Conservation Book Repair - Alaska State Library
Conservation Book Repair:A Training ManualbyArtemis BonaDonaALASKASTATELIBRARYAlaska State Library, Alaska Department of Education, 1995
CONSERVATIONBOOK REPAIR:ATraining ManualArtemis BonaDeaConservation TechnicianAlaska State LibraryAlaska Department of EducationJuneau, AlaskaJLLUSTRATED BYAlexandra PrentissTigard, Oregon1995
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRFAIR USE AND REPRODUCTIONThe contents of this manual may be reprinted in whole or in part, with proper credit, toaccommodate users, library board members, and personnel of libraries.Reproduction of this manual in whole or in part, for resale, except to recover actual costs,is not authorized.BRAND NAME DISCLAIMERFrom time to time a brand name will be given after referring to a generic product. Thebrand names given are those commonly used and accepted by professionals in the field ofbook conservation and are given to assist the beginning book repair student in obtainingsupplies that may not be familiar.Naming a particular product in the manual does not constitute an endorsement of thatproduct.Alaska State Library Cataloging-In-Publication DataBonaDea, Artemis.Conservation book repair : a training manual/ Artemis BonaDea ; illustrated by Alexandra Prentiss.190 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.1. Books--Conservation and restoration--Handbooks, manuals, etc.2. Bookbinding--Repairing--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Library materials--Conservation and restoration- Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Prentiss, AlexandraII. Alaska State Library. III. Title.Z701.B66 1995025.84This publication is fundedby the Alaska State Library and an- Inter-Library Cooperation Grantfrom theAlaska Library AssociationDistributed by theAlaska State LibraryBox 110571Juneau, Alaska 99811-0571ii
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRTABLE OF E BASIC INFORMATION7A.B.C.D.E.F.III.BOOK REPAIR TOOLS AND TECHNIQUESA.B.IV.VI.39Cleaning Pages.39Tightening or Repairing Case Hinges .42Mending Book Case Corners .46Paper Tears, Cuts and Losses .51INTERMEDIATE BOOK REPAIRSA.B.C.D.E.58Tipping-In Detached Pages . 58Hinging-In Detached Pages .61Replacing Damaged or Missing Pages.66Replacing Missing Corners on Case Bound Books .6871ADVANCED REPAIRSA.B.C.D.27Book Repair Tools .27Book Repair Techniques .33SIMPLE BOOK REPAIRSA.B.C.D.V.Book Structure and Construction.7Paper and Book Cloth .12Paper Repair Materials . , .16Repair Adhesives .20Linen Thread .22Sewing Needles.26Repairing the Spine Head or Tail .71Rebacking A Case Bound Book .79Recasing A Text Block Into the Cover .99Repairing and Reattaching Damaged or Separated Leaves, Foliosor Signatures .107Endpaper Treatment and Repair .112iii
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRF.G.Resewing A Damaged Text Block. 117Designing Specific Book Repairs . 134VII. MAINTAINING A LIBRARY COLLECTIONA.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.I.J.KL135Clear Plastic Tape . 135Post-It Notes . 135The Photocopy Machine. 135Shelving Techniques . 136Removing Staples and Paper Clips . 138Paperback Books and Spiral Bound Books . 140Pamphlet Binders . 144Plastic Book Jacket Covers and Mylar C-overs . 154Wrappers and Boxes . 159Flattening Rolled or Folded Material. 169Mylar Encapsulation . 170Disaster Preparedness and Recovery . 172VIII. GLOSSARY173IX.SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY184X.BOOK BINDING SUPPLY SOURCES186XI.INDEX189iv
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRPREFACEMany conservation book repair programs in Alaska owe much to the author of this work.Artemis BonaDea has spearheaded the education of Alaska library personnel in thesetechniques since 1988. Beginning with brief presentations and one-on-one training in the1980s, she has presented workshops in several Alaska locations since 1990.In 1990, the Continuing Education Committee of the Alaska Library Association (AkLA)and the Library Coordinators of the Alaska State Library identified training in bookrepair and conservation as a high priority. In response, AkLA applied for and receivedan Interlibrary Cooperation Grant to offer three conservation-style repair workshopsacross the state. When added to previous presentations, at least one or two sections of thispublication were presented in Palmer, Homer, Sitka, Juneau, Fairbanks, and Anchorage.In varying the length of presentation and location during the workshops, we determinedwhat worked best in training and what hand-outs proved most useful. We also discoveredthat, while the hands-on workshops were very helpful, the trainees inevitably hadquestions when they returned to their libraries to face repair problems on their own. Inaddition, not all portions of the state could be offered these workshops, although we stillbelieve that hands-on training works best for this subject. We considered a video tape asan alternative, but soon settled on a medium which would be universally accessible to allsmall libraries in the state: the written word with numerous illustrations.As the workshops came to an end, this book began to take shape. Artemis had developedhandouts for the presentations and in response to telephone requests. Subsequently,several individuals volunteered to follow the methods of conservation book repair foundin this volume and offer suggestions in the attempt to make the language and illustrationsas clear as possible. The explanations found in the publication have been field-tested inworkshops as well as by individuals who have not been able to attend the workshops.The Alaska State Library and the Alaska Library Association collaborated in producingthis publication, but primary credit must go to Artemis BonaDea who has worked veryhard to make this a successful publication. Artemis received training at the University ofWashington, the University of Iowa, and Johns Hopkins University. Her work on thisvolume is artful, accessible, knowledgeable, and exacting: the same as her repairs. Weare delighted to present this book to Alaska libraries and hope that it proves to be helpful.We will appreciate any comments and suggestions.Kathryn H. Shelton, Librarian IIIAlaska Historical Collections, Alaska State LibraryAlaksa Department of EducationJuneau, AlaskaAugust 1995V
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CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis manual has been supported by many people who have given generously of theirtime and talents. At the Alaska State Library, special thanks go to Kay Shelton, for heron-going support, Sondra Stanway for reading several drafts and giving so muchencouragement, Ellen FitzGerald for proofing and working through the repairs in variousdrafts, and Aja Razumny for her ever present assistance and humor.Many professionals in the broad field of conservation/preservation have also given timeand support to this project. Kate Leonard of the University of Washington deservesspecial mention as time and again she answered my basic questions and explained herreasoning for various repairs. Her input has made this a better volume.In, addition, Normandy Helmer of the University of Oregon; Carol Pratt, a privateconservator in Eugene, Oregon; and Joyce Jenkins of the Petersburg Public Library,Petersburg, Alaska, also deserve special thanks for reading various drafts and sharingtheir comments.I wish to gratefully acknowledge Jane Greenfield, the Library of the New York BotanicalGarden, the American Library Association, Andrea Krupp of the Library Company, andthe staff of the American Philosophical Society for permission to reprint some of theillustrations and instructions in this volume.It has been a pleasure to work with Alex Prentiss. I can only wish every author as fine anillustrator and co-creator as she has been.Artemis BonaDeaConservation TechnicianAlaska State LibraryAlaska Department of EducationJuneau, AlaskaAugust 1995vii
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRI. INTRODUCTIONMost of a public library's resources are spent on collecting, cataloging andcirculating material. While much effort goes into acquiring books and papermaterials, little follow-up occurs in caring for that same material.Book and paper materials receive a great deal of use: they are pulled off theshelf roughly, stuffed into backpacks, forced onto photocopiers and dumpedinto book drops. In addition to ongoing patron and staff use, the books in alibrary collection are constantly aging; many are expensive and difficult toreplace.Caring for a library collection is a large task. Each library, regardless ofsize, must choose how to care for its collections. Successful book repair isan important component of a collection development and maintenanceprogram.In the past, maintaining a library collection was usually accomplished withplastic tape and household glue. Unfortunately, these products do not leadto successful repairs. Books return for repairs again and again or arediscarded when they are damaged beyond repair. In many cases, the faultlies with the repair choices, not the book.The basic concepts used in conservation book repair, such as using materialsthat are stable and reversible, were originally introduced to care for rarebook collections. These same practices and materials can be successfullyadapted to repairing non-rare books, and it is the intent of this manual toteach these techniques for use in circulating and reference collections.A. USING THIS MANUALWhile it can be difficult to learn practical, hands-on skills from a book andtempting to jump right into a repair technique without reading theintroduction, PLEASE resist the urge. The introduction to each techniqueexplains how to choose a particular technique and why that technique workswhile others do not. With a solid understanding of these principles andtechniques, it is possible to quickly evaluate damaged books and choose thetreatment that will lead to a successful repair.1
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRA GLOSSARY on page 173 explains some of the terms used in this manualthat may not be familiar.B. CHOOSING BOOKS TO REPAIRChoosing which books to repair is the first step in any successful book repairprogram. Because each library is unique, one library's guidelines forretaining or repairing books may be very different from another's. Takingthe time to create guidelines that are realistic and consistent with the needsof a collection can insure the well being of library materials and the effectiveuse of staff time.Before choosing to repair a book, ask questions such as: Is this book a candidate for weeding? Is the information misleading orhas it been superseded by a new edition or a better book on the subject?Is the information trivial, of no discernible literary or scientific merit orirrelevant to the needs and interests of the library's patrons? Has the book previously been repaired using improper or damagingtechniques? Is the book worn beyond mending or rebinding? Should thisbook be replaced or sent to the bindery? Is it easier and cheaper topurchase a replacement copy rather than repair the old volume?It can be a difficult decision to not repair a book. However, the urge to saveevery book is unrealistic because some books cannot be effectively repairedand should be replaced. Learn to choose the books that can be repaired andthose that cannot so the library collection will be in better condition and stafftime will be better utilized.Choosing the proper repair for a book and carrying out that repair takesknow ledge and skill. In a small library, the person who makes the repairdecision will probably be the person who repairs the book. In a largerlibrary, that process might be shared by two staff members, in which case,both people need to understand the principles of book construction andrepair.2
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRAfter deciding to repair a book, choose the best kind of treatment. If avolume is to be replaced or withdrawn after one more circulation or when areplacement is purchased, mending it quickly using non-conservation repairmethods such as clear plastic tape, might be an option. If the book is neededfor a longer period of time or is part of a permanent collection, always repairit using conservation repair techniques such as those outlined in this book.C. DETERMINING WHY A BOOK NEEDS REPAIRIt is important to determine why a book needs repair. Has it been damaged through carelessness or simply through use?Was it manufactured in a way that caused the damage?Has an old repair failed or caused more damage?How have previous repairs hindered the mechanics (the way the bookopens and closes, the way the pages tum) of the book?Look at the kind of paper used in the book and how the book isconstructed. Is the book constructed in signatures (folded pages that can be sewn orglued together)? Is the book constructed in single sheets glued or oversewn together? Is the paper coated and shiny?All these factors should be considered when choosing to repair a book anddeciding what techniques to use.Examine the volume carefully and determine how it is constructed. BOOKSTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION is discussed in detail on page 7.Determine which part of the structure failed and which repair technique ismost suitable. Some books were not constructed to be repaired and willnever successfully be put back together. Repair time and skills are valuableso use them on the books that are worth repairing and have lasting value.Remember, choosing not to repair a book is not a value judgment about thecontents of a book. The concern is to choose the type of treatment that abook will receive.3
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRD. PLANNING REPAIRS AND THE WORKSPACE Read the directions for any repair thoroughly before attempting therepair. Make sure the workspace is large enough to work comfortably. Clearaway excess objects and have the tools and materials needed close athand. Think about where the repaired books will dry. Materials that are gluedor pasted must dry under weight or the paper will buckle. If the book has several problems, start with the simplest and work towardthe most complex. In general the text block is repaired first (tom pages,damaged signatures, etc.) then the cover (rebacking, mending damagedcomers, etc.). The last part of the book to be repaired is the attachment ofthe text block to the cover (the crash and endpapers). Try to group similar types of repairs together. In addition to saving timeand materials, repeating the same repair several times is a good way toimprove repair techniques.E. PRACTICING REPAIRS Initially, it's a good idea to practice each repair either on a book that hasbeen withdrawn from the collection or on plain paper. Different types ofpaper and different book structures will react differently to the paste orglue. For instance, shiny, coated paper will not absorb as much moistureas uncoated paper so less paste is used on the latter kind of paper. Seepage 12 for a discussion of types of paper. Read the explanation and instructions before beginning a repair. Taketime to assemble all the tools and materials called for in the instructions.4
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIR Reread the instructions after practicing a repair two or three times. Theywill probably be more understandable and some questions that came upduring the repair may be answered. Once it is clear why and how a repairworks, it is easier to choose a technique to match a particular repair needand not rely on the written instructions.The materials and techniques used in conservation book repair should notdamage books and, if a repair is not successful, it can usually be reversedand repeated. Be aware of your skill level and limitations. If a repair is tooadvanced, wait until you have more experience. Practice these techniques toimprove your skills. Above all, keep working.5
PAIRCONSERVATION BOOK REJoint-- ---MCover BoardSpine-.TailHinge-!-#--Fore edgeFly leafPastedownEndsheet
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRII. THE BASIC INFORMATIONUnderstanding book construction, the materials used to repair books and theproper way to handle tools are important components of a successful repairprogram.Books are constructed in several ways. Many repair materials work best oncertain kinds of paper or in specific parts of a book. "The right tool for theright job" is an axiom that applies to book binding as well as other fields.Having a few specialized tools and understanding how to use them will savetime and energy.A. BOOK STRUCTURE AND CONSTRUCTIONThe pages of a book, whether they are sewn or glued together, are called thetext block. The covers of a book are called the case. The case is made ofthe front cover, the spine and the back cover.1. TEXT BLOCKS IN SIGNATURESWhen the text block is sewn, the pages aregathered together in groups; then each group isfolded in half.A group of folded pages is called a section orsignature and is usually four to eight pieces ofpaper (four pieces of folded paper equals sixteennumbered pages).Books that are constructed of sewn signatures tend to function best becausethe pages are securely attached to one another and they open flat.7
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRModem manufacturing techniques enable book manufacturers to create atext block with signatures, cut small notches in the folded edge and insertglue to hold the pages together instead of sewing thread. These books looklike they are sewn, but they are not. Open the text block to the center of asignature and look for the thread, if it's not there, the book is glued.2. TEXT BLOCKS IN LOOSE SHEETSText blocks can also be single sheets glued together in a process calledadhesive, perfect, or fan binding. In this process, fast drying glue is appliedto the spine of the text block.Adhesives that dry very quickly are often brittle and that is why the spine ofa book cracks when the book is opened. Once the spine glue is cracked, thepages will begin to fall out.In addition to the problem of brittle glue, tbere is often very little glueattaching each page to the adjoining pages. When the glue is only in contactwith the very thin edge of each sheet of paper, pages can easily separate overtime.3. SINGLE AND DOUBLE FAN BINDINGIn single-fan binding, the pages of the text blockare fanned in one direction and glued along thatfanned edge. In this style of binding, a thin line ofglue penetrates the inner margin of each page, notjust the spine edge.Double-fan adhesive binding goesanother step beyond single-fanbinding. After the pages are fanned inone direction and glued, they are alsofanned in the opposite direction andglued along the second fanned edge.Double-fan binding applies glue on8
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRthe inner margin of each side of the page, not just on the spine edge or theinner margin of one side of the paper. It is much stronger than single-fanbinding.When library binders bind a book using double fan binding, they useadhesives that dry slowly and flexible. In addition, they usually reinforcethe spine edge of the adhesive bound text block with cloth and paper so it isstronger and the text block opens flat.A library binder can be a good source of information to understand thebinding processes. Keep in mind the bindery is selling a product and as thecustomer, you can question the binder until all the techniques are fullyexplained. The services offered must meet the specifications that a libraryhas defined for its collections.In order to set minimum levels of excellence in library binding, the LibraryBinding Institute has published the Standardfor Library Binding. Thisbooklet explains the different types of bindings and what standards shouldbe met in library bound books. The Guide to the Library Binding InstituteStandard For Library Binding written by Jan Merril-Oldham is a plainEnglish explanation of the Standard.4. OVERSEWN TEXT BLOCKSBefore library binderies began to fan bind books, the most common form oflibrary binding was oversewing.In the oversewing process, the folds of thesignatures are trimmed off and the pages ofthe text block are oversewn to one anotherwith a diagonal whip stitch.Since the sewing threads tend to pierce deepinto the inner margin, the pages arerestricted from turning easily.9
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIROversewing is a strong form of binding, but it is often so strong that overtime the pages can break out of the binding as they are forced to tum againstthe sewing threads. Oversewn books may not be candidates for rebindingsince much of the inner margin was trimmed off or damaged by theoversewing threads.Books should not be oversewn unless they are very heavy and have widegutter margins to accommodate the sewing threads. Many libraries stipulatetheir binders must have permission to oversew a volume.5. SEWN TEXT BLOCKS: Flat Back and Rounded and Backed TextBlocksThe pages of a book attached together by sewing or gluing is called a textblock. Before a text block is attached to a paper or book board case, it canbe treated in several ways.Flat Back Text BlocksFlat back books are a type of binding which has a flattext block spine. The case spine of flat back books isusually a piece of book board covered with book cloth.The spines of flat back text blocks have a tendency tobecome concave over time. To prevent this, the spine ofthe text block can be rounded and backed.Rounded and Backed Text BlocksText blocks are rounded and backed to shape the flat spine of a text blockinto a curved spine with shoulders.Rounding a text block is the process of molding thespine of a text block into an arc of approximately one third of a circle. Rounding takes place after the pagesof the text block are attached to one another by sewingor gluing. A light coat of adhesive is applied to thespine which is then worked into shape with light10.I-reprinted fromBookbinding & theConservation of Books
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRpressure, applied with your fingers or a special hammer called a backinghammer.Backing is the process of shaping a ridge or shoulder on each side of thespine of a text block prior to attaching the spine lining material.Using a backing hammer, the folds of each signature orglued pages are bent over from the center to the left andright until shoulders are formed against which the boardswill fit. The width of the shoulders is determined by thethickness of the cover boards.fu addition to providing space for the cover boards,backing also distributes the swell caused by the sewingthreads or adhesive and helps maintain the round of thetext block over time.reprinted from6. BOOK CASE CONSTRUCTIONBookbinding & theConservation ofBooksRegardless of how the text block is assembled, modern books are usuallymanufactured in two stages.The text block is constructed in oneoperation where the pages are attached toone another, the spine covered with acloth liner, called crash, and a paperspine liner is added over that.The book case, consisting of a frontcover, a spine and a back cover, isconstructed separately in a secondoperation and the two parts of the bookare attached by gluing the crash and endpapers to the case covers. The crashholds the text block into the case whilethe end papers cover up the crash.11
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRB. PAPER AND BOOK CLOTHMany types of paper or book cloth can be used in manufacturing, bindingand repairing a book.1. PAPERAlthough many different types of papers are used to print and manufacturebooks, three important types of paper to be familiar with in book repair areuncoated paper, coated paper and acid-free paper.Uncoated PaperUncoated paper is the most common type of paper and is made from plant ortree fibers that are processed into sheets. Originally, most uncoated paperwas handmade from linen or cotton rags. These older papers age very wellbecause they contain few damaging chemicals.In the 1860s, a process was developed to tum cellulose fiber from trees intopaper. This type of paper can be made in large quantities but contains somevery damaging chemicals that cause paper to become brittle more quicklythan paper made from cotton or linen.Coated PaperA sheet of paper can be impregnated with very fine clay to produce a veryfine printing surface. Introduced at the end of the 19th century, coatedpapers is ideal for printing halftone illustrations. Unfortunately it is not verystrong and is highly susceptible to water damage.Often the text pages of a book are printed on uncoated paper while the pagesthat contain illustrations are printed on coated paper. The coated paper maybe part of the signature or tipped onto a page uncoated page.12
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRAcid-free PaperAcid-free is a designation given to paper that has a pH value of 7 .0 orgreater on a scale of 1 to 14. Fibers from any source can be made into paperthat is acid-free. Both coated and uncoated papers can be acid-free.Acid-free paper used in conservation book repair includes photocopy paperand Japanese repair tissue.2. BOOK CLOTHBook cloth is a specially woven cloth backed with thin paper. The paperbacking gives the cloth support, minimizes stretching and allows thematerial to maintain a crease.There are three main categories of book cloth. Starch-filled book cloth in which the weave of the cloth is filled withstarch. This type of cloth is sometimes called sized book cloth. Acrylic-, pryoxylin-, or vinyl-impregnated book cloth. Plastic coated book clothHeavier book cloth is sometimes called buckram.3. PAPER AND BOOK CLOTH GRAINPaper and book cloth have a grain just as fabric does and it is important tounderstand how that grain affects repairs.When the grain of the paper and book cloth runsparallel to the spine of the book, the cover andpages open freely and stay open without mucheffort. This is called "with the grain".reprinted from library Materials Preservation Manual13
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRPaper that is bound into a book with the grainrunning perpendicular to the spine of the book iscalled "against the grain".Modem publishers often print the pages of a bookagainst the grain to get more pages on a large sheetof paper.When the grain runs perpendicular to the spine of abook, the book can be difficult to open and it willnot remain open without a great deal of pressure.reprinted from Library MateriaLv Preservation ManualBooks printed against the grain are easily damaged since patrons must forcethe book open to read or photocopy it.When pages or the case of a book are repaired, the grain of the repairmaterials should always run parallel to the spine of the book.Determining the Grain of Paper or Book ClothAll paper and book cloth has a dominate grain. Paper can be tested for grainusing the bend test, the tear test or the water test.The grain of book cloth usually runs parallel to the selvage or bound edge ofthe fabric. If the selvage of the book cloth has been cut off or if there is anydoubt about the grain of book cloth, the bend test or the tear test can be usedto determine the grain.Bend TestThe quickest way to test the grain is to bend the paper or cloth slightly ineach direction.Bring two opposite edges of a piece of paperor cloth together but do not crease. Instead,gently press down on the bend with minimalpressure. Feel any resistance.14
CONSERVATION BOOK REPAIRNow bring the other two opposite sides of the paper or cloth together andrepeat the process.In one direction there is more resistance than the other. The greaterresistance means the paper or cloth does not want to bend in that directionbecause it is bending against the grain.When the paper or cloth is bent in the opposite direction, there is much lessresistance. The bend that offers the least resistance is the bend that goeswith the grain of the paper or book cloth.Mark the direction of grain on the paper for future reference.Tear TestAnother way to test for the grain is to tear the paper or cloth.Paper or cloth will tear easily and straight alongthe direction of the grain.When forced to tear against the grain, the paper orcloth will be difficult to tear and the tear will tendto curve until it meets the grain.I(Tear the cloth or paper close to a comer and then pencil a small straight line
Library materials--Conservation and restoration- . Sondra Stanway for reading several drafts and giving so much . special mention as time and again she answered my basic questions and explained her reasoning for
In addition to DEC, the slate agencies named as Defendants are: Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, Alaska Energy Authority, and Regulatory Commission of Alaska. 2 Kanuk v. State, 335 P.3d 1088, 1090 (Alaska 2014). 3 4 Id. at 1103. Id. at 1097. 1
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