Use Of Lithium Batteries In The Marine And Offshore Industries
GUIDE FORUSE OF LITHIUM BATTERIES IN THE MARINE ANDOFFSHORE INDUSTRIESFEBRUARY 2020American Bureau of ShippingIncorporated by Act of Legislature ofthe State of New York 1862 2020 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reserved.1701 City Plaza DriveSpring, TX 77389 USA
Foreword (1 February 2020)ABS recognizes the increasing use of batteries in the marine and offshore industries and their benefits.Lithium batteries, as the dominant rechargeable battery, exhibit favorable characteristics such as highenergy density, lightweight, faster charging, low self-discharging rate, and low memory effect. Thedevelopment of lithium batteries for large energy applications is still relatively new, especially in themarine and offshore industry. ABS has produced this Guide to provide requirements and referencestandards to facilitate effective installation and operation of lithium battery systems.The purpose of this Guide is to establish safety guidelines for owners, operators, shipyards, designers, andmanufacturers. The lithium battery types covered by this Guide include lithium-ion, lithium-alloy, lithiummetal, and lithium polymer types. For requirements applicable to conventional battery types (such as leadacid, alkaline, etc.), please refer to the requirements in Part 4 of the ABS Rules for Building and ClassingMarine Vessels. For requirements applicable to batteries used in underwater vehicles, please refer to therequirements in 10/11 of the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Underwater Vehicles, Systems andHyperbaric Facilities.Battery technology is continuously evolving with respect to battery chemistries and designs. Alternativearrangements or battery technologies may be considered provided it can be shown, through eithersatisfactory service experience or a systematic analysis based on sound engineering principles, to meet theoverall safety standards of this Guide and the ABS Rules.The February 2020 edition clarifies and expands the requirements when the battery space is adjacent to amachinery space of category A.This Guide becomes effective on the first day of the month of publication.Users are advised to check periodically on the ABS website www.eagle.org to verify that this version ofthis Guide is the most current.We welcome your feedback. Comments or suggestions can be sent electronically by email torsd@eagle.org.ABS GUIDE FOR USE OF LITHIUM BATTERIES IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES 2020ii
GUIDE FORUSE OF LITHIUM BATTERIES IN THE MARINE ANDOFFSHORE INDUSTRIESCONTENTSSECTION1General.51Introduction. 53Application. 55Scope.57Terminology. 59Abbreviations and Acronyms. 611References. 711.1ABS.711.3IEC References. 711.5Other References. 811.7Alternative Standards. 813Data and Plans to be Submitted. 813.1General. 815Onboard Documentation.915.1General. 9SECTION2Battery System Design and Construction. 101Battery System Design and Construction. 101.1Certification Details.101.3General. 101.5Control, Monitoring, Alarm and Safety Systems. 113Battery Chargers.115Battery Management System (BMS). 11TABLE 1SECTION3Certification Details – Battery System Components. 10Battery System Installation.131Battery System Testing Requirements.133Battery Space. 133.1Fire Safety. 143.3Hazardous Area Requirements. 155Battery System Risk Assessment .157Battery System Operation and Maintenance. 16ABS GUIDE FOR USE OF LITHIUM BATTERIES IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES 2020iii
7.17.3TABLE 1SECTION4Installation and Commissioning. 16Operation and Maintenance. 16Summary of Type and Routine Tests. 13Battery System Used as Main Source of Electrical Power. 18General. 18System Requirements. 183.1Redundancy.183.3Capacity.183.5Power Management System (PMS). 183.7Protective Systems. 183.9Monitoring. 183.11Fire Protection. 193.13Trials. 1913SECTION5Battery System Surveys.201General. 203Surveys During Construction. 205Surveys After Construction (1 March 2018).21APPENDIX1Commentary on Batteries. 221General. 223Battery Type.223.1Battery Categories. 223.3Lithium-ion Battery Basis. 225Battery Use. 23ABS GUIDE FOR USE OF LITHIUM BATTERIES IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES 2020iv
SECTION11GeneralIntroductionABS recognizes the increasing use of batteries in the marine and offshore industries and the benefits theycan bring to operations. This Guide has been developed to facilitate the effective installation and operationof lithium batteries. This Guide is to be used in conjunction with and as a supplement to Part 4 of the ABSRules for Building and Classing Marine Vessels (Marine Vessel Rules) and the ABS Rules for Building andClassing Mobile Offshore Units (MOU Rules), as applicable. The basic safety principles such as havingsufficient power generation (storage) capacity, having adequate standby and emergency power sources,arrangements to have continuity of supply in the event of a fault, general electrical safety (such as propercable sizing, appropriate insulation, appropriate equipment enclosure ratings, etc.) contained in the ABSRules are to be followed in general. These specific requirements are not repeated in this Guide.3Application (15 July 2018)This Guide is applicable to marine and offshore assets designed, constructed, or retrofitted with a lithiumbattery system used as an additional source of power with a capacity greater than 25 kWh. An optionalnotation (ESS-LiBATTERY) may be granted to those assets once the battery installation has compliedwith the requirements of this Guide. When batteries are being used as the main source of power, theadditional requirements set forth in Section 4 are to be met.When Type Approval for a lithium battery system is requested, applicants should contact ABS for theapproval process. For ABS Type Approval Program requirements, please refer to 1-1-4/7.7, Appendix 1-1A3, and Appendix 1-1-A4 of the ABS Rules for Conditions of Classification (Part 1). See 2/1.1 TABLE 1for certification details. Alternative certification schemes are also available as documented in 1-1-A3/5.5of the ABS Rules for Conditions of Classification (Part 1).5ScopeLithium battery types covered by this Guide include lithium-ion, lithium-alloy, lithium metal, and lithiumpolymer types.For requirements related to conventional battery types, please refer to 4-8-3/5.9 of the Marine Vessel Rulesor 4-3-3/3.7 of the MOU Rules.For requirements related to the use of batteries in underwater vehicles, please refer to 10/11 of the ABSRules for Building and Classing Underwater Vehicles, Systems and Hyperbaric Facilities.Battery technology is a field that is continuously evolving with respect to battery chemistries and designs.Alternative battery technologies and arrangements may be considered provided it can be shown, througheither satisfactory service experience or a systematic analysis based on sound engineering principles, tomeet the overall safety standards of this Guide and the ABS Rules.7TerminologyPrimary Cell/Battery. A cell or battery that can only be discharged once. It is not designed to berechargeable and is usually protected from a charging current.Secondary Cell/Battery. A cell or battery that is intended to be subjected to numerous charge and dischargecycles in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.ABS GUIDE FOR USE OF LITHIUM BATTERIES IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES 20205
Section1General1Battery Management System. Electronic system associated with a battery module/pack that has functions tocut off in case of overcharge, overcurrent, over-discharge, and overheating. It monitors and/or manages itsstate, calculates secondary data, reports that data, and/or controls its environment to influence the battery’ssafety, performance, and/or service life. [IEC 62619]Battery Cell. The basic functional electrochemical unit containing an assembly of electrodes, electrolyte,and terminals that is a source of electrical energy by insertion/extraction reactions of lithium ions oroxidation/reduction reaction of lithium between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. It is notready for use in an application since it is not yet fitted with its final housing, terminal arrangement, andelectronic control device(s). [UL 1642]Battery Module. A group of cells connected together in a series and/or parallel configuration with orwithout protective devices and monitoring circuitry. [IEC 62620]Battery Pack. Energy storage device that is comprised of one or more cells or modules electricallyconnected. It has a monitoring circuitry that provides information to a battery system. [IEC 62620]Battery System (Array). System comprised of one or more cells, modules, or battery packs. It has a batterymanagement system to cut off in case of overcharge, overcurrent, over-discharge, and overheating.Battery Space (Compartment). The space in which the battery system is physically located. A typicalbattery space (compartment) is illustrated in the ABS Advisory on Hybrid Electric Power Systems.Battery String. A number of battery cells or modules are connected in series to produce the same voltagelevel of the battery system.Cell Balancing. The mechanism of forcing all battery cells within a battery module to have identicalvoltages. Cell balancing is achieved by means of a “balancing circuit” (usually implemented as part of theBattery Management System). In the absence of a balancing circuit, one or more cells (as a result of ageingdifferently over its lifetime) may become under-charged or overcharged, either of which can lead to afailure of the battery module. Cell balancing is not an instantaneous process and requires some time for itscompletion.Power Management System (PMS). A complete switchboard and generator control system controls powergeneration and distribution including multiple switchboards and ring bus systems. The PMS on board avessel is responsible for functions such as load sharing among different power sources, load sheddingwhen generated power is insufficient, etc.Rated Capacity. The capacity value of a cell or battery determined under specified conditions and declaredby the manufacturer. [IEC 62620] Capacity is usually measured in Ampere-hours (Ah).State of Charge (SOC). Available capacity in a battery expressed as a percentage of rated capacity. [IEC62660-1]State of Health (SOH). An indication of the general condition of a battery compared to its ideal conditions(i.e., a new battery). The unit of SOH are percent points (100% the battery’s conditions match thebattery’s specifications).Thermal Runaway. The condition where the rate of heat generation within a battery component exceeds itsheat dissipation capacity. Thermal runaway can have many causes, such as overcharging, high ambientoperating temperatures, etc., and can lead to a catastrophic or destructive failure of the battery cell.9Abbreviations and Acronyms (15 July 2018)The following abbreviations and acronyms are applied to the terms used in this Guide:ABS: American Bureau of ShippingABS GUIDE FOR USE OF LITHIUM BATTERIES IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES 20206
Section1General1BMS: Battery Management SystemCONOPS: Concept of OperationsDPS: Dynamic Positioning SystemDVTP: Design Verification Test ProceduresESD: Emergency ShutdownIEC: International Electrotechnical CommissionNAVSEA: Naval Sea Systems CommandFFES: Fixed Fire Extinguishing SystemPMS: Power Management SystemPSTP: Periodic Safety Test ProcedureSOC: State of ChargeSOH: State of HealthSOLAS: Safety of Life at SeaUL: Underwriters LaboratoriesUPS: Uninterruptible Power Systems11References11.1ABS (15 July 2018)ABS Rules for Building and Classing Marine Vessels (Marine Vessels Rules)ABS Rules for Building and Classing Mobile Offshore Units (MOU Rules)ABS Rules for Building and Classing Marine Vessels (MVR)ABS Rules for Building and Classing Facilities on Offshore Installation (Facilities Rules)ABS Rules for Building and Classing Underwater Vehicles, Systems and Hyperbaric FacilitiesABS Guide for Dynamic Positioning SystemsABS Guidance Notes On Alternative Design and Arrangements for Fire SafetyABS Guidance Notes on Risk Assessment Application for the Marine and Offshore Oil and Gas IndustriesABS Guidance Notes on Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) for ClassificationABS Advisory on Hybrid Electric Power Systems11.3IEC ReferencesIEC 60079-10-1: Explosive atmospheres – Part 10-1: Classification of areas – Explosive gas atmospheresABS GUIDE FOR USE OF LITHIUM BATTERIES IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES 20207
Section1General1IEC 62619: Secondary Cells and Batteries Containing Alkaline or Other Non-Acid Electrolytes – SafetyRequirements for Secondary Lithium Cells and Batteries, For Use in Industrial ApplicationsIEC 62620: Secondary Cells and Batteries Containing Alkaline or Other Non-Acid Electrolytes –Secondary Lithium Cells and Batteries for Use in Industrial ApplicationsIEC 62660 Series: Secondary lithium-ion cells for the propulsion of electric road vehiclesIEC 62281: Safety of primary and secondary lithium cells and batteries during transport11.5Other ReferencesUL 1642: Standard for Safety of Lithium BatteriesUL 2054: Standard for Household and Commercial BatteriesNAVSEA TM-S9310-AW-SAF-010: US Navy Technical Manual for Batteries, Navy Lithium SafetyProgram Responsibilities and ProceduresNAVSEA SG270-BV-SAF-010: High-Energy Storage System Safety ManualSOLAS: International Convention for the Safety of Life at SeaIMO: International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG), Dangerous Goods List, Substance Details – UN3481, Lithium Ion Batteries Contained in Equipment (including lithium ion polymer batteries), 1/2/2013USCG 46 CFR Subchapter J, Electrical Engineering11.7Alternative StandardsBattery systems for which there are specific requirements in this Guide, may comply with the requirementsof an alternative standard, in lieu of the requirements in the Guide, subject to such standard beingdetermined by ABS as not less effective than the Guide. Where applicable, requirements may be imposedby ABS in addition to those contained in the alternative standard to meet the intent of the Guide. In allcases, the battery system is subject to design review, survey during construction, tests, and trials, asapplicable, by ABS for purposes of verification of its compliance with the alternative standard.13Data and Plans to be Submitted13.1GeneralAt a minimum, the following drawings and data are to be submitted to ABS for review:i)Test reports, in accordance with 4-9-8/Tables 1 and 2 of the Marine Vessel Rules and 3/1 of thisGuideii)Battery Management System (BMS) functional description and test reports, as per 2/5iii)Battery System technical specifications such as nominal voltage and operational limits (e.g.,voltage, current, and temperature), safety devices, cell/batteries configuration, battery chemistry,method of activation, discharge and recharge rates for the batteries, etc.iv)Battery System capacity calculation for intended applicationv)Battery System electrical schematic drawing (block diagram with system interface)vi)Emergency Shutdown (ESD) arrangementvii)Battery System location and arrangement planABS GUIDE FOR USE OF LITHIUM BATTERIES IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES 20208
Section1General1viii)Battery System Risk Analysis document (i.e., Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)) andthe associated sea-trial/commissioning safety procedures (i.e., Design Verification Test Procedures(DVTP) and Periodic Safety Test Procedures (PSTP))ix)Battery System installation and sea-trial/commissioning proceduresx)Ventilation arrangement of battery space including fire dampers, emergency shutdown fromoutside spacexi)Environmental control arrangement, if applicable (temperature sensors, air conditioning unit)xii)Fixed fire extinguishing system (FFES) arrangements, details, and validation of suitability for thebattery chemistry involved.xiii)Fire detection and alarm system arrangementxiv)Detailed stage by stage Fire Fighting Procedure/CONOPSxv)Combustible gas detection and alarm system arrangementxvi)Battery installation/mounting arrangement and associated drawings and information. This is toinclude battery weights, weight of the battery cabinets and connection details between batterycabinets and deck and/or bulkhead structure.xvii)Hazardous Area Classification drawings, if applicable, and a list/booklet of intended electricalequipment in the indicated hazardous areas including a description of the equipment, applicabledegree of protection, and ratings.xviii)Operations and Maintenance manual for battery system and BMSxix)Battery System Maintenance Schedulexx)Structural Fire Protection details15Onboard Documentation15.1GeneralAt a minimum, the following drawings and data are to be kept on board for easy reference by the crewduring maintenance or repai
Lithium battery types covered by this Guide include lithium-ion, lithium-alloy, lithium metal, and lithium polymer types. For requirements related to conventional battery types, please refer to 4-8-3/5.9
Lithium Batteries There are two types of lithium batteries: Primary batteries, non -rechargeable that use lithium metal; often in an AA, 9V, or coin cell format. Secondary batteries, rechargeable lithium - polymer cells use an electrolyte and thin porous membrane that allows Li-ions to pass between the anode and cathode; come in
automotive batteries SAE J2464 for automotive rechargeable batteries (RESS systems) IEC 60086-4 Safety of lithium batteries UL 1642 for lithium ion batteries UN/DOT 38.3 for testing lithium ion batteries IEC 61960 for portable lithium cells and batteries IEC 62133 for p
automotive batteries SAE J2464 for automotive rechargeable batteries (RESS systems) IEC 60086-4 Safety of lithium batteries UL 1642 for lithium ion batteries UN/DOT 38.3 for testing lithium ion batteries IEC 61960 for portable lithium cells and batteries IEC 62133 for p
1. Are all lithium-ion batteries created equal? — NO 2. Are all chemistries the same? — NO 3. Are all batteries using the same lithium-ion chemistry the same? — NO 4. Do all lithium-ion batteries have similar cycle life, like Flooded Lead Acid (FLA)? — NO 5. Can I use any lithium-ion battery in my equipment? — NO 6.
IEC 60086-4 Safety standards for primary lithium batteries IEC 61960 Safety standards for secondary lithium cells and batteries IEC 62281 General guidelines for the safety of lithium cells and batteries during transport UN/DOT 38.3 Standards for shipping lithium batteries, either alone or as part of a device
14-100508-000 Assy. Lithium Battery, 30 Ahr 14-100508-900 Assy. Lithium Battery, preown 30 Ahr 14-100957-002 Assy. Lithium Battery, w/ jumper 48 Ahr 14-100957-004 Assy. Lithium Battery, w/ jumper 30 Ahr 14-100957-904 Assy. Lithium Battery, preown 30 Ahr 14-860202-002 Pkg. Envoy, Lithium, with ACDC 115V 14-860202-004 Pkg. Envoy w/ Lithium .
Extinguishing Agents for Lithium-ion Batteries 05 -23 13 2 Background Growth in Lithium Battery Use -The number of lithium-ion batteries made in the world grew from about 800 million in 2002 to about 4.4 billion in 2012. Fire Risk -Many lithium ion cells have been known to overheat and create a potentially dangerous situation.
Safety Issues for Lithium-Ion Batteries Lithium-ion batteries are widely used as a power source in portable electrical and electronic products. While the rate of failures associated with their use is small, several well-publicized incidents related to lithium-ion batteries in actual use have raised concerns about their overall safety.
