Engineering Classification Of Shari Ghat River Bed Sand .
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 11, November-2012ISSN 2229-55181Engineering Classification of Shari Ghat RiverBed Sand and Prospect of its UtilizationM. Farhad Howladar, Chowdhury Quamruzzaman, A.K.M Fayazul Kabir, B.M. Rabby Hossain,A.S.M. Golam Hossain, M. Omar FaruqueAbstract— Sand is a natural resource can be used as an engineering material which plays an important role in engineering constructions.Generally sand is used as a fine aggregate in mortar, plaster, concrete and finishing works. It also used for filling under floor, basements.Sand should be pure silica (SiO2), but all types of sand are not suitable for such work.From this point of view, the present study assessessome engineering properties for understanding their suitability for construction works. The properties such as Fineness Modulus (FM),Specific Gravity, Silt & Clay content and Compressive Strength have been estimated in laboratory and the results revealed that the sand isbest for mortar and concrete work and suitable for plastering and finishing work. Results also suggest that this sand can be used for fillingup the roads and brick soling gap area.Index Terms— River Bed Sand, Fineness Modulus (FM), Specific Gravity, Sieve Analysis, Compressive Strength, gradation curve,Utilization prospect.—————————— ——————————1 INTRODUCTIONSAND deposits are located mostly in the Sylhet area inBangladesh. The studied area belonging to the JaintapurThana in Sylhet district that about 45 km NNE direction ofSylhet town and is also about 189 km NNE of Dhaka. Shaririver is located about 7 km from Jaintapur Thana parisad inthe east direction.In the Shari river bed, vast amount of Sands will be deposited.This type of sands will be used in different construction sectors without any assessment.This studies aim that, proper utilization of sands in differentconstruction sectors.Natural sand is available from local river beds or pits. An examination should be made on the fineness of the availablesands. Based on this fineness, it should be considered to beused for the different sectors of construction. Sand is a loose,fragmented, naturally occurring material consisting of verysmall particles (fine to medium sized particles between 2 mm& 0.06 mm) of decomposed rocks, corals, or shells. In concreting work it is usually termed as fine aggregate.Sand is form of silica (SiO2) and may be of argillaceous, siliceous or calcareous according to its composition. Sand is usually obtained from pits, shores, river beds, & seas. It mainlythree kinds of sands in use: Pit Sand, River bed Sand & SeaSand. Sand should be of pure Silica (SiO2). It should free fromclay, silt, organic matter, shells & salts. Very good variety ofsand is available in the districts of Dhaka, Mymensingh, Syhet.Sand is available here and there, but all sand is not suitable forevery sand related work. In this study, it is aimed that whichsand are suitable for which purpose. It is preferable that sandshould be washed before use in all engineering ��——— Chowdhury Quamruzzaman, Associate Professor, Department of Geology,University of Dhaka, Bangladesh E-mail:cqzam@yahoo.com A.K.M Fayazul Kabir is currently pursuing masters degree program inGeology in University of Dhaka,Bangladesh, E-mail:fayaz.du@gmail.com2 METHODSIn order to conduct this study steps like field observation,sample collection, analysis and laboratory test etc measuresare considered. Methods for this investigation are composedof the following activities:2.1 Sample CollectionSample was collected from Shari Ghat river of Jaintapur. Disturebed samples are taken from river bed. After collecting thesample we perform various tests. For performing test, samplesshould have normal condition. As samples are collected thesource, so it was not ready for test. At first it dried in roomtemperature for one week.2.2 Laboratory Testa) Sieve Analysis of SandSieve analysis is one of the oldest methods of size analysis andis accomplished by passing a known weight of sample material successively through fine sieve to determine the percentageweight in each size fraction (shown in figure 2.1)This test was performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes within sands. Fineness Modulus (FM) is factorwhich is computed using the sieve analysis results. Lower FMindicates fine particle and Higher FM indicates coarse sizeparticle.Fineness Modulus (FM) gets from a equation:IJSER 2012http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 11, November-2012ISSN 2229-5518Cumulative % retained on standred ASTM sieves No. 4, 8, 16, 30, 50, 100FM 1002GT Specific gravity of water at temperature T⁰C,Temperature, T0 C 28c) Compressive Strength TestTwo types of test specimens are used in our country. Thistest methods covers determination of the compressive strengthof Portland cement mortars , using 50 mm cube specimens.For making mortar sample same ratios are maintain for alltype of sand particles and the ratios are water: cement: sand 0.485: 1: 2.75 as a standard value but sometimes additionalamount of water was applied to make the paste workable,shown in figure 2.3.The mortar sample is prepared following the standard procedure and released from the mould. It is placed at a bucketfor curing then after the specific duration the mortar is takenout from the bucket and waited for half an hour for removingwater and tested by the compression testing machine, shownin figure 3.4. The obtained result is analyzed and then discussion is prepared depending on the result obtained and fieldobservant.Fig.1. Sieve analysis testb) Specific Gravity of SandSpecific gravity of the sand is defined as the ratio of the massof a given volume of sands to the mass of an equal volume ofwater at 4⁰C. The specific gravity of sand is 2.65 – 2.68. Thespecific gravity is generally two types. Determine the specificgravity by Pycnometer method, shown in figure 2.2 Specificgravity depends on temperature so it has to be measured.Fig.2.2. Specific gravity testCalculate the specific gravity of the sands using the followingformula:Specific Gravity of Sand Gs (GT * WO)/{ WO – (WB – WA)} (2)Where,WO Mass of dry sample (sand) (gmWA Mass of empty clean pycnometer water (gm),WB Mass of empty clean pycnometer dry sand water(gm),Fig.2.3. Compressive strength test3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION3.1 Fineness Modulus of Shari Ghat River Bed SandFineness Modulus of fine aggregate is given tabulated formIJSER 2012http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 11, November-2012ISSN 2229-551831.1 4.2 32.6 68 88.5 99.6100 2.94TABLE 3.1FM FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE AGGREGATEFrom percent finer (%) and sieve size can draw particle sizedistribution curve or gradation curve of medium sand, shownin figure 3.2Fineness Modulus (FM),FM 0 .1 1.1 4.9 24 98.3100 1.28From percent finer (%) and sieve size can draw particle sizedistribution curve or gradation curve of fine sand, shown infigure 3.1Fig.3.2: Gradation Curve of Shari Ghat River Sand (Medium)From the experiment, Fineness Modulus of fine aggregate is1.28 and Fineness Modulus of medium aggregate is 2.94. TheFineness Modulus (FM) range (1.24 – 2.94) of shari Ghat riverbed sand is nearly similar to the FM range (2.0 – 2.6) of otherarea’s sand of Sylhet. The Fineness Modulus (FM) range ofshari Ghat river bed sand compared with the different area inBangladesh as tabulated form:TABLE 3.3COMPARE OF FINENESS MODULUSFig.3.1: Gradation Curve of Shari Ghat River Sand (Fine)Fineness Modulus of medium aggregate is given tabulatedformTABLE 3.2FINENESS MODULUS OF MEDIUM AGGREGATEFrom the Gradation Curve, it is observed that this sand isnot well graded and there is a gap grade between #4 to #100sieve. In this sand all particle are similar size.3.2 Specific Gravity of SandGs (GT * WO)/{ WO – (WB – WA)} 2.84Specific gravity of Fine sand at 280C is tabulated bellow:IJSER 2012http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 11, November-2012ISSN 2229-55184strength of sand is substantial deviated from the standard value. This deviation takes place due to impurities of sand, lackof lab facilities, experimental error, Instrumental error andeffect of Portland cement and so on.TABLE 3.4SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE SANDSpecific Gravity of medium aggregateGs (GT * WO)/{ WO – (WB – WA)} 2.49Specific gravity of Medium sand at 280C is tabulated bellow:Fig.3.3: Effect of age on compressive strength3.3 Utilization ProspectTABLE 3.5SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF MEDIUM SANDThe Specific gravity of Fine sand is 2.88 and Specific gravity ofMedium sand is 2.51. The Specific gravity of sand decreasingfrom fine to medium aggregate. The average specific gravityof Shari Ghat river bed sand is 2.6953.3 Compressive Strength of Sand–Cement MortarThis studies aim that, proper utilization of sands in differentconstruction sectors. Sand size between 4.75mm and 0.15mmis called as fine aggregate. It is used for making concrete, mortar and plaster. It is also used for filling under floor, basements. It is also better to use for fill up the roads and bricksoling gap area. Natural sand is available from local river bedsor pits. An examination should be made on the fineness of theavailable sands. Based on this fineness, it should be considered to be used for the different sectors of construction such asplastering and finishing works, Mortar, Concrete & Fillingsand. River bed Sand generally contains earthly impurities likegravels, pebbles etc. These impurities should be screened andwashed before the sand is used.The compressive strength of mortar with increasing curingperiod is tabulated bellow:4CONCLUSIONIt is necessary to use perfect sand for any purpose with dueproperties. From the study it is evident that fine to mediumsand found in Shari Ghat river bed, which is good for plastering and finishing work. It is most suitable for fill up the roadsand brick soling gap area. It is also better to use for Mortarand Concrete work. For stabilization purpose cement can beused as stabilizing agent. For economical purposes the percentage of cement should be used as much strength as required for construction. The compressive strength increaseswith the curing period.TABLE 3.6COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SAND–CEMENT MORTARREFERENCESThe Experimental compressive strength compared with thestandard requirement of minimum compressive strength. Theeffect of age on compressive strength of sand is shown in figure 5.1. It is shown that, the experimental compressive[1][2]E. R. Latif (2007) “ Engineering Materials ” Children & Earth, Dhaka, Page:207 – 226Aziz, M. A. (1995) “ Engineering Materials ” Z & Z Computer & Printers,Dhaka,Page: 95 – 102 & 122IJSER 2012http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 11, November-2012ISSN 2229-5518[3][4][5][6][7][8]P. C. Varghese (2005) “ Building Material ” Meenakshi Art Printers, delhi,Page: 55 – 61Howard S. Peavey, Donald R. Rowe, George Tchobanoglous (1985) “ Environmental Engineering ” McGraw-hill book CO, Singapore, Page: es/chart.gifIS 383 – 1970: Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from NaturalSources for Concrete.IS 1542 – 1992: Sand for Plaster-Specifications.IS 2116 – 1980: Specification for Sand for Masonry MortarIJSER 2012http://www.ijser.org5
Engineering Classification of Shari Ghat River Bed Sand and Prospect of its Utilization M. Farhad Howladar, Chowdhury Quamruzzaman, A.K.M Fayazul Kabir, B.M. Rabby Hossain, A.S.M. Golam Hossain, M. Omar Faruque Abstract— Sand is a natural resource can be used as an engineering material which plays an impo
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Audit Checklist as per the Scope of work for The Project 9-22 7. Drone Survey report 22 8. Conclusion 23 9. Site photo 24-30 . Environmental Audit Report . Environmental Audit Report Banahi Sand Ghat at Morhar River Vill. - Banahi Ghat, Tehsil- Aamas, District- Gaya.Area- 6.0 Ha.
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