Surface Water Treatment Rule Turbidity Guidance Manual
Guidance Manual for Compliance withthe Surface Water Treatment Rules:Turbidity Provisions
Office of Water (4606M)EPA 815-R-20-004June 2020
DisclaimerThis document provides guidance to states, tribes, and U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) exercising primary enforcement responsibility under the Safe DrinkingWater Act (SDWA) and contains EPA’s policy recommendations for complying with thesuite of Surface Water Treatment Rules (SWTR). Throughout this document, the terms“state” and “states” are used to refer to all types of primacy agencies including states,U.S. territories, Indian tribes, and EPA.The statutory provisions and EPA regulations described in this document contain legallybinding requirements. This document is not a regulation itself, nor does it change orsubstitute for those provisions and regulations. Thus, it does not impose legally bindingrequirements on EPA, states, or the regulated community. This guidance does not conferlegal rights or impose legal obligations upon any member of the public.While EPA has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the discussion in thisguidance, the obligations of the regulated community are determined by statutes,regulations, or other legally binding requirements. In the event of a conflict between thediscussion in this document and any statute or regulation, this document would not becontrolling.The general description provided here may not apply to a particular situation basedupon the circumstances. Interested parties are free to raise questions and objectionsabout the substance of this guidance and the appropriateness of the application of thisguidance to a particular situation. EPA and other decision makers retain the discretion toadopt approaches on a case-by-case basis that differ from those described in thisguidance, where appropriate.Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement orrecommendation for their use.This is a living document and may be revised periodically without public notice. EPAwelcomes public input on this document at any time.
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
ContentsCHAPTER 1 – Introduction . 11.11.21.31.41.5Purpose of Document . 1Overview of Suite of Surface Water Treatment Rules (SWTRs) . 1Other Applicable Rules . 4Summary of Chapters and Appendices . 5References . 6CHAPTER 2 – Turbidity Requirements . 82.1Introduction . 82.2Performance Standards and Monitoring Requirements . 82.2.1CFE Requirements . 82.2.2Special Provisions for PWSs that Use Lime Softening. 162.2.3IFE Turbidity Requirements . 162.2.4LT2ESWTR Toolbox Options . 212.3Reporting and Recordkeeping . 242.3.1CFE Reporting . 242.3.2IFE Reporting. 242.3.3LT2ESWTR Toolbox Reporting Requirements. 252.3.4Recordkeeping Requirements . 262.4Additional Compliance Issues . 262.4.1Individual Filter Follow-up Actions. 272.4.2Notification . 282.5References . 30CHAPTER 3 – Turbidity Methods & Measurement . 333.1Introduction . 333.2Approved Turbidity Methods. 333.2.1EPA Method 180.1. 333.2.2Standard Method 2130B . 333.2.3Great Lakes Instrument Method 2 (GLI 2) . 333.2.4Hach FilterTrak Method 10133. 343.3Turbidimeters . 343.3.1Bench Top Turbidimeters . 343.3.2Continuous Turbidimeters. 363.4Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC). 383.4.1QA Organization and Responsibilities . 383.4.2QA Objectives . 383.4.3SOPs . 383.4.4Sampling Strategy and Procedures. 403.4.5Calibration and Verification. 433.4.6Data Screening and Reporting . 463.4.7Performance and System Audits . 463.4.8Preventative Maintenance . 463.5Data Collection and Management . 473.5.1Data Collection Methods . 473.5.2Data Management . 483.6References . 49Guidance Manual for Compliance with theSurface Water Treatment Rules: Turbidity Provisionsi
CHAPTER 4 – Treatment Optimization . 524.1Introduction . 524.2Tools Available for Optimization . 524.2.1Composite Correction Program Approach . 534.2.2Area-Wide Optimization Program (AWOP) . 534.3Evaluating System Processes . 564.3.1Coagulation/Rapid Mixing . 564.3.2Flocculation. 594.3.3Sedimentation . 614.3.4Filtration . 634.4References . 66CHAPTER 5 – Individual Filter Self-Assessment . 695.1Introduction . 695.2Developing a Filter Profile. 725.3Assessing Hydraulic Loading Conditions of the Filter . 765.4Assessing Condition and Placement of Filter Media . 795.4.1Filter Inspection . 795.4.2Media Inspection . 805.4.3Media Placement and Observations . 815.4.4Media Analyses . 815.4.5Completing the Inspection . 825.5Assessing Condition of Support Media/Underdrains . 825.6Assessing Backwash Practices . 845.6.1Initiation of Backwash . 845.6.2Backwash Sequence . 845.6.3Identifying the Backwash Rate . 855.6.4Bed Expansion . 865.6.5Backwash Effectiveness . 895.6.6Backwash Rate . 915.6.7Terminating the Backwash. 925.6.8Backwash SOP . 925.7Assessment of Placing a Filter Back into Service. 925.8Assessing Rate-Of-Flow Controllers and Filter Valve Infrastructure . 935.8.1Leaking Valves . 945.8.2Flow Meters . 945.9Other Considerations . 945.10 Assessment of Applicability of Corrections . 945.11 Preparation of the Report . 955.12 References . 95CHAPTER 6 – Comprehensive Performance Evaluation (CPE) . 976.1Introduction . 976.2Background on the CPE . 976.3Components of a CPE . 996.3.1Performance Assessment . 996.3.2Major Unit Process Evaluation . 1036.3.3Factors Limiting Performance. 1046.4Activities During a CPE. 1076.5CPE Quality Control (QC) . 111Guidance Manual for Compliance with theSurface Water Treatment Rules: Turbidity Provisionsii
6.66.7Next Steps . 112References . 113AppendicesAppendix A — Glossary . A-1Appendix B — Basic Turbidimeter Design and Concepts . B-1Guidance Manual for Compliance with theSurface Water Treatment Rules: Turbidity Provisionsiii
FiguresFigure 2-1. Flowchart of CFE Turbidity Provisions for Conventional and Direct Filtration Systems . 10Figure 2-2. Flowchart of CFE Turbidity Provisions for Slow Sand and DE Filtration Systems . 12Figure 2-3. Slow Sand Filter in Idaho . 13Figure 2-4. Flowchart of CFE Turbidity Provisions for Alternative Filtration Systems . 15Figure 2-5. Cartridge Filters Installed at a Small PWS. 16Figure 2-6. Turbidity Monitoring Requirements for Conventional and Direct Filtration Plants [40 CFR141.74(c)(1), 40 CFR 141.174, 40 CFR 141.560, and 141.562]. 18Figure 2-7. Example Filter Profile . 27Figure 3-1. Calibration Checklist . 45Figure 5-1. Example Filter Profile of Optimized Filter Performance . 73Figure 5-2. Example Filter Profile of Optimized Filter with Turbidity Spike During Filter Run. 74Figure 5-3. Example Filter Profile with Long and High Initial Spike . 74Figure 5-4. Example Filter Profile of Optimized Filter with Breakthrough at End of Filter Ru . 75Figure 5-5. Example Filter Profile with Multiple Spikes. 75Figure 5-6. Example Filter Profile with High Initial Spike and Turbidity Levels Above 1.0 NTU . 76Figure 5-7. Box Used for Excavation . 80Figure 5-8. Box Excavation Demonstration . 80Figure 5-9. Mudball from a Filter . 81Figure 5-10. Underdrain System . 82Figure 5-11. Examples of a Secchi Disk . 88Figure 5-12. “Pipe Organ” Expansion . 89Figure 5-13. Example of Floc Retention Analysis Results for 4-foot Deep Mono Media Filter Bed . 91Figure 5-14. Example of Floc Retention Analysis Results for 4-foot Deep Dual Media Filter Bed . 91Figure 6-1. An Example of Performance Assessment Using Historical Data . 101Figure 6-2. An Example of Individual Filter Data Collected During a CPE . 103Figure 6-3. Example Performance Potential Graph . 104Figure 6-4. Activities During a CPE. . 108Guidance Manual for Compliance with theSurface Water Treatment Rules: Turbidity Provisionsiv
TablesTable 2-1. CFE and IFE Turbidity Monitoring Requirements for Conventional and Direct FiltrationSystems . 17Table 2-2. Follow-up Requirements in Response to IFE Turbidity Triggers (40 CFR 141.175(b) and 40CFR 141.563). 19Table 2-3. Microbial Toolbox Options that Incorporate Turbidity and their Turbidity Criteria [40 CFR141.715(b)]. 21Table 2-4. Reporting Requirements for IFE Monitoring [40 CFR 141.175(b) and 141.570(b)] . 25Table 2-5. Turbidity Violations by Public Notification Tier [40 CFR 141 Subpart Q, Appendix A] . 29Table 5-1. Individual Filter Self-Assessment Worksheet .
Guidance Manual for Compliance with the vii Surface Water Treatment Rules: Turbidity Provisions . NTNCWS Non-Transient Non-Community Water System . NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units . OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration . PAC Powdered Activated Carbon . PBT Perfo
needed is in the collection and management of turbidity data. The Importance of Turbidity Data Turbidity data is a part of the compliance record for the water treatment plant. Because the SWMOR is a legal document, when it is signed by a licensed operator, the operator is certifying the accuracy of the data in the report.
i) MicroScan Turbidity Meter (Dade International, Inc.): Zero the instrument with sterile BHI. Vortex the cell suspension and measure in the turbidity meter. Adjust turbidity of culture with sterile BHI to turbidity reading 1.1 1.3. OR ii) Spectrophotometer: Set wavelength to 610 nm, and zero the instrument with BHI.
RULE BOOK UPDATED MAY 2019-1 - TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE RULE 1 Name 2 RULE 2 Objectives 3 RULE 3 Membership 4 RULE 4 Members Entitlements and Obligations 5 RULE 5 Structure 8 RULE 6 Branches 9 RULE 7 Regional Structure 15 RULE 8 National Organisation 19 RULE 9 Officers 26 .
rule 47. claims for relief rule 48. alternative claims for relief rule 49. where several counts. rule 50. paragraphs, separate statements rule 51. joinder of claims and remedies rule 52. alleging a corporation rule 53. special act or law rule 54. conditions precedent rule 55. judgment rule 56. special damage
1. Filtration of surface water or ground water under the influence of surface water. 2. Prefiltration prior to subsequent treatment. 3. Solids removal. Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) Compliance: Bag filters and cartridge filters may be used to provide filtration of surface water or ground water under the influence of surface water.
Jar Testing Experiment Tested two different coagulants: Ferric Chloride (Ferric) Aluminum Sulfate (Alum) Measured Parameters Raw Water: o Alkalinity o pH o TOC o Turbidity o UV Settled Water: o TOC o Turbidity o UV Goal: To investigate how turbidity, UV, and TOC all were influenced by different coagulant dosages
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR). The LT2ESWTR applies to all public water systems (both community and non-community) that are supplied by a surface water source or by ground water sources under the direct influence of surface water (Sub-part H systems), including
TAMINCO GROUP NV Pantserschipstraat 207, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Enterprise number 0891.533.631 Offering of New Shares (with VVPR strips attached) and Existing Shares
