Earth Science Reference Handbook - NASA
National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationEarth ScienceReference HandbookA Guide to NASA’s Earth Science Programand Earth Observing Satellite Missions
National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationEarth Science Reference HandbookA Guide to NASA’s Earth Science Program and Earth Observing Satellite Missionswww.nasa.gov
Earth Science Reference HandbookEditorsClaire L. ParkinsonAlan WardMichael D. KingDesign and ProductionSterling SpanglerNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationWashington, D.C.2006
AbstractThe Earth Science Reference Handbook provides a guide to the satellite missions andother elements of NASA’s Earth science program. This volume updates the 1999 EOSReference Handbook, now that the major missions of the Earth Observing System (EOS)have been launched and are transmitting data, and broadens the coverage to include not justEOS but also additional NASA Earth science missions. The book begins with overviewsof NASA’s Earth science program and its following aspects: Earth observations, the dataand information system and policies regarding the data, the applied sciences program,the education program, the technology program, and the collaborative efforts with othernations and with other agencies within the U.S. This preliminary material constitutes thefirst 25% of the book. The remaining 75% centers on NASA’s satellite Earth-observingmissions (many of them joint with other nations and/or agencies), beginning with theActive Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor Satellite (ACRIMSAT) and proceedingalphabetically through the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The chapters onindividual missions include summaries of the mission and its science goals, descriptions ofeach instrument on the spacecraft and its relevance to the mission, a list of data products,points of contact, and a list of references. The program as a whole is collecting hundredsof Gigabytes a day of data about the Earth system; these data are being processed bynumerous data centers and are being made available to the research community, weatherforecasters, and a wide variety of additional users.Earth Science Reference Handbookiii
Table of ContentsAbstractAcknowledgementsNASA’s Earth Science ProgramEarth Observing ProgramEarth Observing System Data and Information SystemData and Information PolicyApplied Sciences ProgramEducation ProgramTechnology ProgramInternational CooperationInteragency CoordinationNASA’s Earth Observing MissionsACRIMSATADEOS oryGPMGRACEICESatJasonLandsat ORCETerraTOPEX/PoseidonTRMMUARSPoints of ContactAcronyms and AbbreviationsEarth Science Reference 9225239243255259265
List of Figures1.2a.2b.3.4.5.6.7.Atmospheric carbon dioxide monthly mean mixing ratios.Earth Science Mission Profile, 1997–2003.Earth Science Mission Profile, 2004–2010.Satellites of the A-Train.Satellites of the morning constellation.Results of a Round-Robin Aperture-Area Comparison.EOSDIS Context.Applied Sciences Program Approach to IntegratedSystem Solutions.8. Earth Science Research and Applied Sciences Matrix.9. Earth Science Education Program Approach.10. Program Elements of Earth Science TechnologyFocus Areas.118192323233337414751List of Tables1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.viNASA Earth Science Satellite Program, 1991–2010.Instrument Complement of the Coordinated Earth SystemScience Satellite Measurements of NASA and Its Partners.Instrument Complement Satellite Platform InstrumentCounts and Data Rates.Representative Airborne Field Campaigns.Data Centers, Disciplines, and Contact Information.Applied Science Program Elements.NASA Education Program Operating Principles.Investment Portfolio.Foreign Contributions to NASA Earth ScienceSatellite Missions.CCSP Research Goals and associated NASA Earth ScienceResearch Questions.CCSP Core Approaches and associated NASA Earth SciencePrograms.CCSP Research Elements and associated NASA Earth ScienceResearch Focus 55616161Earth Science Reference Handbook
AcknowledgementsThe Earth Science Reference Handbook substantially revises and expands the content of the 1999 EOS ReferenceHandbook edited by Michael D. King and Reynold Greenstone and includes significant contributions from manyindividuals involved in the NASA Earth Science Program. We especially want to recognize the contributions of JackKaye and Greg Williams from NASA Headquarters, both of whom reviewed an early draft of many of the sections.We’d also like to recognize the contributions of individuals from the Earth Observing System Project Science Office(EOSPSO), all from SSAI, who were responsible for substantial content development and/or editing of individualsections of the book, as well as the production of graphics. These people include Carla Evans, Charlotte Griner, ReynoldGreenstone, Bill Bandeen, Tim Suttles, and Alex McClung. The contribution of Carla Evans was especially notable, asshe oversaw the production of the handbook until November 2004, gathered content for many of the sections, organizedmuch of this content, and dealt with numerous scientists and other contributors.In addition to these individuals, the table below lists major contributors, including reviewers, to each section of thehandbook. The names in italics served as primary EOSPSO points of contact for developing content. For the Missionssection Robert Wolfe of NASA GSFC also helped significantly by providing data set start and, when appropriate, enddates for past and ongoing missions.Handbook SectionContributors (Affiliation)NASA's Earth Science ProgramBill Bandeen (SSAI)Earth Observing ProgramBill Bandeen (SSAI)Earth Observing System Data andInformation SystemJim Closs (SSAI)Jennifer Brennan (GST)Kenneth McDonald (GSFC)Hampapuram Ramapriyan (GSFC)Data and Information PolicyFrancis Lindsay (HQ)Martha Maiden (HQ)Applied Sciences ProgramsAlan Ward (SSAI)Bruce Davis (SSC)Fritz Pollicelli (GSFC)Education ProgramDiane Schweizer (HQ)Ming-Ying Wei (HQ)Technology ProgramMariann Albjerg (GSFC)Eduardo Torres-Martinez (GSFC)International CooperationSusan West (HQ)Shahid Habib (GSFC)Matthew Koeppe (HQ)Elizabeth Williams (HQ)Interagency CoordinationSusan West (HQ)Earth Science Reference Handbookvii
viiiHandbook SectionContributors (Affiliation)Introduction to Missions SectionAlan Ward (SSAI)ACRIMSATRichard Willson (Col U)ADEOS IIMichael Freilich (OSU)Haruhisa Shimoda (JAXA)W. Timothy Liu (JPL)AquaBill Barnes (GSFC)Steve Broberg (JPL)Mous Chahine (JPL)Chelle Gentemann (RSS)Gary Gibson (LaRC)Dorothy Hall (GSFC)Elena Lobl (UAH)Chuck McClain (GSFC)Eni Njoku (JPL)Claire Parkinson (GSFC)Vince Salomonson (GSFC)Akira Shibata (EORC/JAXA)Roy Spencer (UAH)Bruce Wielecki (LaRC)Jack Xiong (GSFC)AquariusGary Lagerloef (ESR)David Le Vine (GSFC)AuraJohn Barnett (OU)Reinhard Beer (JPL)Ernest Hilsenrath (GSFC)John Gille (CU and NCAR)Joanna Joiner (GSFC)Gilbert Leppelmeier (FMI)Pieternel Levelt (KNMI)Rene Noordhoek (KNMI)Robert Voors (KNMI)Joe Waters (JPL)CALIPSODavid Winker (LaRC)CloudSatRichard Austin (CSU)Ralph Basilio (JPL)Ron Boain (JPL)Alan Buis (JPL)Steve Durden (JPL)Debbie Krumm (CSU)Graeme Stephens (CSU)Deborah Vane (JPL)Earth Science Reference Handbook
Handbook SectionContributors (Affiliation)EO-1Thomas Brakke (GSFC)Lawrence Ong (GSFC)Stephen Ungar (GSFC)EP/TOMSRichard McPeters (GSFC)ERBSRobet Lee (LaRC)Joseph Zawodny (LaRC)GloryMichael Mischenko (GISS)GPMRobert Adler (GSFC)John Durning (GSFC)Steve Neeck (HQ)Steve Horowitz (HQ)Arthur Hou (GSFC)Ramesh Kakar (HQ)J. Marshall Shepherd (GSFC)Eric Smith (GSFC)Erich Stocker (GSFC)GRACEAlan Buis (JPL)Ab Davis (JPL)Srinivas Bettadpur (UTCSR)Margaret Srinivasan (JPL)Byron Tapley (UTCSR)Michael Watkins (JPL)ICESatDavid Hancock (GSFC)Bob Schutz (UTCSR)Chris Shuman (GSFC)JasonKelley Case (JPL)Shailen Desai (JPL)Lee Fu (JPL)Gary Kunstmann (JPL)Tim Munson (JPL)Annie Richardson (JPL)Glenn Shirtliffe (JPL)Margaret Srinivasan (JPL)Landsat 7Theresa Arvidson (LMTO)Steve Covington (AERO)John Barker (GSFC)Richard Irish (SSAI)Brian Markham (GSFC)Jeff Masek (GSFC)Laura Rocchio (SSAI)Darrel Williams (GSFC)Tracy Zeiler (USGS)Earth Science Reference Handbookix
Handbook SectionContributors (Affiliation)LDCMJim Irons (GSFC)Laura Rocchio (SSAI)Meteor-3M/SAGE IIIWilliam Chu (LaRC)Pat McCormick (HU)NPPErnie Hilsenrath (GSFC)Jim Gleason (GSFC)Sergey Krimchansky (GSFC)Karen Latham (GSFC)Jeffrey Privette (GSFC)James Shuie (GSFC)Joel Susskind (GSFC)OCODavid Crisp (JPL)Hamilton Sundstrand Sensor SystemsOCO Project Staff (JPL)OCO Science TeamOrbital Sciences CorporationOrbview-2/SeaWiFSPaula Bontempi (HQ)Chuck McClain (GSFC)Gene Feldman (GSFC)Ocean Biology Processing Group (GSFC)Orbital Imaging CorporationOSTMKelley Case (JPL)Shailen Desai (JPL)Annie Richardson (JPL)Margaret Srinivasan (JPL)QuikSCATMichael Freilich (OSU)W. Timothy Liu (JPL)SORCEVanessa George (LASP-CU)Jerald Harder (LASP-CU)Greg Kopp (LASP-CU)William McClintock (LASP-CU)Gary Rottman (LASP-CU)Sean Ryan (LASP-CU)Thomas Woods (LASP-CU)TerraMichael Abrams (JPL)David Diner (JPL)James Drummond (UT)Ann Kahle (JPL, retired)Jon Ranson (GSFC)Vince Salomonson (GSFC)Si-Chee Tsay (GSFC)Bruce Wielicki (LaRC)Earth Science Reference Handbook
Handbook SectionContributors (Affiliation)TOPEX/PoseidonLee Fu (JPL)Tim Munson (JPL)Annie Richardson (JPL)Margaret Srinivasan (JPL)TRMMRobert Meneghini (GSFC)Jeffrey Halverson (UMBC)James Shiue (GSFC)Erich Stocker (GSFC)UARSCharles Jackman (GSFC)Acronyms and AbbreviationsAEROAerospace CorporationLMTOLockheed Martin Technical OperationsCUUniversity of ColoradoJPLNASA Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCol UColumbia UniversityMITMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCSUColorado State UniversityNASAEORCEarth Observation Research CenterNational Aeronautics and SpaceAdministrationEOSEarth Observing SystemNCARNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchEOSPSOEOS Project Science OfficeOSUOregon State UniversityESREarth & Space ResearchOUOxford UniversityFMIFinnish Meteorological InstituteRSSRemote Sensing SystemsGISSNASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesSSAIGSFCNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterScience Systems and ApplicationsIncorporatedHQNASA HeadquartersSSCNASA Stennis Space CenterHUHampton UniversityUAHUniversity of Alabama, HuntsvilleJAXAJapan Aerospace Exploration AgencyUMBCUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore CountyKNMIRoyal Dutch Meteorological InstituteUSGSUnited States Geological SurveyUTUniversity of TorontoUTCSRUniversity of Texas Center for SpaceResearchLASP-CU Laboratory for Atmospheric and SpacePhysics—University of ColoradoLaRCNASA Langley Research CenterEarth Science Reference Handbookxi
NASA’s Earth Science ProgramIntroductionNASA’s Earth science program is dedicated to understanding the total Earth system and the effects of natural andhuman-induced changes on the global environment. Thevantage point of space provides information about Earth’sland, atmosphere, ice, oceans, and biota that is obtainable in no other way. NASA is studying the interactionsamong these components to advance the new disciplineof Earth system science, with a near-term emphasis onglobal climatic change. Our research results contributeto the development of sound environmental policy andeconomic investment decisions.NASA develops innovative technologies and applications of remote sensing for solving practical societalproblems in food and fiber production, natural-hazardmitigation, regional planning, water resources, and national-resource management in partnership with otherFederal agencies, with industry, and with state and localgovernments. Earth science discoveries are shared with thepublic to enhance science, mathematics, and technologyeducation and increase the scientific and technologicalliteracy of all Americans. Earth science combines theexcitement of scientific discovery with the reward ofpractical contributions to the sustainability of our homeplanet.In the 21st century, planet Earth faces thepotential hazard of rapid environmentalchanges, including climate warming,rising sea level, deforestation, desertification, atmospheric ozone depletion, increased acid rain, and reduced biodiversity. Such changes could have a profoundimpact on all nations and on the naturalsystem, but many important scientificquestions remain unanswered. For example, while most climate scientists agreethat global warming is occurring, detailson its magnitude, timing, and causes(especially at the regional level) are quiteuncertain. Additional information on therate, causes, and effects of global changeis essential to developing the understanding needed to cope effectively with it.NASA is working with the national andinternational scientific communities toestablish a sound scientific basis for ad-Earth Science Reference HandbookCO2 Concentration (ppm)Backgrounddressing these issues through research efforts coordinatedunder the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP),encompassing the Climate Change Research Initiative(CCRI) and the U.S. Global Change Research Program(USGCRP); the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP); and the World Climate Research Program(WCRP). The strategy of NASA’s Earth Science Programis explained in the document, Earth Science EnterpriseStrategy (NASA 2003), which can be accessed at: science.hq.nasa.gov/strategy/index.html.Scientific research shows that Earth has continuallyundergone changes throughout its history and continues tochange. Human activity has altered the condition of Earthby reconfiguring the landscape, by changing the composition of the atmosphere, and by stressing the biosphere incountless ways. There are strong indications that naturalchange is being accelerated by human intervention. In itsquest for improved quality of life, humanity has become aforce for change on the planet, building upon, reshaping,and modifying nature—often in unintended ways.The by-products of human activities, such as carbondioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other gases, once inplace in the atmosphere, trap heat emitted from Earth’ssurface, thus potentially warming the global atmosphere.Measurements over the past several decades have documented a rapid rise in concentrations of these greenhousegases (Figure 1). Changes in other variables, such as globalcloudiness, concentration of atmospheric dust particles,sea ice concentrations, and ocean-circulation patterns, alsoYearFigure 1. Atmospheric carbon dioxide monthly mean mixing ratios as observed byTans and Keeling at Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Data prior to May 1974 are from the ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography, and data since May 1974 are from the National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).[ NASA’s Earth Science Program ]
have impacts on Earth’s climate. Prior to the late 1990s,space-based systems for global monitoring lacked the spatial, temporal, and spectral coverage necessary to provideobservations with the accuracy and precision desired tointerpret the interactions among these variables and theirindividual and combined contributions to global climate.Furthermore, modeling of these interactive processes didnot represent them with sufficient accuracy to generatereliable predictions of the magnitude and timing of globalclimate change.in a variety of orbits. These will include a ‘sensorweb’ ofsmall, smart satellites in low Earth orbit, large-aperturesensors in geostationary orbits, and sentinel satellites atthe Lagrangian points L1 and L2 (about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth) to provide synoptic day/night viewsof the entire globe from pole to pole. Onboard data processing and high-speed computing and communicationswill enable delivery of tailored information products fromsatellites direct to users at the cost of today’s internationaltelephone calls.OverviewEarth Science Mission, Goals, andObjectivesNASA uses space-, ground-, and aircraft-based measurement systems to provide the scientific basis for understanding the Earth system, especially its climate, weather,and natural hazards components. NASA contributes ongoing and near-term satellite missions, new missions underdevelopment, planned future missions, management andanalysis of satellite and in situ data, and a continuing basicresearch program focused on process studies, modeling,and data analysis. The space-based components of NASA’sEarth science program provide a constellation of satellitesto study Earth from space. Sustained observations allowresearchers to monitor Earth’s climate variables over timeto determine trends; however, launching satellites aloneis not sufficient. A comprehensive data and informationsystem, a community of scientists performing researchwith the data acquired, and extensive ground and airbornecampaigns are all important components. More than anyother factor, the commitment to make Earth science dataeasily available to the research community is critical tomission success.Satellites operating in a variety of orbits form thespace component of NASA’s Earth science program. Nosingle orbit permits the gathering of complete informationon Earth processes. For example, the low-inclination orbitof the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) waschosen specifically because TRMM was designed to studytropical rainfall and the associated release of energy thathelps to power the global atmospheric circulation. Highinclination, polar-orbiting satellites are needed to observephenomena that require relatively detailed observations ona routine basis, often from a constant solar-illuminationangle. Geostationary satellites are needed to provide continuous monitoring of high-temporal-resolution processes;an international array of these platforms now providescoverage on a near-global basis. This coverage may beimproved in the next few years by geostationary satelliteswith advanced instrumentation planned by NASA and itsinternational partners.Advances in observing and information technologies,research, and modeling are all required to fulfill NASA’slong-term vision for Earth system prediction. The observing system of the future will continue to include satellites [ NASA’s Earth Science Program ]NASA’s Earth-Sun Exploration Division is currently incharge of NASA’s Earth science program and plans itsscientific and programmatic endeavors in accord withNASA’s Vision and Mission, in the context of currentscientific, societal, and national imperatives:The NASA Vision:To improve life here,To extend life to there,To find life beyond.The NASA Mission:To understand and protect our home planet,To explore the universe and search for life,To inspire the next generation of explorers.The former Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) expandedthe Earth-oriented parts of the NASA Vision and Mission to the following ESE mission statement:“To understand and protect our home planet by usingour view from space to study the Earth system andimprove prediction of Earth system change.”One of NASA’s goals is: “Understand the Earth system and apply Earth system science to improve the prediction of climate, weather, and natural hazards,” and amongNASA’s objectives within this goal are: “Understand howEarth is changing; better predict change and understandthe consequences for life on Earth.” These objectives areat the core of the Earth science mission and lead to the following fundamental question guiding scientific researchand applications in NASA’s Earth science program:“How is Earth changing, and what are the consequences for life on Earth?”Earth Science Reference Handbook
NASA’s Earth Science Satellite Program:1991–2004NASA’s Earth Science Satellite Program:2004 and BeyondThe Earth Observing System (EOS)—consisting of a science segment, a data system, and a space segment made upof a series of polar-orbiting and low-inclination satellitesfor long-term global observations of the land surface,biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans—is the
EOS but also additional NASA Earth science missions. The book begins with overviews of NASA’s Earth science program and its following aspects: Earth observations, the data and information system and policies regarding the data, the applied sciences program, the education program, the tec
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6 SCIENCE RESOURCES NASA Earth Observations https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov NASA Climate https://climate.nasa.gov NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
0.8 M Earth 1 M Earth 0.1 M Earth Planet Radius (R Earth): 0.95 R Earth 1 R Earth 0.5 R Earth Distance from Sun (DEarth): 0.7 D Earth 1 D Earth 1.5 D Earth Average Surface Temperature: 456 oC 10 oC -95 oC Atmosphere: T
Jan 10, 2012 · The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA
The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aero-nautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA
The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aero-nautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes
The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aero-nautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes
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