TAD M. SCHMALTZ - University Of Michigan College Of .

2y ago
46 Views
2 Downloads
296.17 KB
30 Pages
Last View : 1m ago
Last Download : 3m ago
Upload by : Sasha Niles
Transcription

TAD M. SCHMALTZCURRICULUM VITAEDecember 2019Contact InformationDepartment of PhilosophyUniversity of Michigan2231 Angell Hall435 South State StreetAnn Arbor, MI 48109-1003Website: http://sites.lsa.umich.edu/tschmalt/Email: tschmalt@umich.eduPhone: 734-764-6528Fax: 734-763-8071EducationUniversity of Notre Dame, Ph.D., Philosophy1983–1988Dissertation: “Descartes’ Nativism: The Sensory and Intellectual Powers of Mind”(Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International [Feb. 1989], 49[8A]: 2254-A)Committee: Karl Ameriks (Advisor), Alfred Freddoso, Christia Mercer, Phillip SloanKalamazoo College, B.A., magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa,Honors in Philosophy1979–1983Areas of Research and Teaching SpecializationEarly Modern Metaphysics and Philosophy of Mind (with special interest in substance-modemetaphysics, mereology, causation and freedom in the early modern period; and earlymodern theories of mind, self-knowledge, and mind-body interaction and union)The Development of 17th- and 18th-Century European Philosophy (with special interest in earlymodern receptions of Descartes; late scholasticism and its influence on early modernphilosophy; the nature and impact of the “Scientific Revolution”; and the relations amongmetaphysics, natural philosophy, theology and politics in the ancien régime)Historiography of Philosophy (with special interest in the relations among history ofphilosophy, history of science and philosophy of science; and the role of women in earlymodern philosophy)

Schmaltz CV2Areas of Research Interest and Teaching CompetenceHistory and Philosophy of ScienceEarly Modern Science and TheologyMedieval/Renaissance PhilosophyMetaphysicsPhilosophy of MindPhilosophy of ReligionRegular AppointmentsUniversity of Michigan–Ann Arbor, Professor andJames B. and Grace J. Nelson Fellow2010–PresentDuke University, Professor2003–2010Duke University, Associate Professor1996–2003Duke University, Andrew W. Mellon Assistant Professor1994–1995Duke University, Assistant Professor1989–1996Visiting PositionsÉcole Normale Supérieure–Paris, Professeur invitéMarch 2017The University of Notre Dame, Adjunct Assistant Professor1988–1989PublicationsMonographs[1] The Metaphysics of the Material World: Suárez, Descartes, Spinoza. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 2020. Pp. xvii 291.[2] Early Modern Cartesianisms: Dutch and French Constructions. Oxford: Oxford University Press,2017. Pp. ix 382.[3] Descartes on Causation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Pp. xii 237. Revised paperback edition, 2012[4] Radical Cartesianism: The French Reception of Descartes. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2002. Pp. xiv 288. Paperback edition, 2007[5] Malebranche’s Theory of the Soul: A Cartesian Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1996. Pp. xi 308. Paperback edition, 1997

Schmaltz CV3Publications (cont.)Edited Volumes[6] Efficient Causation: A History. Edited by Tad M. Schmaltz. Oxford PhilosophicalConcepts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xiv 372.[7] Receptions of Descartes: Cartesianism and Anti-Cartesianism in Early Modern Europe. Edited byTad M. Schmaltz. Routledge Studies in Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. London:Routledge, 2005. Pp. x 251.Co-Edited Volumes[8] The Oxford Handbook of Descartes and Cartesianism. Edited by Steven Nadler, Tad M.Schmaltz, and Delphine Antoine-Mahut. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.Pp. xii 828.[9] The Problem of Universals in Early Modern Philosophy. Edited by Stefano Di Bella and Tad M.Schmaltz. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Pp. x 352.[10] Historical Dictionary of Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy. Edited by Roger Ariew, DennisDes Chene, Douglas Jesseph, Tad Schmaltz, and Theo Verbeek. Historical Dictionariesof Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series, no. 46. Expanded second edition.Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2015. Pp. xx 388. Paperback edition: The A to Z of Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy, 2010 Historical Dictionary of Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy, first edition, 2003[11] Integrating History and Philosophy of Science: Problems and Prospects. Edited by SeymourMauskopf and Tad Schmaltz. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 263.Dordrecht: Springer, 2012. Pp. xiv 249.Journal Articles[12] “Quantity and Extension in Suárez and Descartes”. Vivarium (forthcoming).[13] “Suárez and Descartes on the Mode(s) of Union”. Journal of the History of Philosophy(forthcoming).[14] “Gueroult on Spinoza and the Ethics”. Revue internationale de Philosophie (forthcoming).[15] “The Metaphysics of Surfaces in Suárez and Descartes”. Philosophers’ Imprint, vol. 19,no. 8 (2019): 1–20. Online: 8/1

Schmaltz CV4Publications (cont.)Journal Articles (cont.)[16] “French Cartesian Scholasticism: Remarks on Roger Ariew’s Descartes and the FirstCartesians”. Perspectives on Science, vol. 26, no. 5 (2018): 579–598.[17] “Descartes on the Metaphysics of the Material World”. Philosophical Review, vol. 127,no. 1 (2018): 1–40.[18] “Galileo and Descartes on Copernicanism and the cause of the tides”. Studies in Historyand Philosophy of Science, vol. 51 (2015): 70–81.[19] “The Metaphysics of Rest in Descartes and Malebranche”. Res Philosophica, vol. 92,no. 1 (2015): 21–40.[20] “PanzerCartesianer : The Descartes of Martial Gueroult’s Descartes selon l’ordre des raisons”.Journal of the History of Philosophy, vol. 52, no. 1 (2014): 1–13.[21] “Review Essay: Descartes on Forms and Mechanisms, by Helen Hattab, and Descartes’sChanging Mind, by Peter Machamer and J. E. McGuire”. Oxford Studies in Early ModernPhilosophy, vol. 6 (2012): 349–372.[22] “Malebranche and Leibniz on the Best of All Possible Worlds”. Southern Journal ofPhilosophy, vol. 48, no. 1 (2010): 28–48.[23] “Descartes on the Extensions of Space and Time”. Revista Analytica, vol. 13, núm. 2(2009): 113–147.[24] “Occasionalism and Mechanism: Fontenelle’s Objections to Malebranche”. BritishJournal for the History of Philosophy, vol. 16, no. 2 (2008): 293–313.[25] “A kartziánus szabadság toreneti perspektivában” [“Cartesian Freedom in HistoricalPerspective”; translated by Gábor Boros]. Kellék filozófiai foyóirat, 32 (2007): 37–59.[26] “Deflating Descartes’s Causal Axiom”. Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, vol. 3(2006): 1–31.[27] “Cartesian causation: body-body interaction, motion, and eternal truths”. Studies inHistory and Philosophy of Science, vol. 34, no. 4 (2003): 737–762.[28] “The Cartesian Refutation of Idealism”. British Journal for the History of Philosophy, vol. 10,no. 4 (2002): 513–540.[29] “The Disappearance of Analogy in Descartes, Spinoza, and Regis”. Canadian Journal ofPhilosophy, vol. 30, no. 1 (2000): 85–114.

Schmaltz CV5Publications (cont.)Journal Articles (cont.)[30] “Spinoza on the Vacuum”. Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 81. Bd., Heft 2 (1999):174–205.[31] “What Has Cartesianism to Do with Jansenism?” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 60,no. 1 (1999): 37–56.[32] “Spinoza’s Mediate Infinite Mode”. Journal of the History of Philosophy, vol. 35, no. 2(1997): 199–235.[33] “Malebranche’s Cartesianism and Lockean Colors”. History of Philosophy Quarterly, vol.12, no. 4 (1995): 387–403.[34] “Malebranche on Descartes on Mind-Body Distinctness”. Journal of the History ofPhilosophy, vol. 32, no. 4 (1994): 573–603.[35] “Human Freedom and Divine Creation in Malebranche, Descartes and the Cartesians”.British Journal for the History of Philosophy, vol. 2, no. 2 (1994): 3–50.[36] “Descartes and Malebranche on Mind and Mind-Body Union”. Philosophical Review,vol. 101, no. 2 (1992): 281–325.[37] “Platonism and Descartes’ View of Immutable Essences”. Archiv für Geschichte derPhilosophie, 73. Bd., Heft 2 (1991): 129–170.Book Chapters[38] “Malebranche on Natural Inclinations and Motivation”. In The Oxford Handbook ofMalebranche. Edited by Sean Greenberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming.[39] “Newton and the Cartesians”. In The Oxford Handbook of Newton. Edited by EricSchliesser and Chris Smeenk. Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming. Preprint available on Oxford Handbooks 30418-e-29[40] “Passive and Active Love in Descartes and Malebranche”. In Les Passions de l’âme et leurréception philosophique, 493–509. Edited by Giulia Belgioioso and Vincent Carraud.Turnhout: Brepols, 2020.

Schmaltz CV6Publications (cont.)Book Chapters (cont.)[41] “Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia on the Cartesian Mind: Interaction, Happiness,Freedom”. In Feminist History of Philosophy: The Recovery and Evaluation of Women’sPhilosophical Thought, 155–173. Edited by Eileen O’Neill and Marcy Lascano. Dordrecht:Springer, 2019.[42] “Cartesian Causation and Cognition: Louis de la Forge and Géraud de Cordemoy”. InCausation and Cognition: Perspectives on Early Modern Philosophy, 61–82. Edited by DominikPerler and Sebastian Bender. London: Routledge, 2019.[43] “Claude Clerselier and the Development of Cartesianism”. In The Oxford Handbook ofDescartes and Cartesianism, 303–318. Edited by Stephen Nadler, Tad M. Schmaltz, andDelphine Antoine-Mahut. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.[44] “Robert Desgabets and the Supplement to Descartes’s Philosophy”. In The OxfordHandbook of Descartes and Cartesianism, 402–416. Edited by Stephen Nadler, Tad M.Schmaltz, and Delphine Antoine-Mahut. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.[45] “The Curious Case of Henricus Regius”. In The Oxford Handbook of Descartes andCartesianism, 434–449. Edited by Stephen Nadler, Tad M. Schmaltz, and DelphineAntoine-Mahut. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.[46] “Continuous Creation and Cartesian Occasionalism in Physics”. In Occasionalism:From Metaphysics to Science, 41–60. Edited by Matteo Favaretti Camposampiero,Mariangela Priarolo and Emmanuela Scribano. The Age of Descartes/Descartes et sontemps, vol. 2. Turnhout: Brepols, 2018.[47] “Theories of Substance”. In The Routledge Companion to Seventeenth-Century Philosophy,35–59. Edited by Dan Kaufman. London: Routledge, 2018.[48] “Spinoza and Descartes”. In The Oxford Handbook of Spinoza, 63–83. Edited by MichaelDella Rocca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.[49] “Descartes’s Critique of Scholastic Teleology”. In The Modern Turn, 54–73. Edited byMichael Rohlf. Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy, vol. 60.Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2017.[50] “Introduction to Universals in Modern Philosophy” (with Stefano Di Bella). InUniversals in Modern Philosophy, 1–12. Edited by Stefano Di Bella and Tad M. Schmaltz.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.

Schmaltz CV7Publications (cont.)Book Chapters (cont.)[51] “Platonism and Conceptualism among the Cartesians”. In The Problem of Universals inEarly Modern Philosophy, 117–141. Edited by Stefano Di Bella and Tad M. Schmaltz.Oxford: University Press, 2017.[52] “The Early Dutch Reception of L’Homme”. In Descartes’ Treatise on Man and its Reception,71–90. Edited by Delphine Antoine-Mahut and Stephen Gaukroger. Studies in Historyand Philosophy of Science, vol. 43. Dordrecht: Springer, 2016.[53] “What is Ancient in French Cartesianism?” In The Battle of Gods and Giants Redux: PapersPresented to Thomas M. Lennon, 23–43. Edited by Patricia Easton and Kurt Smith. Leiden:Brill, 2015.[54] “Spinoza on Eternity and Duration: The 1663 Connection”. In The Young Spinoza: AMetaphysician in the Making, 205–220. Edited by Yitzhak Melamed. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2015.[55] “Introduction to Efficient Causation”. In Efficient Causation: A History, 3–19. Edited byTad M. Schmaltz. Oxford Philosophical Concepts. Oxford: Oxford University Press,2014.[56] “Efficient Causation: From Suárez to Descartes”. In Efficient Causation: A History,139–164. Edited by Tad M. Schmaltz. Oxford Philosophical Concepts. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2014.[57] “The Fifth Meditation: Descartes’ Doctrine of True and Immutable Natures”. In TheCambridge Companion to Descartes’ Meditations, 205–222. Edited by David Cunning.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.[58] “Moral Evil and Divine Concurrence in the Theodicy”. In New Essays on Leibniz’sTheodicy, 135–152. Edited by Larry Jorgensen and Samuel Newlands. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2014.[59] “Laws and Order: Malebranche, Berkeley, Hume”. In The Divine Order, the Human Order,and the Order of Nature: Historical Perspectives, 105–126. Edited by Eric Watkins. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2013.[60] “What Has History of Science to Do with History of Philosophy?”. In Philosophy and ItsHistory: New Essays on the Methods and Aims of Research in the History of Philosophy,301–323. Edited by Mogens Laerke, Eric Schliesser and Justin E. H. Smith. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2013.

Schmaltz CV8Publications (cont.)Book Chapters (cont.)[61] “Causation and Causal Axioms”. In Descartes’ ‘Meditations’: A Critical Guide, 82–100.Edited by Karen Detflefsen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.[62] “Substantial Forms as Causes: From Suárez to Descartes”. In Form and Matter in EarlyModern Science and Philosophy, 125–150. Edited by Gideon Manning. Scientific andLearned Cultures and Their Institutions, vol. 6. Leiden: Brill, 2012.[63] “Introduction” (with Seymour Mauskopf). In Integrating History and Philosophy of Science:Problems and Prospects, 1–10. Edited by Seymour Maukopf and Tad Schmaltz. BostonStudies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 263. Dordrecht: Springer, 2012.[64] “Causa Sui and Created Truth in Descartes”. In The Ultimate Why Question: Why IsThere Anything at All Rather than Nothing Whatsoever?, 109–124. Edited by John Wippel.Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy, vol. 54. Washington, D.C.:The Catholic University of America Press, 2011.[65] “Primary and Secondary Causes in Descartes’s Physics”. In Causation and ModernPhilosophy, 31–47. Edited by Keith Allen and Tom Stoneham. Routledge Advances in theHistory of Philosophy. London: Routledge, 2011.[66] “From Causes to Laws”. In The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy in Early Modern Europe,32–50. Edited by Desmond Clarke and Catherine Wilson. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 2011.[67] “Cartesianism in Crisis: The Case of the Eucharist”. In Theology and Early ModernPhilosophy (1550–1750), 119–139. Edited by Simo Knutila and Risto Saarinen. AnnalesAcademiae Scientiarum Fennicae, vol. 360. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennicae,2010.[68] “Nicolas Malebranche: Die Aufspaltung der Emotionem in Neigungen undLeidenschaften” [“Nicolas Malebranche: The Division of Emotions into Inclinationsand Passions”; translated by Ursula Renz]. In Klassische Emotionstheorien, 331–349. Edited ‘by Hilge Landweer and Ursula Renz. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008.[69] “Cartesian Freedom in Historical Perspective”. In Descartes and the Modern, 127–150.Edited by Gordon McOuat, Neil Robertson and Thomas Vinci. Newcastle upon Tyne:Cambridge Scholars Press, 2008.

Schmaltz CV9Publications (cont.)Book Chapters (cont.)[70] “Malebranche on Natural and Free Loves”. In The Concept of Love in Seventeenth andEighteenth Century Philosophy, 95–111. Edited by Gábor Boros, Herman De Dijn, andMichael Moors. Budapest: Eötvôs Kaidó / Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2007. Also in The Concept of Love in Modern Philosophy: Descartes to Kant, 41–52. Edited byGábor Boros, Herman De Dijn, and Michael Moors. Brussels: KVAB, 2005.[71] “Seventeenth-century responses to the Meditations”. In The Blackwell Guide to Descartes’Meditations, 193–203. Edited by Stephen Gaukroger. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.[72] “The Science of Mind”. In The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy, 136–169.Edited by Donald Rutherford. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.[73] “French Cartesianism in Context: The Paris Formulary and Regis’s Usage”. In Receptionsof Descartes: Cartesianism and Anti-Cartesianism in Early Modern Europe, 80–95. Edited byTad M. Schmaltz. Routledge Studies in Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. London:Routledge, 2005.[74] “A Tale of Two Condemnations. Two Cartesian Condemnations in 17th-CenturyFrance”. In Descartes ei suoi Avversari: Incontri cartesiani II, 203–221. Edited by AntonellaDel Prete. Florence: Le Monnier Università, 2004.[75] “Malebranche”. In A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy, 152–166. Edited by StevenNadler. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.[76] “Malebranche on Ideas and the Vision in God”. In The Cambridge Companion toMalebranche, 59–86. Edited by Steven Nadler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2000.[77] “Descartes on innate ideas, sensation, and scholasticism: the response to Regius”. InStudies in Seventeenth-Century European Philosophy, 33–73. Edited by M. A. Stewart. OxfordStudies in the History of Philosophy, vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.[78] “Sensation, Occasionalism, and Descartes’ Causal Principles”, in Minds, Ideas, andObjects: Essays on the Theory of Representation in Modern Philosophy, 33–55. Edited by PhillipCummins and Günter Zoeller. North American Kant Society Studies in Philosophy, vol.2. Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview Publishing, 1992.

Schmaltz CV10Publications (cont.)Discussion and Review[79] Review of Raffaele Carbone, Chantal Jaquet, and Pierre-François Moreau (eds), SpinozaMalebranche: à la croisée des interpretations (Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne and ÉcoleNormale Superieure–Lyon, 2018). Journal of the History of Philosophy, vol. 57, no. 1(2019): 170–171.[80] “Cartesian plasticity: The curious case of Henricus Regius”. OUPblog, October 2, ene-descartes/.[81] “JHP and History of Philosophy Today”. Journal of the History of Philosophy, vol. 50, no. 4(2012): 477–481.[82] “Descartes and Cartesianism”. In The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought, 160–161.Edited by Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason, and Hugh Pyper. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 2000.[83] Review of Andrew Pyle, Malebranche (Routledge, 2002). Mind, vol. 113, no. 449 (2004):215–218.[84] Review of Jonathan Bennett, Learning from Six Philosophers, Vol. 1: Descartes, Spinoza,Leibniz; Vol. 2: Locke, Berkeley, Hume (Oxford, 2001). Mind, vol. 111, no. 442 (2002):367–373.[85] Review of Michael Della Rocca, Representation and the Mind-Body Problem in Spinoza(Oxford, 1996). Mind, vol. 109, no. 435 (2000): 580–583.[86] Review of Thomas C. Vinci, Cartesian Truth (Oxford, 1998). Journal of the History ofPhilosophy, vol. 37, no. 3 (1999): 527–529.[87] “Why Teach Descartes Now?” British Society for the History of Philosophy Newsletter, NewSeries, vol. 1, no. 1 (1996): 31–32.Encyclopedia Entries[88] “Henricus Regius and Cartesianism”. In the Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and theSciences, edited by Dana Jalobeanu and Charles T. Wolfe (2019).

Schmaltz CV11Publications (cont.)Encyclopedia Entries (cont.)[89] In The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon, edited by Lawrence Nolan. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2016 “Cause” (91–98);“Concurrence/Conservation” (145–148);“Conservation of Motion, Principle of” (150–151);“Containment, Eminent vs. Formal” (152–153);“Eternal Truths” (251–257);“Jansenism” (413–414);“Suárez, Francisco” (697–699).[90] “Occasionalism”. In the online Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by T. Crane(2015): sm.[91] “Desgabets, Robert”. In Dictionnaire des philosophes français du XVIIe siècle, 539–546. Edited by Luc Foisneau.Paris: Les Classiques Garnier, 2014.The Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century French Philosophers, vol. 1, 346–352. Edited by LucFoisneau. New York: Continuum, 2008.[92] In The Continuum Companion to Spinoza, edited by Wiep van Bunge, Henri Krop, PietSteenbakkers, and Jeroen M. M. van de Ven. New York: Continuum, 2011 “Motus” (269–270);“Nihil” (274–275);“Vacuum” (333–334).[93] In The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Donald M. Borchert. 2nd edition, Detroit:Macmillan Reference USA, 2006 “Arnauld, Antoine” (vol. 1, 287–293);“Cart

Dec 01, 2019 · Duke University, Associate Professor 1996–2003 Duke University, Andrew W. Mellon Assistant Professor 1994–1995 Duke University, Assistant Professor 1989–1996 Visiting Positions École Normale Supérieure–Paris, Professeur invité March 2017 The University of Notre

Related Documents:

The Tad James Co. founder, Dr. Tad James, M.S., PhD., is a leader in the field of Accelerated Human Change Technology. Tad has a Masters Degree in Communication and a Ph.D. in Ericksonian Hypnosis. He is also a Certified Master Trainer of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) and has co-authored the top selling NLP book, "Time Line Therapy & The

French Drum, Book 2, New York Chapter 40 New York, A New Friend, and Molly? This had to be the day! Tad could put it off no longer. Ever since he arrived in New York over a month ago, Tad carried messages up roadway Street from General Washingtons headquarters to commande

TAD/TC/WP(2008)25/FINAL 6 14. The study is organized as follows: section two develops the methodology we used for computing the sectoral TRIs, section three analyzes the results obtained and the policy interpretations of these findings

By Larry D. Evans, TAD President It does me great pleasure to comment on this unique Deaf Smith edition as prepared and published by The Deaf Texan staff. On behalf of the Texas Association of the Deaf (TAD) board and membership, I thank editor Tim Jaech and his layout editor, Clyde Egbert. They have been working on this project for a long time.

Tad Lincoln’s restless wriggle just wouldn’t quit, much to the delight of his father President Abraham Lincoln—but not so much to anybody else! This picture book is based on the famous rst son who, despite a disability and other challenges, had compassion, intelligence, and wisdom beyond his

CORO glo ria mo y que he o con cia Li ber tad nun ba! ma pro ba! Li ber tad o con glo ria mo tria o la tum que el al la Pa to rien ta les Es el vo rir! O

East Point city limits on the west. Lastly, it includes via Fair Street the entire Lakewood Fairgrounds property. The Metropolitan Parkway TAD is located within City Council District 12. Those portions of the TAD to the west of I-75/85 are contained in NPU X. Those portions to the east of I-75 and I-75/85 are in

accounting purposes, and are rarely designed to have a voting equity class possessing the power to direct the activities of the entity, they are generally VIEs. The investments or other interests that will absorb portions of a VIE’s expected losses or receive portions of its expected residual returns are called variable interests. In February 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board .