Linguistics 101 Phonology
Linguistics 203Phonology9/10/2010
Key Words / Concepts Phonology vs. phonetics Phoneme vs. allophone Distribution types:– contrastive / complimentary / free variation Distinctive feature Minimal Pair
Phonetics vs. Phonology Phonetics: the study of speech sounds Phonology: the study of the sound systems oflanguages(sound system inventory of sounds rules)
Phonetics vs. Phonology Phonetics says:“The /k/ in call [khɑl] and in key [khi] are phoneticallydistinct. In key, the /k/ is produced slightly furtherforward in the mount than in call. We can representthis with a diacritic: [kh̟ i .” Phonology says:“Who cares? To a native speaker, they’re the samesound.”
Phonetics vs. Phonology Here is an analogy involving letters:A, A, a, a, a, a, A, a, a, A, a, A, a, A, a, A, a, A- To phonetics, these are all slightly different, astheir forms are not identical.- To phonology, these are all the same, since,psychologically, they all represent the letter a .(Disclaimer: phonetics and phonology aren’t concerned with letters atall, only with sounds. This is just an analogy.)
Phonology Phonology is largely concerned with thecontrastive sounds of a language. Using the letter analogy again: b and c are contrastive, because bat and catare minimally different and have different meanings. a and A are not contrastive, because ant andAnt are minimally different but have the samemeaning.
Minimal Pairs To determine if two sounds are contrastive, welook for minimal pairs. A minimal pair is two words.1. with the same number of sound segments, and2. which differ in one segment only, and3. which have different meaningsE.g. bean [bin] vs. mean [min], mud [mʌd] vs. thud[θʌd]Thus, [b] and [m] are contrastive; so are [m] and [θ]. Contrastive sounds belong to different phonemes.
Minimal Pairs Why is bumping *[bʌmpɪŋ] vs. bumming[bʌmɪŋ] not a minimal pair?
Contrastive Sounds Are [t] and [d] contrastive in English? Do they belong to the same phoneme? Are [t] and [th] contrastive in English? Do they belong to the same phoneme?
Contrastive Sounds Different languages have different constrasts. In Korean, [t] and [d] are not contrastive; i.e.they belong to the same phoneme [d] appears between vowels, or after a liquid or nasal [t] appears elsewhere
Contrastive Sounds On the other hand, in Korean, [th] and [t]belong to different phonemes. [ta ‘all’ vs. *tha ‘other’, ‘Ride!’ In English, ‘aspiration’ is not a distinctivefeature, but it is in Korean.– Distinctive feature: a feature (e.g. [aspiration],[nasal], [round]) that, when changed, can createminimal pairs in a given language.
Distinctive Features What are some distinctive features in English? What are some distinctive features in Frenchor German which were not distinctive inEnglish?
Distinctive Features Nasal Vowels– In English, vowels before nasal consonants are nasalized [mãm] [bæ̃ nd] [sĩŋ]‘mom’‘band’‘sing’– Vowels not before nasal consonants are not nasalized Are nasal vowels and non-nasal vowels contrastive inEnglish? Do they belong to the same or different phonemes?
Distinctive Features Nasal Vowels In French, however, nasal vowels are contrastive withnon-nasal vowels.sound– [ba]– [bã]– [bo]– [bõ]FR spelling‘bas’‘banc’‘beau’‘bon’EN od’ Thus, in French, the sounds [a] and [ã], and [o] and [õ]belong to different phonemes. The feature [nasal] is distinctive for French vowels, butnot for English vowels.
Phonology - Basics A phoneme can have several allophones. Allophones of a single phoneme are notcontrastive with each other. Allophones are in complementary distributionwith each other (or sometimes, in free variation) Allophone analogy: {a, A, ɑ, A, a, a, A} are allographs of the grapheme a
Complementary Distribution In English, [p] and [ph] are allophones of thesame phoneme. They are in complementarydistribution with each other. Why?
Phonology - Basics Are [n] and [m] allophones of the samephoneme in English? Are they contrastive or in complementarydistribution with each other?
Free Variation Sometimes, two sounds can be freely used inthe same position without changing themeaning.[khrɪb / *khrɪb] In English, word-final [b] is in free variationwith *b Note: this is true only word-finally in English
Free Variation What type of distribution do [s] and [z] have Lisa’li:sa‘Lisa’ What type of distribution do [s] and [z] inEnglish?
Solving a Phonology Problem First, determine the distribution.1. Are there minimal pairs for those sounds?Yes? The sounds are constrastive and they belong to ( are allophones of) different phonemes. You aredone!No? Go to 2.2. Are they in complementary distribution?Yes? They are allophones of one phoneme. Go to nextslide.No? They are in free variation. You are done!
Solving a Phonology Problem If sounds are in complementary distribution,you must find distribution of each allophone.1. Make a chart of the environments for eachallophone (exclude duplicates).2. Look for patterns.3. Choose which one will represent the phoneme.4. Write rules showing the distribution.
Solving a Phonology Problem –Complementary Distribution [s] and [ʃ] in KoreanDataStep 1: Make a chartsonsʃsom# o# iʃihap# o# iʃilsul u# iSimplify sosəl# o# isɛko əa iisa# ɛo isali a# aʃipsamp aʃinhomaʃitaoʃipsʃ# ol uo ə# ɛi a# ap a# ia io i
Complementary distribution and rules [s] and [ʃ] in KoreanDataStep 2: Look for patternssonsʃHints:som1. Start with C, V, ## o# iʃihap2. Look for patterns in voicing on consonantsl ua iʃilsuo əo i3. Look for patterns in the vowelssosəl# ɛ4. Look at place and manner of articulation of sɛki aconsonants.isa# asalp aʃipsam ʃinhomaʃitaoʃip
Complementary distribution and rules [s] and [ʃ] in KoreanDataStep 2: Look for patternssonsʃ*ʃ appears in front of *i]som# o# i[s] does notʃihapl ua iʃilsuo əo isosəl# ɛsɛki aisa# asalp aʃipsamʃinhomaʃitaoʃip
Complementary distribution and rules [s] and [ʃ] in KoreanDataStep 3: Determine what the phoneme issonsʃWhich sound should be thesom# o# iphoneme?ʃihapl ua iʃilsuo əo i/s/ occurs in more distinctsosəl# ɛsɛkenvironments, so it is our phoneme.i aisa# asalp a[s] and [ʃ] are both allophones of /s/ʃipsamʃinhomaʃitaoʃip
Complementary distribution and rules [s] and [ʃ] in KoreanDataStep 3: Write rules.sonsʃ1. Start with the ‘opposite’ sound.som# o# iʃihapl ua iʃilsuRule (English): change /s/ to *ʃ ino əo isosəlfront of [i].# ɛsɛki aisa# ai.e./s/ [ʃ / isalp aʃipsamʃinho2. Do the ‘same’ sound.maʃitaoʃip/s/ [s] / elsewhere
Sep 10, 2010 · A phoneme can have several allophones. Allophones of a single phoneme are not contrastive with each other. Allophones are in complementary distribution with each other (or som
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