Deep Soil Mixing For Underground Construction
Deep Soil MixingFor Underground ConstructionAlan R. Ringen, P.E.September 12, 2018
Presentation Outline IntroductionSoil mixing equipmentInstallation procedureQC/QAEngineering properties of soil-cementApplications
Deep Soil MixingDeep Soil Mixing isthe in situ mechanicalmixing of a cementgrout with soil toproduce an a varietyof engineeredgeometries and soilproperties to suit theapplication
Deep Soil Mixing(DMM, CDM, CDSM, DSM) Deep Soil Mixing (DSM) is an in situ soil treatmenttechnology whereby native soils are blended in situwith cementitious materials, typically Portlandcement. Geotechnical - The soil-cement mixture created byDSM has increased strength, lower permeability andreduced compressibility Environmental – In situ solidification and stabilization;Groundwater barrier for containment
Deep Soil Mixing EquipmentTwo and three axis rigs & mixing tools
Deep Soil Mixing EquipmentFour & six axis rigs & mixing tools
Backhoe Mounted Soil Mixing Tool
Backhoe Mounted Soil Mixing ToolMixing tool for cohesive soilConventional mixing toolMixing tool for granular soilWILL mixing tool
Soil Mixing Support EquipmentCement SiloBatch PlantWater Supply GeneratorGrout PumpSoil Mixing Rig
Soil Mixing Support EquipmentSlurry batch plantQC system
Installation procedurePositioning . Grout injection and soil mixing . Completion
Installation procedure - AlternatingInstallation Procedure for Cutoff Wall and Shoring WallAlternating, i.e. Primary & Secondary sequence
Installation procedure – ProceedingProceeding installation procedurefor cutoff & shoring wallsProceeding installation procedurefor ground improvement cells
Deep Soil Mixed Wall Plan
Factors affecting soil-cement properties Soil type Mix design Mixing Energy
Quality controlMix design Cement factor Water cement ratioMix energy Rotation speed Penetration &withdrawal rate
Quality controlReal-time QC monitoring & recording systemMixing Tool Location, Amendment, & TreatmentReal-time monitoring & control on: Depth / Location Penetration rate Mixing tool rotation rate Grout flow / dosage rate
Core sampling & testing
Engineering propertiesUCS vs curing ageLaboratory Mix DesignsSources: 1. CDIT 2002, “The Deep Mixing Method, Principal, Design and Construction”, edited byCoastal Development Institute of Technology (CDIT), Japan, published by A.A. Balkema Publisher.2. Saitoh 1988, “Experimental study of engineering properties of cement improved ground by thedeep mixing method. Ph.D. Thesis, Nihon University .
Engineering propertiesTensile strength, σt (MN/m2)Tensile strengthUnconfined compressive strength, qu (MN/m2)Sources: 1. CDIT 2002, “The Deep Mixing Method, Principal, Design and Construction”, edited by CoastalDevelopment Institute of Technology (CDIT), Japan, published by A.A. Balkema Publisher. 2. Terashi,Tanaka, Mitsumoto, Niidome & Honma 1980. “Fundamental properties of lime and cement treated soils (2ndreport)”, Report of the Port and Harbour Research Institute, 1980.
Deep Soil Mixing Applications Increased Bearing Capacity Settlement Reduction Support of Excavation Liquefaction Mitigation Seepage Control
DSM for Tunnel Construction DSM walls and slabs forexcavation support andgroundwater control DSM for support oflaunching & receiving ofTBM machine DSM groundimprovement outsidelaunching & receivingshafts
DSM ApplicationsBlockCell
DSM ApplicationsShear wall&columnsCIDHPileRing
DSM Product and ApplicationsExposed soil-cement produced by WILL MethodGround improvement for tunnel shaftCore SamplesGround improvement adjacent to structures
Top of soil-cement elementsTop of exposed DSM elements
DSM Foundation Support
Infrastructure & industrial facilitySoil-cement cells for Bearing capacity Settlement control Liquefaction mitigation
Deep Soil Mixed Shaft Wall
Excavation support & groundwater controlCypress Freeway Replacement Project, Oakland, CA
Boston Central Artery/Tunnel (CA/T)Mass DOT1-1 Bird Island Flats (C07A1) – DSM was use to install excavationsupport wall for construction of cut-and-cover tunnel.1-2 Fort Point Channel Crossing (C09A7) – DSM was used forground improvement for the construction of cut-and-cover tunnel andboat sections I-93 – To expand existing six-lane highway to an eight-to-ten-lane underground expressway, constructed directly beneath existing roadways, buildings,and subways in downtown Boston.I-90 - To extend I-90 from its existing terminus south of downtown Boston to Logan Airport through the Ted Williams Tunnel under Boston Harbor anda tunnel beneath the Fort Point Channel.Courtesy of Dr. T.D. O’Rourke and A.J. McGinn, Cornell University; Massachusetts Turnpike Authority;Federal Highway Administration and Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff (illustration)
Installation of DSM (SMW) Wallat Bird Island FlatsSource: 1) Taki and Yang 1991; 2) Lessons Learned for Ground Movements and Soil Stabilization from theBoston Central Artery T. D. O’Rourke, M.ASCE1; and A. J. McGinn, M.ASCE2, 2005 Ralph B. Peck Award Lecture
Subsurface profiles at BIFEast WallSource: Lessons Learned for Ground Movements and Soil Stabilization from the Boston Central ArteryT. D. O’Rourke, M.ASCE1; and A. J. McGinn, M.ASCE2, 2005 Ralph B. Peck Award LectureWest Wall
Base stabilization schemeSource: Lessons Learned for Ground Movements and Soil Stabilization from the Boston Central ArteryT. D. O’Rourke, M.ASCE1; and A. J. McGinn, M.ASCE2, 2005 Ralph B. Peck Award Lecture
Cross section of BIF base stabilization1. DSM buttress2. Jet grouting3. Final subgradeSource: Lessons Learned for Ground Movements and Soil Stabilization from the Boston Central ArteryT. D. O’Rourke, M.ASCE1; and A. J. McGinn, M.ASCE2, 2005 Ralph B. Peck Award Lecture
DSM Work at Fort Point Channel (FPC), C09A7Tunnel and boat sectionsThe interchange at FPC consists of a network of tunnels and depressed roadway (boatsection), viaducts and bridges requiring braced excavations as deep as 18.3 m in very soft tosoft soils.Courtesy of Dr. T.D. O’Rourke and A.J. McGinn, Cornell University; Massachusetts Turnpike Authority;Federal Highway Administration and Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff (illustration)
Subsurface conditions Fill Organic Deposits Sand/Inorganic silt Marine clay Glacial depositsThe critical junction between jacked and immersed tube tunnels islocated in deep, low strength deposits of Marine Clay and Organics.Source: Haley & Aldrich, 1995a “Summary Report of April, 1995 Fact FindingTrip on Soil Mixing Methods”, Excavation Support/I-90 Marine Tunnels
Representative construction conditions at Ramp DSources: 1) Lambrechts, J.R., P.A. Roy, and E.J.Wishart (1998), “Deign Conditions and Analysis Methods forSoil-Cement Buttress in Fort Point Channel”, GSP No. 83, ASCE, Reston, VA, pp. 153-174. 2) Performance ofdeep Mixing method at Fort Point Channel by A.J. McGinn & T.D. O’Rourke, Cornell University, 2003
Representative long-term conditions at Ramp DSources: 1) Lambrechts, J.R., P.A. Roy, and E.J.Wishart (1998), “Deign Conditions and Analysis Methods forSoil-Cement Buttress in Fort Point Channel”, GSP No. 83, ASCE, Reston, VA, pp. 153-174. 2) Performance ofdeep Mixing method at Fort Point Channel by A.J. McGinn & T.D. O’Rourke, Cornell University, 2003
Fort Point Channel DSM constructionCourtesy of Dr. T.D. O’Rourke and A.J. McGinn, Cornell University;Massachusetts Turnpike Authority;Federal Highway Administration and Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff
DSM equipment at FPC siteDSM rig on bargeM250 DSM rig on landTriple shaft mixing toolsPhotos by Jakiel (2000) and McGinn Source: Performance of deep Mixing method atFort Point Channel by A.J. McGinn & T.D. O’Rourke, Cornell University, 2003
Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway ProjectTokyoTunnel section – 9.6 km,60m below sea bedBridge section – 4.4 kmTokyo BayChibaUkishimaaccessKawasaki Planman-made islandKisarazuman-made islandSectionKawasakiCityCourtesy of Dr. MasakiKitazume, Tokyo Institute ofTechnology, Tokyo, JapanTrans-Tokyo Bay HWY 15.1 kmMarine zone 14.3 kmKisarazuCity
Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway ProjectKawasaki man-made islandUkishima accessBridge sectionKisarazu man-made islandKawasakiman-made islandKisarazuman-made islandBridge sectionCourtesy of Dr. Masaki Kitazume, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Kisarazu man-made islandtoKawasakitoto KisarazuKisarazuPremix soil-cement fillSheet pile cellGround improvement Deep soil mixing Sand compaction pile Premix soil-cement fillSheet pile cellPremix fillCourtesy of Dr. Masaki Kitazume, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, JapanSheet pile cells for controlof lateral deformation
Kisarazu man-made islandRamp sectionFlat sectionShield tunneladvanced throughsoil-cement zonesinstalled by premixingand deep soil mixingPlanFlat sectionRamp sectionSectionSource: Ground improvement by cement-treatment in Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway Project,K. Uchida , K. Imai, F. Tatsuoka and Y. Kohata; Grouting and Deep Mixing, published by A.A. Balkema 1996
Ukishima accessPremix fillDSMPremix fillShield tunneladvanced throughsoil-cement zonesinstalled by premixing anddeep soil mixing (DSM)DSMSource: Ground improvement by cement-treatment in Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway Project, K. Uchida ,K. Imai, F. Tatsuoka and Y. Kohata; Grouting and Deep Mixing, published by A.A. Balkema 1996
Deep mixing barge and mixing tool for seabed stabilizationCourtesy of Dr. Masaki Kitazume, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Kawasaki man-made islandDSMSoil mixing wallGround improvementDSMSoil mixing wallDSM Deep soil mixing Sand compaction pileSheet pile cells for controlof lateral deformationCourtesy of Dr. Masaki Kitazume, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Kawasaki Man-made islandCourtesy of Dr. Masaki Kitazume, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Questions?Thank You!
Company history JAFEC (Japan Foundation Engineering Company, Ltd.) wasestablished in 1953. The U.S. subsidiary, JAFEC USA, Inc.,was established in 2009. Ground improvement technologies: Deep soil mixingDeep power compactionSand compaction piles / Stone columnsGrouting
Alan R. Ringen, P.E.Senior Vice PresidentJAFEC USA, Inc.2025 Gateway Place, Suite 180San Jose, CA 95110408.472.6175
Soil mixing equipment Installation procedure QC/QA Engineering properties of soil-cement Applications. Deep Soil Mixing Deep Soil Mixing is the in situ mechanical mixing of a cement grout with soil to produce an a variety of engineered geometries and soil properties to suit the ap
hydraulic energy to shear and blend the soil in situ, creat-ing a soil cement mix of the highest quality. Our high en-ergy jet mixing system has allowed us to extend soil mix-ing to stiff, highly plastic clays and weathered rock, soils SOIL MIXING TECHNOLOGY — SINGLE AXIS Benefits of Deep Soil Mixing Efficient and cost effective method
mechanical mixing (rotating, vibrating) hydraulic mixing pneumatic mixing pipeline mixing (turbulent flow, static mixer) Method of mixing fluids A –mechanical mixing using turbines B –mechanical mixing using blade impellers C –hydraulic mixing D –pneumatic mixing with stationary inputs
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1 200X Specifications CSJ XXX-XX-XXX SPECIAL SPECIFICATION XXXX Deep Soil Mixing 1. Description. Produce elements of soil-binder mix from the mechanical mixing of in- situ soil with chemical binder (Table 1) slurry
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