . 117 The sed Addresses: . 117 The sed Address Ranges: . 117 The Substitution Command: . 118 Substitution Flags: . 119 Using an Alternative String Separator: . 119 Replacing with Empty Space: . 119 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

Address Substitution: . 119 The Matching Command: . 120 Using Regular Expression: . 120 Matching Characters: . 121 Character Class Keywords: . 122 Aampersand Referencing:. 122 Using Multiple sed Commands: . 123 Back References: . 123 Unix – File System Basics . 125 Directory Structure: . 125 Navigating the File System:. 126 The df Command: . 127 The du Command: . 127 Mounting the File System: . 128 Unmounting the File System: . 128 User and Group Quotas: . 128 Unix – User Administration . 130 Managing Users and Groups: . 130 Create a Group . 131 Modify a Group: . 131 Delete a Group: . 131 Create an Account . 132 Modify an Account: . 132 Delete an Account: . 133 Unix – System Performance . 134 Peformance Components:. 134 Peformance Tools: . 135 Unix – System Logging . 136 Syslog Facilities: . 136 Syslog Priorities: . 137 The /etc/syslog.conf file: . 138 Logging Actions: . 138 The logger Command:. 139 Log Rotation: . 139 Important Log Locations . 139 Unix – Signals and Traps . 140 List of Signals: . 140 Default Actions: . 141 Sending Signals: . 141 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

Trapping Signals: . 141 Cleaning Up Temporary Files: . 142 Ignoring Signals: .

ABOUT THE TUTORIAL Unix Tutorial UNIX is a computer Operating System which is capable of handling activities from multiple users at the same time. Unix was originated around in 1969 at AT&T Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. This tutorial gives a very good understanding on Unix. Audience