RADIO HANDBOOK - Maritime New Zealand
UPDATED AUGUST 2016RADIOHANDBOOKYour guide to marine communication
Operating your marine radioDO use VHF channel 16 or theDO use accepted operatingSSB frequency appropriate forprocedures and correctyour location for distress, safetyprocedural words (known asand calling. On cellphones,‘prowords’). Remember thatcall 111 if there is an emergencythe other station may not useand you are close to shore.English as its first language.DO replace your handsetDO be brief, because marinecorrectly when not in useradio is for shipping business(open microphones are theonly. If you want to chat, usemain cause of seriousCitizen Band radio orinterference on VHF channels).a cellphone.DO listen before transmitting,DO speak clearly andto avoid causing interferencecourteously.to others.DO wait for a reply to callsDO use your vessel’s namebefore transmitting again, orand radio callsign.before changing channels orfrequencies.DON’T make longDON’T operate your marinetransmissions. Remember thatradio in a way that endangersyou are blocking the frequencyor interferes with other peopleor channel for other users.or vessels.DON’T transmit false ormisleading messages. Thetransmission of a false distressmessage is an offence underthe Maritime Transport Act.ALWAYS keep a listening watch on VHF channel 16.The next life saved could be yours.
RADIOHANDBOOKYour guide to marine communicationAugust 2016
Disclaimer: While all care and diligence has been used inextracting, analysing and compiling this information, MaritimeNew Zealand gives no warranty that the information providedis without error. Copyright Maritime New Zealand 2016 (Fourth Edition)Parts of this publication may be reproduced, provided thispublication and Maritime New Zealand are acknowledgedas the source.Maritime New ZealandLevel 11, 1 Grey StreetPO Box 25620, Wellington 6146Website: maritimenz.govt.nzTo order more copies of this booklet, email your details toepublications@maritimenz.govt.nzISBN 0-478-18816-1
CONTENTSIntroduction3Maritime Radio3How search and rescue is managed in New Zealand5How radio works7Radio waves7Frequency characteristics7Simplex and Semi-duplex VHF radio9Aerials (antennae)10Shielding10Distress calls11Distress, urgency and safety calls11Communicating distress11Distress procedure12Alarm signal12Distress call13Distress message14Acknowledging a distress message15Relaying a distress message16Controlling distress traffic17Resuming restricted working18Resuming normal working18Urgency signal and message19Safety signal and message21Emergency position-indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs)22Personal locator beacons (PLBs)23Summary – Procedures for distress, urgency and safety communications 24Using cellphones for distress and urgency calls26Using satellite telephones27
Radio-telephone procedure28Procedural words (prowords)29Phonetic alphabet32Transmitting numbers (figures)33SSB frequencies and VHF channels34Using callsigns and IDs38Operating procedure39Silence period40Radio listening watch40Voyage or trip reports41Coverage and services43Maritime Radio: VHF and SSB43Maritime Radio VHF coverage45VHF broadcasts46Taupo Maritime Radio/ZLM (MF/HF)47MF/HF broadcasts47Warnings49Other weather information50Medical advice50Ionospheric Prediction Services (IPS)50Satellite safety services51Tsunami warnings in New Zealand52Other information54Medical evacuation (Medevac)54Sea rescue by helicopter55Working with a helicopter56Secrecy of correspondence57Transmissions in harbour57Testing radio apparatus57Interference57Offences and penalties58Useful contacts59Glossary of terms61Coastal weather forecast areas65VHF marine channels67Radio distress calling68
INTRODUCTIONThis handbook is a guide for operators of coastal and vessel* radiostations, including operators of VHF (very high frequency) and SSB (singlesideband, also called MF/HF) radios. It provides information about: how search and rescue is managed in New Zealand distress, urgency and safety calls, including appropriate use of cellphones radio-telephone procedures coverage useful contacts and terms.Maritime RadioFor seafarers, their vessel’s radio is their main lifeline to land.Maritime New Zealand’s Maritime Radio Service (Maritime Radio) isresponsible for maintaining VHF and HF radio services for New Zealand’scoastal waters and much of the South Pacific Ocean and Tasman Sea.The services it provides include monitoring radio frequencies for distressmessages 24/7.The region covered by the New Zealand Distress and Radio Safety Serviceis known as NAVAREA XIV and includes 12.5 percent of the Earth’s oceansurface. It extends from the middle of the Tasman Sea to the mid-PacificOcean, and from Antarctica to south of the equator.This handbook This handbook is a guide for operators of coastal and vesvessel* ra*Ship (vessel) stationradiois Radioa s,radio stationincludingin the MaritimeServiceon boardofanyvessel thatis stations,not permanentlymoored.includingRADIO HANDBOOK3
NAVAREA regions3 24’S0 XVI10 S170 E29 S45 S120 180 120 WXIV160 EXXV120 Maritime New Zealand (MNZ) is also responsible for broadcastingMaritime Safety Information (MSI) within the NAVAREA. MSI includesmeteorological information, coastal and oceanic navigational warnings,ice accretion warnings and ionospheric prediction forecasts.The service provided by MNZ is complemented by a network ofvolunteer private radio operators located around New Zealand and itsoffshore islands. The network is monitored at all times by staff workingat the Maritime Operations Centre (MOC), co-located with the RescueCoordination Centre New Zealand (RCCNZ) in the Hutt Valley.The Maritime Radio Service comprises 30 coastal VHF stations. Of thesestations, 28 provide VHF radio coverage throughout the coastal watersof New Zealand. The other two stations provide VHF radio coverage inthe coastal waters of the Chatham Islands. There is also an oceanicMF/HF radio station located east of Lake Taupo.All stations are linked to the MOC. It coordinates the transmission of allMSI on voice HF and VHF, as well as navigational warnings broadcastover the Inmarsat SafetyNET satellite system. The scheduled broadcasttimes, channels and frequencies are shown on pages 46–48.The MOC also provides these services to mariners: 4telephone patch and message relay facilities for search and rescueand medical purposes on VHF and SSBMARITIMENZ.GOVT.NZ
reception and processing on VHF and MF/HF (SSB) of:»»trip reports (TRs)»»ships’ meteorological observations»»incoming clearance requests from Customs and theMinistry for Primary Industries.How search and rescue is managedin New ZealandSearch and rescue ISLANDSSRRTAHITITOKELAUSAMOANADINIUECOOK ISPAPEETETONGANOUMEAKERMADEC ISNORFOLK ISWELLINGTONSRRAUSTRALIASRRNEW ZEALANDSRREASTER ISLANDMcMURDOANTARCTICARescue Coordination Centre New ZealandSearch and rescue region (SRR) boundariesRADIO HANDBOOK5
The RCCNZ is responsible for coordinating all major aviation andmaritime search and rescue missions within the New Zealand searchand rescue region (SRR). The region extends halfway to Australia, halfwayto Chile, and from south of the equator to Antarctica.RCCNZ is also responsible for coordinating land-based missions whenan emergency position-indicating radio beacon (EPIRB) or personallocator beacon (PLB) is activated.All search and rescue efforts coordinated by RCCNZ are calledCategory II incidents. These incidents arise because an aircraft, vessel orperson is in distress, and often require national and international civil andmilitary resources. There are at least two fully qualified search and rescueofficers (SAROs) on watch at RCCNZ at any time.The New Zealand Police are responsible for coordinating Category Iincidents, which include many maritime search and rescue missionsclose to shore. Category I incidents also include land-based search andrescue efforts that do not arise from a distress beacon being activated.RCCNZ frequently provides support and advice to the New ZealandPolice during Category I search and rescue incidents.Further information about RCCNZ can be found on Maritime New Zealand’swebsite at maritimenz.govt.nz. If you need advice or assistance,freephone 0508 472 269 or email rccnz@maritimenz.govt.nz.RCCNZ is also the repository for 406MHz emergency beaconregistrations. Registration is free – register at beacons.org.nz/registration.6MARITIMENZ.GOVT.NZ
HOW RADIO WORKSRadio wavesRadio transmitters work by supplying a rapidly changing electrical currentto an aerial (antenna), to create a changing electromagnetic field. Thespeed at which these currents change controls the speed at which theelectromagnetic field around the aerial changes. This is measured inhertz (Hz).1Hz1 hertz1 cycle per second1kHz1 kilohertz1 thousand cycles per second1MHz1 megahertz1 million cycles per second1GHz1 gigahertz1 billion cycles per secondConsider the image of a pebble dropped into a pond, with the pebblerepresenting the transmitter. The radiating ripples represent thefluctuating electromagnetic fields. These fields are called radio waves,and they radiate out from the aerial at the speed of light.Marine VHF radio operates at a frequency of approximately 156MHz,while MF/HF (single sideband or SSB) radios operate at frequencies fromabout 2MHz to 22MHz.Frequency characteristicsThe different frequencies have different characteristics for specificpurposes, and are subdivided into bands:RADIO HANDBOOK7
Frequency rangeBand classificationBand abbreviation10–30kHzVery low frequencyVLF30–300kHzLow frequencyLF300–3000kHz (3MHz)Medium frequencyMF3–30MHzHigh frequencyHF30–300MHzVery high frequencyVHF300–3000MHz (3GHz)Ultra-high frequencyUHF3GHz–30GHzSuper-high frequencySHFVHF radio waves travel in a straight line and do not bend to any greatextent over hills, headlands or the horizon. VHF radio is used for localtransmissions, but aerials must be in sight of each other (meaning theyhave ‘line of sight’).MF radio waves have a greater tendency to follow the Earth’s curvature.They suit medium-range navigational aids, regional broadcastingand medium-range communications because they can travel aroundobstructions and over the horizon.HF radio waves do not bend over the horizon, but use a layer of theEarth’s atmosphere (the ionosphere) to reflect radio waves back to Earth.The ionosphere’s properties vary throughout the day, but it is most stableshortly before sunrise and just after sunset. These are particularly goodtimes for SSB communications in the HF band.During the daytime, SSB transmissions are not as reliable, due tothe sun’s effect on the ionosphere. In general, higher frequencies suchas 12MHz or 16MHz achieve better communications during daylight,while lower frequencies such as 4MHz or 6MHz work better at night.The distance between stations is also a factor, with higher frequencies(8MHz and higher) providing better results at longer ranges.8MARITIMENZ.GOVT.NZ
Simplex and semi-duplex VHF radioSimplex means both stations use the same frequency for transmittingand receiving. All channel 16 transmissions are simplex.Simplex radioAB: Direct communication possibleAC: Direct communication not possibleBACSemi-duplex uses a third (repeater) station, normally located on amountain or similarly elevated location. The repeater receives theincoming signal and simultaneously retransmits it on a differentfrequency. To do this, semi-duplex uses two frequencies, one to transmitand another to receive through a repeater.Semi-duplex radioAC: Communication possible via repeaterACBecause VHF signals will not pass through land masses, a repeatermay be placed on a hilltop so that stations on opposite sides cancommunicate with each other. By elevating the repeater station, vesselsup to about 70 miles apart can communicate, even though the line ofsight between the vessels may be less than 10 miles.RADIO HANDBOOK9
Aerials (antennae)The approximate distance in miles from an aerial to the horizon iscalculated in this way:Distance 1.2 aerial height (metres) x 3Note: the aerial height in the formula is the height above sea level.Two aerials will be in range of each other when their distances overlap.Not all aerials radiate power equally in all directions, and a single ‘whip’(dipole) aerial mounted vertically at the vessel’s masthead will usuallyprovide the best 360º coverage.ShieldingAerials should be positioned to avoid being shielded by superstructure,masts and similar structures that could interfere with the radio wavesas they radiate from the aerial. The masthead is usually the bestlocation because aerials are less prone to damage there and the rangeis maximised.10MARITIMENZ.GOVT.NZ
DISTRESS CALLSChannel 16 is the international VHF channel for maritime distressand hailing (calling).Distress, urgency and safety callsSpecial calls are used in cases of distress, urgency and safety, andmust be properly understood and used.DISTRESS: the radio-telephone distress signal MAYDAY is used toindicate that a vessel, aircraft or person is in grave and imminentdanger and requires immediate assistance.URGENCY: the radio-telephone urgency signal PAN PAN is used toindicate that a vessel has a very urgent message to transmit aboutits safety (such as loss of steering).SAFETY: the radio-telephone safety signal SÉCURITÉ (pronouncedsay-cure-ee-tay) is used to indicate that the calling station has animportant navigational or meteorological warning to transmit.Communicating distressA station in distress may use any means at its disposal to attractattention, make its position known and obtain help.Use of MAYDAY is prohibited except to indicate distress.The distress call has absolute priority over all other transmissions.All vessels and coastal stations hearing it must immediately cease allRADIO HANDBOOK11
transmissions that could interfere with the distress communications,and must maintain a listening watch on the frequency being used.Distress calls and distress messages should usually be sent only on theauthority of the vessel’s master or skipper, or the person responsible forthe station.Stations monitoring distress communications should exercise great carenot to interfere with the transmissions of the station in distress or withother assisting stations.When MAYDAY is not warranted but urgency is required for the safetyof the vessel or person, the urgency signal PAN PAN should be used.Distress and urgency calls and messages must be cancelled ifassistance is no longer required or when the incident is over.Distress procedureThe distress procedure follows this sequence: alarm signal (if available) distress call distress message.These frequencies are dedicated to distress, safety and calling: VHF radio distress calls, transmitted on channel 16 SSB distress calls, transmitted on 2182kHz, 4125kHz, 6215kHz,8291kHz, 12290kHz or 16420kHz.Alarm signalThe radio-telephone alarm signal is only used on single sideband (SSB)transmissions on 2182kHz, 4125kHz or 6215kHz (but not all SSB radiosare fitted with an alarm signal generator). It consists of two differentaudio frequency tones, transmitted alternately, producing a distinctivewarbling sound.12MARITIMENZ.GOVT.NZ
The purpose of this signal is to attract the attention of the person on radiowatch or to activate an automatic receiver alarm (if fitted). It should be sentcontinuously for at least 30 seconds, but not for longer than one minute.It may be used only: to announce that a distress call or message is about to follow to announce the loss of someone overboard when the assistance ofother vessels is required (in this case, the message must be precededby the distress signal and the alarm signal should not be repeated byother stations) by an authorised coastal station transmitting an urgent cyclonewarning, preceded by the safety signal.Any radio-telephone alarm signal transmitted by a coastal station isfollowed by a single tone for 10 seconds.Distress callSwitch to full power.The radio-telephone distress call is the distress signal MAYDAY(spoken three times), the words THIS IS, the name of the vesselin distress (spoken three times) and its callsign (spoken once).This message consists of: the distress signal MAYDAY three times the name (three times) and callsign (once) of the vessel in distress.RADIO HANDBOOK13
Distress messageThe distress call should be followed immediately by the distress message.This message consists of: the distress signal MAYDAY the name (three times) and callsign (once) of the vessel in distress the distress signal MAYDAY and the name and callsign (once) of thevessel in distress the vessel’s position (either in terms of latitude and longitude, oras a true bearing and distance from a charted geographical point) nature of the distress and type of assistance required number of people on board any other information that may help the rescue, such as the seaconditions and description of the vessel the word OVER.Example Switch to VHF channel 16 or SSB 2182kHz, 4125kHz, 6215kHz. Switch to full power. On SSB, send an alarm signal if available. MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY. THIS IS ALBATROSS, ALBATROSS, ALBATROSS ZM1726. MAYDAY ALBATROSS ZM1726 – FIVE NAUTICAL MILES WESTOF KAPITI ISLAND – HOLED AND LISTING HEAVILY, ENGINEROOM FLOODED – REQUIRE IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE –THREE PEOPLE ON BOARD – SEAS ROUGH. OVER.Important: Listen on the same frequency for an acknowledgement.14MARITIMENZ.GOVT.NZ
Acknowledging a distress messageAny station hearing a distress call and message should writeit down. Inform the officer of the watch, skipper or master immediately.If no immediate response is heard from a shore station, acknowledgethe distress call and take all possible steps to attract the attention ofother stations that may be able to help.A message acknowledging a distress call should take the following form: the distress signal MAYDAY the name (three times) and callsign (once) of the vessel sendingthe distress message the words THIS IS the name (three times) and callsign (once) of the stationacknowledging receipt the word RECEIVED the distress signal MAYDAY the word OVER.Example MAYDAY. ALBATROSS, ALBATROSS, ALBATROSS ZM1726. THIS IS BLUE DUCK, BLUE DUCK, BLUE DUCK ZM1983. RECEIVED MAYDAY. If there is any doubt about the vessel’s position, repeat theposition back to confirm it. OVER.RADIO HANDBOOK15
Relaying a distress messageIn most cases, a vessel or coastal station re-transmits a distressmessage to summon further assistance. This message consists of: the signal MAYDAY RELAY (three times) the words ALL STATIONS (three times) the words THIS IS the name (three times) and callsign (once) of the relaying station the distress message, as broadcast by the vessel in distress the word OVER.When using SSB, use the alarm signal (if available).Example MAYDAY RELAY, MAYDAY RELAY, MAYDAY RELAY. ALL STATIONS, ALL STATIONS, ALL STATIONS. THIS IS BLUE DUCK, BLUE DUCK, BLUE DUCK ZM1983. MAYDAY ALBATROSS ZM1726 – FIVE MILES WEST OF KAPITIISLAND – HOLED AND LISTING HEAVILY, ENGINE ROOMFLOODED – REQUIRE IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE – THREEPEOPLE ON BOARD – SEAS ROUGH . OVER.In cases where the distress message is repeated on a frequency otherthan that used by the vessel in distress, an indication should be givenof the frequency used and the time the message was received.Example16 Follow the initial procedures as outlined above, then: FOLLOWING RECEIVED ON CHANNEL 60 AT 0930 – MAYDAYALBATROSS ZM1726 – FIVE MILES WEST OF KAPITI ISLAND(and so on). OVER.MARITIMENZ.GOVT.NZ
Controlling distress trafficThe control of radio distress traffic is the responsibility of the vesselin distress or the station relaying a distress message. In most casesthese stations will transfer control to Maritime Radio and RCCNZ isimmediately advised.Although maritime radio stations cover New Zealand waters, there maybe situations when another sta
This handbook This handbook is a guide for operators of coastal and vessel* radio stations, including is a guide for operators of coastal and vessel* radio stations, including *Ship (vessel) station Any mobile radio station in the Maritime Radio Service located on board any vessel that is
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