BSI Structural Eurocodes Companion
BSIStructuralEurocodesCompanion
Atkins has been a significantcontributor to the developmentand introduction of Eurocodesand welcomes theirimplementation in the UKLoremIpsumAtkins is one of the world’s leadingmulti-discipline design consultancies, providing innovativeand exciting design solutions to clients in the UK and worldwidewww.atkinsglobal.comWoodcote Grove, Ashley Road, Epsom, Surrey KT18 5BWPlan Design Enable
Published by BSI389 Chiswick High RoadLondonW4 4ALT: 44(0)20 8996 9000E: info@bsigroup.comW: www.bsigroup.comPublications ManagerJonathan Silverjonathan.silver@bsigroup.comDesignHelius, Brighton and RochesterW: www.helius.bizMedia ConsultantsPro-Brook Publishing Ltd,Woodbridge, SuffolkW: www.pro-brook.comT: 44(0)1394 446006PrintingThe Charlesworth Group, WakefieldW: www.charlesworth.comContentsSection 1. IntroductionForeword5Introduction5View from the UK Committee Chairman7View from the industry8Section 2. The Eurocode timelineEurocodes publication schedule11Key aspects of the Eurocodes16Section 3. Focus on Eurocode materialsEurocode: Basis of structural design19Eurocode 1: Actions on structures21Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures24Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures29Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures32Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures34Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures36Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design38Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance39All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the Copyright, Designsand Patents Act 1988, no part of thispublication may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system or transmittedin any form or by any means –electronic, photocopying, recordingor otherwise - without prior permission in writing from the publisher.Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures41Whilst every care has been taken indeveloping and compiling this publication, BSI accepts no liability forany loss or damage caused, arisingdirectly or indirectly in connectionwith reliance on its contents exceptto the extent that such liability maynot be excluded in law.The Eurocodes Companion has beenprinted on paper sourced from sustainable forests and supplied frommills certified in accordance withISO 14001.Editorial opinions expressed in thismagazine are not necessarily thoseof the BSI Group. Third party products and services advertised in thispublication are not endorsed by orconnected with those of the BSI Group.BSI Structural Eurocodes CompanionSection 4. Business matters: software and riskSoftware to the Eurocodes43Implementing Eurocodes: the benefits of computer-basedtraining45Insurance and the Eurocodes49Structural Eurocodes – what they say51Advertisers directory523
Section 1Introduction
Foreword / IntroductionForewordProfessor John Roberts, Principal, Technical Innovation ConsultancyWelcome to the 2009 BSI Structural Eurocodes Companionprepared in readiness for one of themost significant developments inconstruction standardization.Structural Eurocodes are seen asleading the way in structural codes.Their flexibility enables adoptionand use not only within Europe,but internationally. This feature hasbeen recognized by several countries outside Europe and they arealready committed to adoptingEurocodes.The primary objectives of theEurocodes are to:p provide common design criteriaand methods of meeting necessary requirements for mechanicalresistance, stability and resistance to fire, including aspects ofdurability and economy;p provide a common understanding regarding the design ofstructures between owners,operators and users, designers,pppppcontractors and manufacturersof construction products;facilitate the marketing and useof structural components andkits in EU Member States;facilitate the marketing and useof materials and constituent products, the properties of whichenter into design calculations;be a common basis for researchand development, in the construction industry;allow the preparation of common design aids and software;increase the competitiveness ofthe European civil engineeringfirms, contractors, designersand product manufacturers intheir global activities.Each of the Eurocode parts is produced by a subcommittee underthe guidance and coordination of atechnical committee (CEN/TC 250).Delegates of the 29 Comité Européende Normalisation (CEN) membersare represented on CEN/TC 250and its subcommittees.Drafts of the Eurocode parts areelaborated by project teams, whichare selected by the appropriate subcommittees. A project team consistsof about six experts who representthe subcommittee. A vast majorityof the project teams include a UKbased expert.A Eurocode is subject to extensive consultation before it isadopted. Progressive drafts are discussed and commented on by CENmembers and their appointedexperts. A Eurocode part is adoptedonly after a positive vote by CENMembers.This BSI Structural EurocodesCompanion contains articles fromleading academics and professionals to help you gain an understanding of the nature of the new codesand to ease your integration into thenew approach being undertaken. pIntroductionProfessor David Nethercot OBE FREng, Chairman, I Struct E, Standing Committee on the Implementationof EurocodesThe Structural Eurocodes havebeen a feature of virtually thewhole of my professional life. Atmy first technical conference heldin Paris in 1972 I was introduced toseveral individuals, who subsequently became key figures in thepreparation of a number of thesedocuments; my research, teaching,advisory, professional and BSIactivities have taken place againstthe backdrop of the writing of theENV and EN documents and, morerecently, I have been involved withseveral initiatives intended to facil-BSI Structural Eurocodes Companionitate their introduction andadoption.In 1976 the UK signed up to theTreaty of Rome. This contained, asone of its essential tenets, theremoval of artificial barriers totrade. The existence of nationalcodes in each of the various member states for the design of structural works was seen as oneexample of such a barrier. Thusmore than 30 years ago the UKcommitted to the eventual replacement of its national standards, prepared under the auspices of BSI, bythe Eurocodes, prepared under thegeneral direction of CEN. We havenow reached the stage where thatprospect has become the reality.The suite of Structural Eurocodeswill contain 58 documents, covering all structural materials including loading. Collectively theyrepresent the biggest ever changefor our structural engineering community – more significant than thetransfer to limit states or the introduction of metric units. Shouldthis be seen as a threat or anopportunity?5
Section 1. IntroductionTo adopt an insular, grudgingand ‘ignoring as far as possible’attitude would be to convert theEurocodes into a threat. On theother hand to adopt a pragmatic,positive and ‘how can we benefit’attitude sees the change as anopportunity. Of course, new Structural Codes are always unwelcome:The onset of new or revised regulations invariably heralds a tryingperiod of the unfortunate peoplewho have to work such regulations.This applies both to those who haveto comply with, and those who haveto administer, such regulations.Whilst that quote might be thoughtto be a statement on the Eurocodes,it actually refers to the introductionsome 50 years ago of a revision toBS 449 – a document that somewould still regard as a paragon ofall that codes should be. Given thatthe Structural Eurocodes have beenprepared on a collaborative basis,they clearly cannot be expected toreflect the exact requirements of theUK. However, through substantialinvolvement with the draftingprocess, including chairmanship ofseveral of the main committees, thiscountry has ensured that the documents are far less unfamiliar thanmight otherwise have been thecase. There are rules, agreements onterminology, and structures for thedocuments that do have to be followed and which, unsurprisingly,do not accord with BSI arrangements. However, within this framework, the material is rather less‘different’ than might, at first sight,be thought to be the case.The UK is now in the midst of aperiod of transferring the basis ofstructural design from an environment based on national standardsto one founded on the StructuralEurocodes. This is a far from trivialtask. It therefore needs to beaccepted by UK industry as a body,by its member organizations and6by individuals, that just like anyengineering project, it requiresplanning, resourcing and effort tomake it successful. For companies itshould be regarded as akin to thepurchase of a new computer system or the move to new premises.For individuals, it represents animportant facet of operating as aprofessional person, i.e. recognizing that the operating climate willchange over time and accepting theimperative to update skills andcompetences and to work with thenew tools.“Through substantialinvolvement with thedrafting process, includingchairmanship of severalof the main committees,the UK has ensured thatthe documents are far lessunfamiliar than mightotherwise have been thecase.”The suite of Structural Eurocodesrepresent:p the most advanced technicalviews prepared by the bestinformed groups of experts intheir fields across Europe;p the most comprehensive treatment of the subjects, with manyaspects not previously codifiednow being covered by agreedprocedures;p a design framework plus detailedimplementation rules validacross Europe and likely to findsignificant usage worldwide.What therefore should the structural engineering community do?Some suggestions:1. Accept the reality of the situation: Eurocodes are fact, therewill be no more BritishStandards.2. Understand the difference between the legal requirements ofBuilding Regulations, HighwaysAgency requirements, etc. andthe use of Structural Codes.3. Treat migration from a designenvironment based on BritishStandards to one based on theEurocodes as a project.4. Recognize that the transitionperiod will, in reality, extendover a number of years, withelements of parallel application.5. Remember that actual methodsof working on structural designsuse a portfolio of aides, e.g.manuals, manufacturers’ information, computer software, textbooks. Over time Eurocodebased material will replace thefamiliar and reassuring currentBritish Standards-based items; thisprocess is already in place withseveral items available but developing familiarity needs time.6. Remember that code rules arethere to assist structural designers not as a prescriptive ‘recipe’approach, and that structuralengineering knowledge andunderstanding is universal andcan be applied in any designenvironment.7. Remain sanguine and take a balanced view – be particularlycautious when reading claims ofwhat ‘must’ be done; the climatewithin which structural engineering is practiced in the UK isfar less prescriptive than somewould have us believe.8. Take courage from the exampleof those ‘silver surfers’ whohave found new opportunitiesin the internet; Eurocodes arenot about old dogs learning newtricks, they are about dogs of allages performing much the sameset of tricks but with a new andimproved set of equipment. pBSI Structural Eurocodes Companion
View from the UK Committee ChairmanView from the UK Committee ChairmanHoward P. J. Taylor FREng, Chair BSI Committee B525, Structural Design Codes (Mirror Committee toCEN TC 250)Iam pleased to be able to write anarticle for this important publication. The Eurocodes are a significant technical achievement as wellas enabling real progress in theopening of the construction marketin Europe.The process was long and it isimportant to understand somethingof how the Eurocodes were writtenbefore a full understanding andappreciation can be gained. The regulation and codification of construction has a long history, the firstBuilding Regulations in the UKwere issued shortly after the GreatFire of London. Design codes as weunderstand them were introducedin the beginning of the 20th centuryand were based on an understanding of the underlying engineeringscience current at the time.The approach relied upon theproportionality between load anddisplacement of elastic materialsrecorded by Hooke. In the mid-20thcentury, a new approach was introduced that relied upon the propertyof yield and plastic flow of elasticplastic materials. The two theoriesallowed design rules to be writtenthat were able to control service performance (the Elastic theory) andgive accurate collapse and safetypredictions (the Plastic theory). Thisnew process called limit statedesign was capable of following theperformance of a structure from itsworking load to an accurate prediction of collapse. Limit state designwas first applied in the UK in thecode for the design of concretestructures, CP110 in 1972, and theapplication to steel and masonrydesign soon followed.The limit state design conceptwas developed by various international groups, although one ofwhich, the Euro InternationalCommittee for Concrete (CEB), wasparticularly active. In 1964 recom-BSI Structural Eurocodes Companionmendations for an internationalcode of practice were publishedwhich were based on CEB andUnited States joint activities. Theintroduction to this publicationmentions the aspiration for a European code of practice. It was thiswork that led to CP110 in 1972.By 1980, the European Commission had a requirement for European design standards to fulfil itsobjectives of an open market forconstruction, construction productsand for construction design services and turned to the work thatwas already being carried out by“European engineeringand construction culturesare varied, some countrieshave a practical approachand in others the approachis more mathematical andacademic.”the then extensive network of voluntary practicing engineers andacademics. Funding was providedfor a period but by 1988 it was clearthat a more structured approachwas required and the Commissionturned to CEN, the existing organization that coordinated standardswork throughout Europe, andcharged it with the final productionof the Eurocodes. BSI as the UKnational standards body is a member of CEN.CEN gave the responsibility ofthe Eurocode work to one of itsmany committees working onEuropean standards, CommitteeTC 250. From that time, TC 250with its many subcommittees hasprogressed the work and will continue to be responsible, now thatthe Eurocodes have all been published, for further development,including the maintenance andrevision cycles.That the work took nearly 50years from a point when the concept of the process was establishedand 30 from the time that it becamepolitically necessary seems disappointing, but there were very manygreat difficulties that the draftersand officials had to overcome.European engineering and construction cultures are varied, somecountries have a practical approachand in others the approach is moremathematical and academic. Theposition of design codes in thelegal framework in the variousmember states is very different.In some states codes are seen as‘deemed to satisfy’ documentswhich are referred to in brief national regulations, in others, codesare written into the countries legalcode.Europe has undergone two periods of enlargement while the workwas being carried out, necessitatingthe consideration of new input. Thetime taken for the work to come tocompletion has meant that morethan one generation of engineershas passed through the committees.The time has also allowed ideasfrom new research and practicalexperience to be incorporatedAlthough we still have to overcome the problem posed by thecontrol of safety being the prerogative of the individual memberstates, which has brought about therequirement for national annexes,the 58 separate documents in theEurocode suite are all identical ineach member state.I believe that this final achievement is remarkable. p7
Section 1. IntroductionView from the industryChris Hendy, Atkins plcThe Eurocodes are widelyregarded as the most technically advanced suite of structuraldesign codes available internationally. Why then is it often perceivedthat progress towards their adoption has been slow in the UK?There is undoubtedly still someresistance from pockets of the UKstructural community. Part of theinertia comes from the fact that theUK has extremely good BritishStandards already. For example,BS 5400 Part 3 is widely consideredto be the most comprehensive steelcode of practice in the world butfew would describe it as the mosteconomic. Some in the UK argue thatthe Eurocode rules go too far andare, in some isolated cases, unsafe.There is, however, no evidence ofthis, particularly when the UKNational Annex has, in a few places,tightened up requirements wherethe Eurocode has permitted this tobe done. Arguments that theEurocodes are unsafe because theygive different answers to previousBritish codes are simply unsoundand in places the British Standardsare far too conservative and areincreasingly being shown to be so.Other resistance stems from theperceived effort involved in thechangeover. The Eurocode awareness seminars that have been heldover the last few years may potentially have been counter productive.They have been intended to reassure, whilst at the same time demonstrate there is work to do. In somecases, pointing out a long list of differences in practice has made theprocess of adoption appear moredaunting than perhaps it really is.While there may be some resistance from within industry, BSI andthe Highways Agency are activelydriving implementation. The production of national annexes is proceeding at a pace and will besubstantially complete by January82009, which is on a par with or better than the progress made bymuch of mainland Europe; bridgedesign should be fully enabled inthe UK by that date. In addition, anincreasing number of consultantsare using Eurocodes to form thebasis of departures from standardsin the assessment of existing structures because they can improvepredicted load carrying resistance.The state of readiness of industrybodies, software houses and institutions is also excellent by comparisonwith our other European counterparts. The Concrete Centre andSteel Construction Institute have“In places British Standards are far too conservative and are increasinglybeing shown to be so If we are slow to adapt inthe UK, others will not beand this brings potentialthreats to our industry.”produced, and continue to produce,much guidance and training material. Many of the big softwarehouses are on top of softwareupgrades, waiting only for finalnational annexes to finalizereleases. The ICE and IStructE arerunning seminars and training andpublishing a comprehensive set ofdesigners’ guides to the variousEurocode parts.Readiness amongst designers is,however, more patchy. Some of thebig consultants have strategies inhand for helping their engineers tomake the transition. Atkins, forexample has already rolled out aseries of four-day training coursesto 60 ‘Champions’ across the UKand ensured that all other staff havereceived a lower level of awarenesstraining whilst being given accessto the detailed training material.Other companies are planning similar strategies. However, a significant number of companies are onlyjust starting to consider the issue.Designers who are not preparedface a risky transition period. Theintroduction of Eurocodes will provide a common set of design codesfor use across Europe and, as considered below, in a number of countries outside Europe. Apart from aunique national annex (which canprovide very limited informationand will thus be very easy to assimilate by foreign competitors), adesign done in the UK will followthe same set of rules as one doneelsewhere in Europe. This will facilitate competition by UK designersacross a wide range of countriesbut, of course, the reverse will alsobe true. If we are slow to adapt inthe UK, others will not be and thisbrings potential threats to ourindustry.The threats will not only comefrom within Europe. Coun
structural design from an environ-ment based on national standards to one founded on the Structural Eurocodes. This is a far from trivial task. It therefore needs to be accepted by UK industry as a body, by its me
Senior Civil Engineer of SECO, Head of the Belgian Delegation for the Eurocodes, Belgium CHAPTER 2 - TOWARDS THE SECOND GENERATION OF THE EUROCODES Paolo FORMICHI Chairman of CEN/TC250/SC10/Basis of Structural Design; University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy CHAPTER 3 - THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROCODES
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Limit state design is a design methodology for structural elements which considers both the effects of actions and resistance of a material or component to the effects of actions. Limit state design forms the basis or Eurocodes [1], which now forms the basis of structural design throughout Europe, including the UK. EUROCODES
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