Industrial Hygiene SamplingIndustrial Hygiene Sampling
Industrial Hygiene SamplingExposure AssessmentSept 13, 2007
Objectives Introduce “IndustrialIndustrial Hygiene”Hygiene Establish context with respect to RiskAssessment Overview of Sampling– Purpose– Methods– Data Implicationsp
Industrial HygieneDefinition Industrial Hygiene: Science and artdevoted to the anticipation, recognition,evaluation preventionevaluation,prevention, and control ofthose environmental factors or stressesarising in or from the workplace which maycause sickness, impaired health and wellbeing or significant discomfort amongbeing,workers or among citizens of thecommunity.community
Industrial Hygiene Sometimes referred to as “occupationaloccupational “hygiene (e.g. UK) Predates “RiskRisk Assessment”Assessment as defined byNAS CombinesC bielementslt off RiRiskkAAssessmentt
Comparison IH and RiskAssessmentIndustrial HygieneRisk AssessmentAnticipation and RecognitionHazard IdentificationEvaluationToxicity and Exposure Assessment andRisk CharacterizationControlRisk ManagementHazard CommunicationRisk Communication
Industrial Hygiene Exposure Industrial Hygiene focus is on exposureassessment– Historically the occupational environment– Expanded to home and communityNote: As the applications of exposure datagrew in various fieldsfields, many new “specialties”specialtiesformed ( i.e. environmental engineering,radiation safety,y, risk assessment etc)) andseparated from Public Health
Evaluation Air Sampling and Analysis“ The purpose of industrial hygienesampling is to represent theimportant components to thephysiology of the worker and not todemonstrate the prowess of thechemist”SLIDE 7Paraphrase from Hatch
Exposure Assessment Overview Exposure Assessment is NOT universallydefined by users Exposure is not DOSE but seeks toestimate it ApproachesAh andd examplesl– Exposure Assessment in “Risk Assessment”– Occupational settings
Evolution of Exposure Assessment 1920’s– Occupational Exposures began to be quantified andrelated to workplace health (risk)– ResultResult Exposure limit values 1950,60’s– Environmental concernsconcerns, air and water pollution– Waste site Clean-up 1983– NAS “Risk Assessment Paradigm– “RAGS”
Why is Exposure Important?Hatch
Exposure Assessment GoalWe can also considerImpairment as afunction of increasingDOSESLIDE 11
Puttingg It All Togetherg
Exposure Measurement Measurement at the point of contact whileexposure occurs Estimation from a scenario that evaluatescontact variables EstimatedE ti t d fromfbiomarkersbikrelatedl t d ttouptakeEPA Exposure Assessment Guideline
Point of Contact Measurements AdvantagesAdvantages– Direct– Accounts for microenvironmentalvariables– Specific to activitylevel– Direct relationshipp tobiomarkers– Preferred over models Disadvantages– Subject to analyticalprowess– Models can beincomplete or highlycomplex– Must becomprehensive orextrapolated to others– COST
Industrial Hygiene SamplingUnique Value Representative monitoring data ispreferred over models Industrial Hygiene data gathering has along history and extensive technology RelatesR l t specificallyifi ll tto ““exposure lilimititvalues” (TLV, PEL, OEL) Relates to historical biomarker information(Biological Exposure Indices – BEI)
IH DATA METRICS Time weighted averageTime-weightedPeak ExposureSh t tShort-termexposureUnits– Ppm v/v in air– Mgg /M3– Historical mmpcf
Exposure Assessment Strategy –IH PParadigmdiSLIDE 20AIHA Guidelines
Exposure Assessment Strategy –IH ParadigmSLIDE 21
Some Exposure Variables Acute Exposure Chronic Exposure Source of the Agent Pathway for ExposureSLIDE 22
Exposure Assessment StrategyTTerminologyi lSLIDE 23
Occupational Exposures “Often” air mediated – emphasis on “airp gsampling Usually a substantial dermalpthat is not readilyycomponentcharacterized “Skin notation”SLIDE 24
STATES OF MATTER DustFumeMi tMistVaporGasAerosol
Walk Through SurveySLIDE 26 Become familiar with plantprocesses ID process chemicals andmaterials, ObseObservee workero e actactivitiest es ID and examine existingexposure controls Start data collection record
Exposure Assessment StrategyIndustrial Hygiene MonitoringSLIDE 27
SAMPLE ? SLIDE 28Why sample?Who to sample?Where to sample?What to sample for?When to sample?How long to sample?
Evaluation of Workplace Hazards –Characterization of the EnvironmentOBJECTIVES OF AIR SAMPLING(WHY) SLIDE 29Workplace CharacterizationIInvestigateti t employeelcomplaintsl i tEffectiveness of engineering controlsEffectiveness of administrative controlsMaintain a history of worker exposure
Step #2: Selecting Air SamplingMethods Inventory Chemicals / Agents towhich workers are exposed NumberN b off employeesltto bbeevaluated Frequency of cyclic work process Duration of exposure(s)p( )SLIDE 30
Step #2: Selecting AirSamplingMethods Consistencyy of exposuresp Mobility of workers in relation toprocess Control measures in effect EmployeeE lbbreakk andd llunchhhhabitsbitSLIDE 31
Step #3#3-DetermineDetermine RelevantExposure FactorsAcute EffectsSub AcuteSub-AcuteChronic1 8-hour time-weighted averages1.(TWAs)2. ShortShort-TermTerm Exposure Limits (STELs)3. Ceiling Values4 Life4.Life-WeightedWeighted AverageSLIDE 32
Stepp #4: Selectingg AirSampling Equipment Personal Monitors (preferred)Area Samples (Zones)D t ,Fume,DustFMist,Mi t GasG or VaporVDirect Readingg InstrumentDetector TubesDiffusion BadgesSample Collection MediaSLIDE 33
Sampling Selection CriteriaCOMPREHENSIVECONVENIENTCOST EFFECTIVESLIDE 34SENSITIVESELECTIVERAPID
Comprehensive SLIDE 35SENSITIVE TO ALL CONTAMINANTSTHAT COULD RESULT IN ADVERSEHEALTH EFFECTS.
ConvenientSLIDE 36 PORTABLE, RUGGED and QUIET EASILY WORN WITHOUT CHANGESIN NORMAL BEHAVIOUR LOW POWER CONSUMPTION BATTERY OPERATED STABILIZATIONSO TIME 15 minutes TEMPERATURE RANGE -20o to 40oC HUMIDITY RANGE 0 - 100 %
Cost Effective NOT PROHIBITIVE TO BUYINEXPENSIVE TO OPERATEREADILY AVAILABLE COMPONENTSFEW CONSUMABLE PARTSLOW MAINTENANCESLIDE 37
Sensitive LoD HEALTH EFFECTS LEVEL 0.10 1 TIMES LEVEL OF INTEREST RANGE 0.1 - 10 X LEVEL OF INTEREST PRECISION AND ACCURACY /- 5% EASY AND ACCURATE CALIBRATIONSLIDE 38
Selective LIMITED RESPONSE TO CHEMICALLYSIMILAR COMPOUNDS PRESENT WITHANALYTE OF INTERESTSLIDE 39
Rapid SHORTER SAMPLING AND ANALYSISTIMES COMPARED WITH BIOLOGICALRESPONSE FAST RESPONSE TO CONCENTRATIONCHANGES RESPONSE TIME 90% 30 seconds RS-232 OR EQUIVALENT OUTPUTSLIDE 40
Step #5: Establish SamplingProtocolQUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED Data to be collected (who, what) Location to sample (where) Time to sample (when) Collection techniqueq (how)() Analytical technique (how) Number of samples (how many)SLIDE 41 Data analysis techniques (whatkind)
Personal MonitorsADVANTAGES Measure contaminant at or nearbbreathingthi zone Worn by an individual during their dailyactivities Provides an integrated measure ofexposure Useful in epidemiological studiesSLIDE 42
Personal MonitorsDISADVANTAGES Collecting a sufficient mass of specificcontaminants Specific, detailed sampling and analyticalmethods must be developed to characterizechemicalsh i l Time Delay in receiving analytical resultsfrom lab Sampler size and weight and fragility W k may be Workerb reluctantl t t tot wear samplerlSLIDE 43 Test equipment may alter workers routine
Step #6-Consult With a QualifiedL b tLaboratoryA qualifiedlifi d analyticall ti l llaboratoryb tcanassist you in choosing samplingmethods most appropriate to theenvironment beingg sampled.pSLIDE 44
Step #7-Choose An ApprovedAir Sampling MethodUS AGENCIES THAT PUBLISH AIRSAMPLING METHODS NationalN til IInstitutetit t forf OccupationalOtilSafety and Health (NIOSH) Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA) Environmental Protection Agency((EPA))SLIDE 45
Stepp #8-Contact Lab ForAdditional Assistance LLabbCCatalogst loftenft containst i airisampling guides that summarizesampling methods for individualchemicals published by NIOSH, OSHAand EPA. All critical parameters such as exposurelimits, recommended sampling time, flowrate and air volume are listed. Collection media is clearly specified.SLIDE 46
Step #9-Choose YourEquipmentAn IH utilizes all resources available tod tdeterminei ththe bbestt airi samplinglimethod. Several methods may berequiredi d iin ththe same workplace.k l Active Samplers– Air Sampling Pumps– Pump Flowmeters (Calibrators)– Collection Media Passive SamplerspSLIDE 47– Diffusion badges
ACTIVE SAMPLING.is the collection of airborne hazards bymeans of a forced movement of air by anair sampling pump through the appropriatesampling media. The pump is used tocollect and/or concentrate the chemical ofinterest onto the sampling media.SLIDE 48
THREE KEY ELEMENTS OFACTIVE SAMPLING A sampling pumpSomething to pull or push air TheTh samplingli mediadiSomething to pull or push the air through A calibratorSomething to indicate how much air hasbeen pulled or pushedSLIDE 49
PASSIVE SAMPLING.isis defined as the collection of airbornegases and vapors at a rate controlled by aphysical process such as diffusion througha static air layer or permeation through amembrane WITHOUT the activemovement of air through an air samplingpump.pumpSLIDE 50
Types of Passive SamplersOrganic Vapor SamplerAldehyde SamplerSLIDE 51Inorganic Mercury Sampler7
MOST PASSIVE SAMPLERSOPERATE BY DIFFUSION.DIFFUSIONDiffusive samplersrelyon the movement ofcontaminantmoleculesllacross aconcentrationgradient which can bedefined by Fick’s FirstLaw of DiffusionDiffusion.SLIDE 52
IN OTHER WORDSWORDS.Chemicals will diffusefrom an area of highconcentration in the airto an area of lowconcentration on thesampler and the rate ofdiffusion for individualchemicalsh i l can bbedetermined.SLIDE 53
WHEN CHOOSING A PASSIVESAMPLER Be sure that it has been tested andverified to work effectively for the chemicalof interest.interest Otherwise,Otherwise you should use avalidated active sampling method forcompliance purposespurposes. Be sure to note the sampling rate inml/min given by the supplier along with theminimum and maximum sampling times.SLIDE 54
TO COLLECT A PASSIVESAMPLE Simply open the sampler at the samplingsite and attach it to the worker in thebreathing zone or hang in an areaarea. It is important that there be some degreeof air movement at the sampling sitesite.Placement of the sampler in stagnant airwill cause “starvation”starvation and will cause lowresults to occur.SLIDE 55
Read On for FurtherInformationSLIDE 56The followingsectionsdescribe samplingusing a variety ofsampling media: Sorbent Tubes Filters Impingersp g Bagsg Sampling Passive Samplers
ACTIVE SAMPLING OF GASESAND VAPORSMany sampling methods require the useof sorbent tubes for sampling gases andvapors.A sorbent tube is a small glass tube normallyfilled with two layers of a solid sorbentmaterial.SLIDE 57
Sorbent Sample Tube With Backup SorbentLayerSLIDE 585
COMMON SORBENT MATERIALS Activated CharcoalSilica GelTTenaxXAD-2ChromosorbsThe sorbent used to collect specific chemicalswill be specified in the sampling methodmethod.SLIDE 59
TO COLLECT A SAMPLE WITHSORBENT TUBESSLIDE 60 The end tips of the tube are broken anda known volume of air is drawn throughthe tube using an air sampling pump thathas been calibrated to the flow ratespecified in the sampling method. AirborneAi bchemicalsh i l are ttrappeddbby ththe fifirsttlayer with the back-up layer assuringcomplete removal of chemicals from theair.
SORBENT TUBE SAMPLING TRAINSLIDE 61
OSHA Versatile SamplersA Breakthrough for Multi-Phase Sampling Sorbent and Filtercombined in one tube Collects vapors andaerosols Available with a varietyof sorbents For pesticides, TNT,DNT,, and phthalatespSLIDE 62
Multiple Bed TubesA AdvancementAnAdt forf EnvironmentalE it lSampling Tubes contain multiple layers of differenttypes of sorbent Different classes of chemicals can betrapped in different layers of sorbent Tubes available for solvent or thermaldesorption Custom tubes are available from SKC withalmost any sorbentSLIDE 63
THERMAL DESORPTION Allows for improvedsensitivity--down tosub-ppb Nearly 100%recovery frommedia Suitable forambient indoor airambient,and environmentalstudiesSLIDE 64
Precautions When UsingThermal Desorption Make sure size of tubesis compatible withthermal desorber beingused Remember that tubesmust be heat purgedbefore use Do not use solventdesorption tubes forthermal desorptionapplicationsSLIDE 65
SKC VOST SAMPLERSFor Sampling Stationary SourcesVOSTSLIDE 66o l a t i l er g a n i ca m p l i n gr a i n sFor For EPA Methods 0030 and 0031EPA Method 0031
POLYURETHANE FOAMA Novel New Sorbent Specified in EPA Methods forOrganochlorine Pesticides , PCBs , PNAsand PCDDs PUF/Sorbent Combinations Available withTenax XAD-2Tenax,XAD 2 or other sorbents High Volume and Low Volume TubesA il bl ffrom SKCAvailable SKC PUF Sorbent Refilling Service SavesYou MoneySLIDE 67
POLYURETHANE FOAM (PUF)TUBESLIDE 68
PUF “SANDWICHES”Combine PUF and SorbentSLIDE 69 Extends applicationsto more volatilecompounds Standard sorbents areTenax or XAD-2 Low volume tubesused with personalpumps High volume tubesusedd withith GMWSampler
COATED FILTERSA Great Media to Trap Unstable CompoundsLiquid mediums onfilters derivatize thechemical of interestThis produces amorestable compound forstorage and analysisSLIDE 70
COATED FILTERSAVAILABLE FROM SKCTo Sample for a Variety of Chemicals FlFluoridesid Diisocyanates MethyleneM th lBisphenylIsocyanate Glutaraldehyde Organic AminesSLIDE 71 MercaptansHydrogen SulfideAcetic AnhydrideChlorineBBromineiSulfur Dioxide
AFTER SAMPLE COLLECTIONThe tube is capped and sent to a qualifiedlaboratory for analysis.There the sorbent is removed and the trappedchemicals are extracted using either solvents orheat and identified and quantified using gaschromatography or other laboratory equipment.SLIDE 72
ACTIVE SAMPLING OF GASESAND VAPORS (GAS BAGS)In some cases, it mayy be desirable tocollect the entire air sample in aspecialbag designed for that purpose.SLIDE 73This type of sample is termed a graborinstantaneous sample.
GRAB SAMPLES Are usually taken for short periodsoff timetitot indicatei di t peakk airborneibconcentrations Can be used to determine TWAexposures in areas where chemicallevels remain constantSLIDE 74
TO COLLECT A SAMPLE WITHSAMPLE BAGS Pumps with an exhaust or pressure portcan be used to push air into a samplingb thbagthatt iis connectedt d tto ththe pump withithteflon tubing. Alternatively, bags can be placed intoa chamber which is evacuated using apump to fill the bag by negative pressure.SLIDE 75
FILLING A BAG BY POSITIVEPRESSURESLIDE 76
FILLING A BAG BY NEGATIVEPRESSURESLIDE 77
AFTER SAMPLE COLLECTION Bags containing the sample can beanalyzed in the field using direct readingi tinstruments.t Bags can also be shipped to thelaboratory where they can be analyzed bygas chromatography or other laboratoryequipment.itSLIDE 78
ACTIVE SAMPLING OF GASESAND VAPOR S (IMPINGERS)Some chemical hazards such as acidsacids,ozone, chlorine and formaldehyde canb sampledbel d usingi iimpingers.iImpingers are specially designed glassbottles that are filled with a collectionliquid specified in the sampling method forspecificifi chemicals.h i lSLIDE 79
IMPINGERSSLIDE 80
NOTES ABOUT IMPINGERSIn some casescases, theimpinger nozzle isfritted or modified withthousands of smallholes This dispersesholes.the air and allows forbetter contact betweenthe air sample and thep g liquid.qimpingerSLIDE 81
TO COLLECT A SAMPLE WITHIMPINGERSA sample pump is used to bubble airthrough the impinger which contains ali id mediumliquiddiththatt hhas bbeen specifiedifi d iinthe method.The liquid will physically dissolve orchemically react with the chemical ofi tinterest.tSLIDE 82
IMPINGER SAMPLING TRAINSLIDE 83
AFTER SAMPLE COLLECTION The liquid is removed from the impingerand sent to the laboratory for analysis. The impinger can then be cleaned andreused for future samples.SLIDE 84
AFTER SAMPLE COLLECTION Cover the sampleopening to stopsample collection. Properly label thesample.l Ship to thel b tlaboratoryfforchemical analysis.SLIDE 85
List of Analytical Methods and Examplesoff CommonCAnalytesAnalytical MethodExamples of Analyte CompoundsGC/ flame ionization detectorPAHs, ketones, halogenated hydrocarbons,alcohols, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbonsGC/ photoionization detectorGC/ nitrogen phosphorus detectororganophosphate pesticidesGC/ electron capture detectorpolychorinated benzenes, PCBsGC/ flame photometric detectornitromethane, tributylphosphateGC/ thermal conductivity detectorSLIDE 86ethylene oxide, tetraethyl lead, tetramethyl leadacrolein, nicotine, acetone cyanohydrin,butadienes, pentadienes, chlordane,mercaptans, carbon disulfide,carbon dioxide
Analytical Approach DiversityAnalytical MethodExamples of Analyte CompoundsGC/ mass spectrometryaldehyde screeningHPLC/ ultraviolet detectoracetaldehyde, anisidine, p-chlorophenol, diethylenetriamine,ethylenediamine, maleicanhydride panhydride,p-nitroanalinenitroanalineHPLC/ electrochemical detectorisocyanatesVisible absorption spectrophotometrynitrogen dioxide,dioxide phosphineacetic anhydride, ammonia, formaldehyde, hydrazine,Ion chromatographychlorine,aminoethanol compounds, chloroacetic acid, inorganic acids, iodine,hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxideSource: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods, 4th Ed. (DHHS [NIOSH] Pub. No. 94–113). Cincinnati: NIOSH, 1994.SLIDE 87
A clear andcomplete“chain ofcustody mustbe observedLayout of coverpage for NIOSHsampling andanalytical methods.methodsSLIDE 883
Typical Chromatogram Produced Using aFIDFID Response, countsN-pentadecane15 573 min15.573Solvent PeakN-tetradecane14.540 minN-hexadecane16.802 minRetention Time, minutesTypical chromatogram produced using a FID and showing separation of n-tetradecane(retention time 14.540 min), n-pentadecane (retention time 15.573 min), and n-hexadecane(retention time 1616.802802 min)min).SLIDE 895
Typical Mass Spectrum for TetradecaneShowing the Relative Abundance of EachMass FragmentAbundanceTetradecaneet adeca eMass/Charge RatioSLIDE 906
Commonly Used Direct-ReadingI tInstrumentst forf GasesGandd VaporsVInstrumentCommon AnalytesPrinciple of OperationRangeCombustible Combustible gases and vaporsHotwire—test gas is passed over a heatedUsually measured ingas detectors (nonspecific)wire (sometimes in the presence of a catalyst).catalyst)percentage of theThe test gas burns, changing the temperaturelower explosive limit.of the filament, and the electrical resistance ofSome modelsthe filament is measured.measuredown to1 ppm.Colorimetric Various vaporspincludingg formaldeof the test gas with a chemicalVariabledetectorshyde, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur diox(either as a liquid or in some cases anide, toluene diisocyanate (specific)impregnated paper or tape) and measurementoff theth colorl producedddSLIDE 91ElectrochemicalCarbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitroChemical oxidation of test gas 1 to 3000 ppmsensorsgen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfurdi id (ifi )Reactionreagent2
Commonly Used Direct-ReadingI tInstrumentst forf GasesGandd VaporsV(continued)InstrumentInfrared gasto lowanalyzerslevelsMetal oxideppmsensorsCommon AnalytesPrinciple of OperationOrganic and inorganic gases andMeasures infrared absorbance of test gasSub-ppmvapors (specific)percentHydrogen sulfide, nitro, amine,Metal oxide sensor is chemically reduced 1 to 50alcohol, and halogenatedhydrocarbons (specific)by the gas, increasing its electrical resistanceThermalCarbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,specific heat of combustion of a gas orPercentage gasconductivitynitrogen, oxygen, methane, ethane,sensorspropane, and butaneSLIDE 92RangeUsesvaporPortable gasOrganic and inorganic gases andUses apacked column to separate complex0 1 to 100.110,000000 ppmchromatographsvapors (specific)mixturesof gases. Detectors available include3flame ionization, electron capture, thermalconductivity, flame photometric, and photoionization
Commonly Used Direct-ReadingI tInstrumentst forf GasesGandd VaporsV(continued)InstrumentCommon AnalytesPrinciple of OperationRangeDetectors for Gas ChromatographsSLIDE 93Electron captureradioactive source such as 63Ni todetectornitrous oxide, and compoundscontaining cyano or nitro groupsHalogenated hydrocarbons,Uses a0.1 ppb to low ppmsupply energy to the detector that monitorsthe intensity of the electron beam arriving ata collection electrode. When an electroncapturing species passes through the cell theintensity of the electron beam decreases.Flame ionizationorganic ions by passing a hydrogendetectorsaliphatic and aromatic hydrohydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, andhalogenated hydrocarbonsOrganic compounds includingCreates0.1 to 100,000 ppmgas through flameflame. Measures conductivity ofthe flame.Photoionization Most organic compounds,Creates ions by exposing test gas to2000 ppmdetectorsparticularly aromatic compoundslight. Measures conductivity ofthe gases in the light field.0.2 toultraviolet4
Commonly Used Aerosol MonitorsInstrumentRangeLight-scattering photometers200 g/m3Light-scattering particle counters105 particles/cm3Condensation nucleus countersparticles/cm3Single Particle Aerosal RelaxationTime (SPART)0 3 to 10 μm0.3NABeta attenuation aerosol mass10 μm10 mg/m3 maxmonitorsPiezoelectric crystal microbalance100 mg/m3SLIDE 94Tapered Element OscillatingMicrobalance (TEOM)2000 mg/m3Sample Flowpassive to 100 L/min0.12 L/min to 28 L/minSize RangeConcentration0.1 to 20 μm0.0001 μm/m3 to0.1 to 8000 m (up to1 particle/L to32,000 μm for dropsize analyzers)0.0030 003 L/min to 44.22 L/min11.66 nm to 20 nm0 1 to 1060.10.5 to 5 L/min 15 L/min 0.24 to 1 L/minNA0.05 to 35 μm100 g/m3 to0.5 to 35 μm5 μg/m3 to
Gases Detectible by ElectrochemicalSensorsAmmoniaArsineBromineCarbon dioxideCarbon monoxideChlorineEthylene oxideFluorineFormaldehydeFormic acidFreonGermaneSLIDE 95HydrazineHydrochloricacidH dHydrogenHydrogenchlorideHydrogeny gcyanideHydrogenfluorideHydrogen sulfideNitric acidNitric oxideNitrogen dioxideNitrogen oxidesNitrous oxideOxygenOzonePhosgenePhosphineSilaneSilicon tetrafluorideSulfur nghexafluoride
A Typical Electrochemical SensorSLIDE 967
A Wheatstone BridgeSLIDE 978
Combustible gas instrument response curvefor conversion of a meter reading toconcentration.AB1METER REAADING % LEL0C0D806SLIDE 98HOTBURNINGGASES0COOLBURNINGGASES20406080ACTUAL CONCENTRATION %LEL1009
Sensor response range from lower explosiveli it tto upper explosivelimitl i lilimit.itSLIDE 9910
Ionization Potentials of Selected ChemicalsCompound(eV)SLIDE 100IPAcetaldehyde10.21Acetic acid10.37Acetone9.69Acrolein10.10Allyl alcohol9.67Allyl chloride10.20Ammonia10.15A iliAniline7 707.70Benzene9.25Benzyl chloride 10.161,3-Butadiene9.07n-Butyl amine8.71Carbon disulfide 10.1310 13Chlorobenzene 9.07Crotonaldehyde 9.73Cyclohexane9.98Cyclohexanone 1.06Compound(eV)IPDimethyl amine 8.24y acetate10.11EthylEthyl amine8.86Ethyl benzene8.76Ethyl bromide 10.29Ethyl butyl ketone 9.02Ethyl chloride10.98Eth lEthylenechlorohydrinhl h d i10.90Heptane10.07Hydrogen cyanide13.91Hydrogen sulfide 10.46Isoamyl acetate 9.909 90Isoamyl alcohol 10.16Isopropyl acetate 9.99Isopropyl alcohol 10.16Isopropyl amine 8.72Isopropyl ether9.20Methanol10.85Methyl acetate 10.27Methyl acrylate 10.72Compound(eV)IPMethyl ethyl ketone9.53Methyl mercaptan 10.352P t2-Pentanone9 399.39Phosphine9.96Propane11.07n-Propyl acetate 10.04n-Propyl alcohol 10.20Propylene dichloride10.87Propylene oxide 10.22Styrene8.47Toluene8.82Triethylamine7.50Vinyl chloride10.00Water12.61m-Xylene8.5611
PID: The HNU 101 ModelsSLIDE 10112
PID: The Photovac 2020SLIDE 10213
Relative Response of the OVA (FIDInstrument) to Different Chemicals(if Calibrated to Methane)CompoundRelative Response (%)Acetaldehyde25Acetic 50n-Butane631 3 Butadiene 281,3-ButadieneCarbon 75Diethyly ether18Ethane110Ethanol25Ethyl acetate65SLIDE 10310CompoundRelative Response (%)Ethylene85Ethylene oxide 70Hexane75Isopropyl alcohol 65Methane (calibrant) 100Methanol12Methyl ethyl ketone 80Methylene chloride chloroethyleney70Vinyl chloride35o-Xylene1167014
Organic Vapor Analyzers (OVA):Th CTheCenturytTVA 1000SLIDE 10415
Specific Infrared Absorption Bands forH dHydrocarbonsbChemical Groups(µm)Absorption BandAlkanes (C-C) 3.35–3.65Alkenes (C C) 3.25–3.45Alkynes (C C) 3.05–3.25Aromatic3.25–3.35Substituted aromatic 6.15–6.356 15–6 35Alcohols (-OH) 2.80–3.10Acids (C-OOH) 5.60–6.00Aldehydes (COH)5.60–5.90Ketones (C O) 5.60–5.90Esters (COOR) 5.75–6.00Chlorinated (C-Cl)12.80–15.50SLIDE 10516
An Infared Spectrum for the Chemical SulfurHHexafluoride.fl idY axis is absorbance unit.60080010001200Absorbance/Wavenumber (cm-1)SLIDE 10617
Portable Infared Analyzer:Th MIRAN STheSapphirehi AAnalyzerlSLIDE 10718
Schematic for a Typical Gas ChromatographSLIDE 10819
Portable Field Gas Chromatograph: ThePh tPhotovacVVoyagerSLIDE 10920
Detector Tubes, or Colormetric IndicatorT bTubes,anddPPumps FFrom NationalN tilDDraegerSLIDE 11026
A New Generation of Tubes and PumpsFFromNationalN tilDDraegerSLIDE 11127
Multiple Particle Optical Monitor:Th MINIRAMTheSLIDE 11228
Selecting Sampling Method /E iEquipmentt Is it comprehensive?Is it convenient?I it costt effective?Isff ti ?Is it sensitive enough?Is it selective enough?Does it provide rapid response/results?SLIDE 113
AIRBORNE PARTICULATEHAZARDSAirborne particulate hazardsmay include: DustsFumesMistsSmokesSLIDE 114
THE HAZARD POTENTIAL OFAIRBORNE PARTICULATESIs determined by severalparameters including:pg ChemicalCh i l compositioniti Mass concentration Size characteristics
Instruments to Classify ParticleSizeSiDetermine thedeposition site inthe respiratory tract.tractSmaller particleswill tend to depositdeep intoo thee gasexchange region ofthe lunglung.
Characteristics of Particlesand ParticlepDispersoids((Source: C.E. Lappler,pp , SRI Journal 5:94 [[1961].)])SLIDE 1172
SIZE-SELECTIVE EXPOSUREGUIDELINESTo more appropriatelypp py assessthe possible health effects ofairborne particulate matter,exposure guidelines havetypically been issued fordifferent aerodynamic sizes ofparticles.ti l[[examplel USBM]
Regions of the Respiratory Tract(a) Nasopharyngeal(NP) region( )(b)Tracheobronchial(TB) region(c) Pulmonary(P) regionInhalable fractionThoracicThifractionRespirablefraction(a) the NP region conditions inhaled air to body temperature and essentially 100% relative humidity andefficiently removes larger particles; (b) the TB region conducts inhaled air quickly and evenly from themouth and nose to the pulmonary spaces; (c) the P region performs the gas exchange function ofrespiration.pSLIDE 1194
WORKPLACE EXPOSUREGUIDELINES Have traditionally been expressed as– *TOTAL DUST– *RESPIRABLE DUST
TOTAL DUST Is collected by using a filter of a type andpore size appropriate to the particulatebeing sampled.sampled The filter is loaded into a cassette andconnected to a sampling pump that hasbeen calibrated to a flowrate of at least1 L/L/min.i Samples are collected in an area or in thebreathing zone of workers.
Aerosol Particle Collection MechanismsFluid DragForceBuoyantForceGravitational ForceABC(a) sedimentation — at terminal (maximum) settling velocity, the fluid drag and buoyant forces willexactly offset the particle’s weight; (b) inertial impaction — the particle’s inertia carries it across airflowstreamlines as the air changes direction; and (c) interception — the flow streamline passes the collectingbodyy ((such as a filter fiber)) within a distance of one-half the pparticle’s diameter.SLIDE 1223
ACTIVE SAMPLING FORPARTICULATES To sample for particulates, a filterloaded into a filter cassette will beused. TheTh filtfilter diameter,dit typetandd poresize will vary depending on thechemical being sampled and will bespecifiedspeced in tthee sasamplingp g method.et odSLIDE 123
Filter CassettesABCommonly used filter holders include (a) the 37-mm three-piece styrene acrylonitrile cassetteused as shown or in open-face mode with one end removed, and (b) the polypropylene 25-mmcassette with cowl, specifically for use in asbestos sampling (end cap shown is removed duringsampling)p g) (g(graphicspcourtesyy SKC,, Inc.,, Eightyg y Four,, Pa.).)SLIDE 1246
FILTER SAMPLING TRAINSLIDE 125
AFTER SAMPLE COLLECTIONFilters can be analyzed by a variety ofmethods depending upon the chemical: Gravimetric-Weighing the samplebefore and after collection Atomic Absorption/ICP-Performingchemicalh i l analysisl i tto ddetermineti specificificompounds Microscopic-Counting individual fibersSLIDE 126
RESPIRABLE DUST Is collected onto a filter of a type and poresize that is appropriate for the particulatebeing sampled.sampled Preceding the filter, however, is a particlesize selective devicesize-selectivedevice, typically a cyclonecyclone,that will separate the respirable fractionfrom the nonnon-respirablerespirable fraction whenconnected to a pump sampling at thedesignated flow raterate.
RESPIRABLE DUST CYCLONES
CycloneySeparatorpPartiallycleaned airParticle-ladenairCapturedparticlesSLIDE 129Suspended particles are captured byincreasing centrifugal forces as t
ACTIVE SAMPLING OF GASES AND VAPORSAND VAPORS Many sampling methods require the use of sorbent tubes for sampling gases andof sorbent tubes for sampling gases and vapors. A sorbent tube is a small glass tube normally filled with two layers of a solid sorbentfil
Sampling, Sampling Methods, Sampling Plans, Sampling Error, Sampling Distributions: Theory and Design of Sample Survey, Census Vs Sample Enumerations, Objectives and Principles of Sampling, Types of Sampling, Sampling and Non-Sampling Errors. UNIT-IV (Total Topics- 7 and Hrs- 10)
1. Principle of Sampling Concept of sampling Sampling: The procedure used to draw and constitute a sample. The objective of these sampling procedures is to enable a representative sample to be obtained from a lot for analysis 3 Main factors affecting accuracy of results Sampling transport preparation determination QC Sampling is an
2.4. Data quality objectives 7 3. Environmental sampling considerations 9 3.1. Types of samples 9 4. Objectives of sampling programs 10 4.1. The process of assessing site contamination 10 4.2. Characterisation and validation 11 4.3. Sampling objectives 11 5. Sampling design 12 5.1. Probabilistic and judgmental sampling design 12 5.2. Sampling .
FOOD HYGIENE (BASIC TEXTS) Fourth edition The Codex basic texts on food hygiene promote understanding of how rules and regulations on food hygiene are developed and applied. The General Principles of food hygiene cover hygiene practices from primary production through to final consumption, highlighting the key hygiene controls at each stage.
A hand hygiene action is defined as hand-rubbing with an alcohol-based product or by hand washing with soap and water i 4.7 Hand hygiene indication The WHO 'Five Moments for Hand Hygiene' are used to define a hand hygiene indication or indications i 4.8 Hand hygiene opportunity A hand hygiene opportunity is defined as the requirement
III.Sampling Industrial Users 53 Introduction Analytical Methods Quality Assurance and Sampling Plan Standard Operating Procedures Pre-Sampling Activities Cleaning and Preparation of Sampling Equipment Cleaning Procedures for Conventional Pollutants Cleaning Procedures for Metals Cleaning Procedures for Oil and Grease Cleaning Procedures for .
1.6 Responsibilities for sampling 66 1.7 Health and safety 67 2. Sampling process 67 2.1 Preparation for sampling 67 2.2 Sampling operation and precautions 68 2.3 Storage and retention 69 3. Regulatory issues 70 3.1 Pharmaceutical inspections 71 3.2 Surveillance programmes 71 4. Sampling on receipt (for acceptance) 72 4.1 Starting materials 72
an accounting policy. In making that judgment, management considers, first the requirement of other IFRS standards dealing with similar issues, and the concepts in the IASB’s framework. It also may consider the accounting standards of other standard-setting bodies. International Financial Reporting Standards Australian Accounting Standards
