The 2007 Noble Lecture Series - University Of Toronto
The 20072007 Noble LectureSeriesAtmospheric Chemistryand the Remote Sensing of the Global atmosphereMarch 26-30th 2007.Lecture 4: Results from Nadir Remote Sensing andthe Potential Measurement of AtmosphericComposition from Geostationary Orbit –GeoTROPE/GeoSCIAGeoTROPE/GeoSCIAJohn P. BurrowsDepartment of the Physics and Chemistry of the AtmosphereInstitute of Environmental Physics and Remote SensingUniversity of Bremen, Bremen, GermanyNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Atmospheric CompositionNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.1
SCIAMACHY: Nadir Viewing Geometry Examples horizontal resolution in acrosstrack:track: GOME-1 80 and 320 kmglobal 1995-2003partial 2003- present SCIAMACHY 30-240 kmglobal 2002- present GOME-2 40-80 km 960 km swathhorizontal resolution in alongtrack:track: GOME 40 kmGlobal coverage:coverage:GOME-1 3 days at the equatorSCIAMACHY 6 days at theequatorGOME-2 1 day at the equatorNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Stratospheric OClO measurements continuation ofGOME time series ofstratospheric chlorinemonitoring good consistencybetween GOME andSCIAMACHY data good agreement withground-basedmeasurements large variability inchlorine activation inthe Northernhemispheredepending on vortexstabilityNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.2
SCIAMACHY Arctic 2004Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Frost Flowers and Potential Frost Flower RegionsUnique signature identifies frost flowersPhotograph: Hans-Werner Jacobi AWIK [SO2 4 ]/[Na ] 0, 25 constant for seawaterFrost flowers show systematic sulphate depletion (K 0.25)Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.3
BrO and Troposheric Ozone and Mercury DepletionO3H.-W. Jacobi et al., Observation of a fast ozone loss in the marginal icezone of the Arctic Ocean , J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2006 observation of rapid O3depletion on Cruise of RVPolarstern good correlation with BrO fieldsfrom SCIAMACHY simultaneous observation offrost flowers!!!flowers!!!Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Chemistry of Potential Frost Flower RegionsThe upper panel shows how themultiphase chemistry in the gasphase and in the aerosol startsthe bromine explosion (redarrows) and ozone depletion(green arrows).R. Sander1, J. Burrows2, and L.Kaleschke ACPd/ACP 2006Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.4
NO2Nitrogen DioxideNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.SCIAMACHY Tropospheric NO2pollutionbiomass burningNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.5
GOME and SCIAMACHY Tropospheric NO2 - ChinaGOME: large values clearsignature ofswathpattern Not the same time period (NO2 above China israpidly increasing)SCIAMACHY: even largercolumns much moredetailNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Trop. NO2: Trends Richter et al Nature 2005GOME annual changes in tropospheric NO21996 - 2002 7 years of GOME data DOAS retrieval CTM-stratospheric correction seasonal and local AMF based on 1997 MOART-2run cloud screening NO2 reductions in Europe and parts of theUS strong increase over China consistent with significant NOx emissionchangesA. Richter et al., Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature, 437 2005Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.6
NO2 from agricultural NOx emissions (US Montana)NO2 columns inspring andestimated Emissionstop-down estimate 60%higher than the apriori estimate,Bertram, et al. GRL 2006Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Monitoring Sources/Sinks”Sources/Sinks NO2: US Power Plant . Kim, A. Heckel et al 2006 NOAA and University ofBremen GRL November 2006 GOME NO2 timeseries complex inUSA after 2000, cleardecrease ( 30%) inNO2 in Ohio-valleyarea no change in urbanareas size andgeographicalpattern consistentwith modelsimulationsNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.7
GOME & SCIA NO2: US Power Plant DenoxificationNO2 columns June-AugustJune-August 2004 – NO2 and WRFmodelSCIAMACHYKim et al GRL 2006updatedemissionsbase emissionsWRF data Kim, Frost, McKeen, Trainer, NOAANoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Can one see the ships tracks?Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.8
Emission Inventory for NOx and NO2 SatelliteMeasurementsShip Emission Inventory forNOxEmissions along ship routes frominventories Global Vessel Traffic Densities fromAMVER (Endresen et al., 2003) Absolute emission scaled to 6.87Tg(N)yr-1 (Corbett&Köhler, 2003) Global NOx Inventory (Eyring et al.,2004)SCIAMACHY Trop. NO2Ship routes seen in SCIAtrop. NO2 average August 2002 – April 2004 moderate cloud filter (30%) trop. AMF: albedo 0.04, maritime aerosol ship routes clearly visible transfer of measured NO2 and NOx fromemission inventories needs photo-chemicalmodellingNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,A. Richter et al., Satellite Measurements of NO2 from International Shipping Emissions,26-30th MarchRichter2007,et al., GRL,Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23110, doi:10.1029/2004GL020822, 2004J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.2004Anthropogenic Emission Rates in EuropeanCities Top-Down constrain onanthropogenic emission rates(molecules cm 2 s 1 1011)averaged for three summer months(June to August) of 2001 Satellite data: GOME ERS-2 Model CHIMERE A-priori: EMEP data for 2001 For some cities (asCologne),neighbouring cities maycontribute to the emissions. A posteriori a prioriNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,Konovalov,et al. 2005J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.9
SO2Sulfur DioxideNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.SCIAMACHY SO2 en.deNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.10
SCIAMACHY SO2: Volcanic EmissionsNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.SCIAMACHY SO2 : Volcanic EmissionsNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.11
SCIAMACHY SO2:PollutionSAANoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.SCIAMACHY SO2: PollutionNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.12
Comparison of GOME and SCIAMACHY SO2SCIAMACHY SO2has overall similarvalues much more detail higher valuesover China slightly reducedcolumns overEurope and theUS?Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Tropospheric SO2: The global ViewSO2 sources: volcanic eruptions coal fired powerplants coal mine fires DMS (small)Compared to NO2, SO2 columns have larger uncertainties: low signal (UV) small sensitivity to boundary layer strong interference by O3absorptionsNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.13
Changes of SO2 above Eastern US indication for a decrease in SO2 above Eastern US high bias in SCIAMACHY measurements? this is not yet a quantitative result!all values still basedon “volcanic profile”!Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.HCHO & CHOCHOFormaldehydeandGlyoxalNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.14
What are the sources of HCHO?Highest values of HCHOMain Biomass Burning RegionsNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Evolution of HCHO column amount from GOMESE of Northamerica Brazil BIRA Model – EU RETROProjectFire count from ATSR-2 DataGood seasonal agreementModelled South America HCHOis too smallProduction of OrganicAerosols from NMHC Oxidation in the liquid phase?, Carlton et al., GRL, 2006Brazil FiresNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.15
Evolution of HCHO column amount from GOME periodGhana Ghana Fires CongoPoor seasonal response–Problems in theParameterisation e,g. BiomassBurning?Underestimate of model valuesover water?Transport from Biomass Burningless likelysee fires in CongoCongo FiresAtlanticNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.VOC Oxidation Products:Products: Formaldehyde and GlyoxalWitrock et al. 2006, submittedNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.16
SCIAMACHY: Glyoxal (CHO(CHO.CHO)CHO) and HCHO in 2005 biogenic emissionsdominate simlar toHCHO anthropogenicsources and biomassburning can also beidentified interesting featuresover water broad agreement withmodel predictionsover landR. Volkammer, P. Spietz, U. Platt and J. P. Burrows, High ResolutionAbsorption Spectra f CHO.CHO J. Photochemistry and Photobiology:Chemistry 2005F. Wittrock et al., Simultaneous Global observations of Glyoxal andFormaldehyde from space, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2006 CHOCHO / HCHO ratiovaries and provides valuableinformation on VOC chemistryNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.SCIAMACHY: Glyoxal (CHO(CHO.CHO)CHO) and HCHO in 2005U. Crete TM4 ChemistryAdditionalsources ofHCHO andCHO.CHOrequired overthe ocean:ocean:Transport ofloner lived VOC,release fromSOA,Local Sounce?Sounce?Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.17
SCIAMACHY: CHOCHO and HCHO Asia and from a Fire biogenic emissions resultin large CHO.CHO andHCHO anthropogenic sourcesand biomass burning canalso be identified CHOCHO / HCHOratioscoupled NO2 andO3 yields valuableinformation on theoxidation of VOC andO3 production overall broad agreementwith model predictionsNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.DOAS fitting of chlorophyll DOAS fit from 430 to 500 nmincluded in analysis: O3, NO2, H2O (both vapor and liquid), Ringshows clear differential signal from photosynthetic pigmentsPoor fit quality using standard chlorophyll-a cross sections by Bernd SierkNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.18
Phytoplankton Absorption from SCIAMACHY DOAS fit at 430 to 500 nm, in vivo measured absorption spectrum as reference (A.Bracher, Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in Southern Ocean)– Specific absorption varies significantly for biogeochemical provinces(due to different photosynthetic pigment composition)– In vivo reference spectra yield much better fits than chlorophyll-a ACC Polar Front Marginal Ice Zone by BerndSierkand AstridBracherNobleLectures- Universityof Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4. by Astrid BracherMarine photosynthetic pigment concentration In the tropical Atlantic on March 26th, 2003– Explosive phytoplankton bloom during up-welling event– Phytoplankton dominated by dinoflagellates and size class 20µm– Earthshine background at 18 N to minimize ozone signalSCDmg/m2from SeaWiFSaverage 22.-29. by Bernd Sierk and Astrid Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.19
Monthly average of bloom event very good qualitative agreement between SCIA and SeaWIFS identified structures of elevated concentration mostly identical but: rather high concentrations above 30 N in SCIA image likely reason: residual ozone/polarisation spectral features. and SeaWiFSmg/m2 by Bernd Sierk and Astrid Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Improvement by PCASCIAMACHYSeaWIFS by Marco Vountas & Tilman Dinter large mediterranean chlorophyll values in SCIAMACHY results disappeared excellent agreement in all latitudesNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.20
Retrieval of CO,CO2 and CH4Note the concept of dry columnXCO2 CO2/O2XCH4 CH2/CO2 or CH4/O2Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.PROMOTE GHG service: Greenhouse gases from lGlobal modelsImproved fluxesCO2Satellite GHG dataCH4Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.21
Carbon dioxide from SCIAMACHY: Absolute CO2 columnsNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.CO2 from SCIAMACHY: XCO2 [ppmv] - inverse modelling of CO2 sources & sinksSCIAMACHYMonitoring the changingEarth‘s atmosphere,published by DLR-IMF,Editor M. GottwaldWFMD version 0.4: Buchwitz et al., ACP, 2005a, 2005bNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.22
Carbon dioxide from SCIAMACHY: Validation with FTSSCIAMACHYIUP-Bremen / PROMOTEBuchwitz et al.FTSTCCON (Total Carbon ColumnObserving Network)Park Falls: Washenfelderet al., 2006Bremen: Notholt et al.TM5 model NOAAW. Peters, P. Tans et al.http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/carbontrackerNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,Preliminary! March 2007,26-30thJ. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Carbon dioxide from SCIAMACHY: Comparison with TM5/NOAASCIAMACHYIUP-Bremen / PROMOTEBuchwitz et al.CO2 NOAAflask samplingT. Conway, P. Tans et al.TM5 model NOAAW. Peters, P. Tans et al.http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/carbontrackerNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,Preliminary! March 2007,26-30thJ. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.23
SCIAMACHYCarbon dioxide from SCIAMACHY: Comparison with TM5/NOAATM5 model NOAAW. Peters, P. Tans et al.IUP-Bremen / PROMOTEBuchwitz et al.http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/carbontrackerNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,Preliminary! March 2007,26-30thJ. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Methane from SCIAMACHYNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,Preliminary! March 2007,26-30thJ. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.24
Methane from SCIAMACHY: Comparison with TM5/JRCNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,Preliminary! March 2007,26-30thJ. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Methane (CH4) from SCIAMACHY 2003-2005 (PROMOTE GHG)http://www.gse-promote.org/Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.25
Carbon dioxide (CO2) from SCIAMACHY 2003-2005 (PROMOTE GHG)http://www.gse-promote.org/Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Carbon monoxide (CO) from SCIAMACHY 2003-2005 (PROMOTE AQ)http://www.gse-promote.org/Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.26
SCIAMACHY SWIR WFDOAS ASIAN CO, CO2 and CH4 in 2003Four data products: Vertical columns of CH4, CO,CO2, and O2 from SCIAMACHY nadirobservations using appropriate spectralwindows in the near-infraredData products:Methane VMR (XCH4 CH4-column/aircolumn)Carbon monoxide column (molecules/cm2)Carbon dioxide VMR (XCO2 CO2-column/aircolumn)Details latest versions: de Beek et al., ACPD, 2006Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Geostationary Observations Meteosat 0 Longitude 20.-23.3.01Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.27
Geostationary Observations Meteosat 0 Longitude 20.-23.3.01Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Tropospheric Composition,Dynamics and Air Qualityfrom SpaceThe final frontier for the Remote Sensing Community(Holy Grail?)In the 25 years – demonstrated potentialFrom LEO and some Aerosol products from GEOEvolving Instrument Technologies and User Needs!The Troposphere and PBL is complex and sits under thestratosphere and mesosphere!Recognition of the need for Synergetic Use ofNoble Lectures - University of -30March 2007,thJ. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.28
2003 summerheatwave In the UK, 2000 excessdeaths during heatwave 700 may have beenattributable to high levelsof ozone and PM10 20-40% of all U.K. deaths Over Europe estimatesare between 22,00044,000 excess deaths Exceedance of the 180mg/m3 level Ozone Informationthreshold April toAugust 2003 EEA 2003Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.SCIAMACHY - Nadir - UV/Vis/NIR DOAS DataUV/Vis/NIRProductsH2ONoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.29
SCIAMACHY SWIR WFDOAS ASIAN CO, CO2 and CH4 in 2003SCIAMACHYSWIRFour dataproducts: VerticalcolumnsWFDOASof CH4, CO,CO2, and O2 from SCIAMACHY nadirobservations using appropriate spectralwindows in the near-infraredData products:Methane VMR (XCH4 CH4-column/aircolumn)Carbon monoxide column (molecules/cm2)Carbon dioxide VMR (XCO2 CO2-column/aircolumn)Details latest versions: de Beek et al., ACPD, 2006Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Synergy on ENVISAT MERIS : SimultaneousData about Aerosols AOT ALPHANoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.30
UB - Derived Research Product ParticulateMatterNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.3x10-12100x10HO2 RO2 parts80204060ro2 min avg corrJO1DJ218ozoneJ218no2J218no80140 25012020010060GEOLEO4080 1506010040ozone, NO and NO2 ppbv02020 50000:0006/08/200306:0012:0018:00Time of Day UK AQ HIGH BAND FOR OZONENoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.31
LEO & ace [km]GEO1.000Chemistry of the Troposphere 0time [hrs]Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Diurnal Variability of Trace Gases and ConstituentsSO2 [ppbv x 0CO [ppbv]NO2 [ppbv], O3 [ppbv],(9006:00NO212:0018:00O30:00time [hh:mm]6:00SO212:0018:000:00CO The Troposphere from is currently significantly undersampled in space andtime by existing and planned LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Missions The spatial and temporal sampling of LEO data is indadequate for Air Qualityand tropospheric chemical temporal applications. GEO offers the required temporal sampling and the spatial coverage. Combination of GEO and LEO yields the optimal global system – see IGACOproposal.Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.32
Mission Relevant Aspects: RadiationEnvironmentMEO4mmshieldingEnvisat Most Critical for long lifetime are the high energy photons MEO critical w.r.t. high proton radiation dose – electronicproblems. GEO is a very favourable orbitNoble Lectures - University of Toronto, Figure courtesyEADS Astrium26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Solar Backscatter Soundingfrom Geostationary OrbitToulouse, 12. Sep. 60.8AOT(412 nm)SeaWIFsNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.33
European Air Quality Management and Forecast:Forecast:ConceptA p p lic a tio n sR e d u c tio n o f u n c e rta in tie sChemical Transport modelsS im u la tio n s A s s im ila tio n /In v e rs io nA ir Q u a lit yM anag em entan d F o re ca s tG e o T R O P E -RO 3 , N O 2 , C O , A e ro s o l E xis tin g s a te llite o b s e rv a tio n sO 3, N O 2, C O P R O M O T E (E S A )G E M S (C E )G ro u n d b a s e d m e a s u re m e n tsO 3, N O 2, C O A s s im ila tio n /In v ers io nE m is s io n s /D a ta b a s e s : E M E P , E D G A R e tc .Figure: G. Bergametti, modified by H. Bovensmann).GeoTROPE-R is complementary to MetOp and MSG/MTG.It meets the requirement for AQ by providing day-by-day, near real-time,hourly and contiguous city scale resolution data of aerosol and relevanttrace gases over Europe.Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.GeoTROPE FOVsNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.34
GeoSCIA @ GeoTROPE Imaging spectrometer using 2D CCDs, (GSD: 11.4 x 23 km2– 23 x 23 km2) provided by DLR GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI heritage UV-Vis spectral window: 270 nm - 560 nm (O3(h), NO2, SO2,BrO, HCHO, O4, Aerosol), NIR spectral window: 755 nm - 780 nm (mean photon path,cloud cover, cloud top height, cloud optical thickness,aerosol layer scattering height) SWIR spectral windows: optimised around 2 µm (CO2, H2O)and around 2.35 µm (CO, CH4, H2O, Aerosol) Polarisation Measurement System PMS to measure polarisedand unpolarised radiance (300 – 850 nm) primarily forpolarisation correction of the measured upwelling radianceand enhanced Aerosol products Tropospheric column information will be derived by residualmethods and multi-spectral retrievalNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.GeoFIS @ GeoTROPE Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (GSD:15 x 15 km2) provided by CNES IASI/METOP heritage spectral range from 4.4 µm to 5.6 µm and from7.1 µm to 15 µm with approx. 0.25 cm-1 spectralresolution. HgCdTe large focal plane array (LFPA) detectors GeoFIS adds during both day and night: Improved tropospheric vertical distributions for O3, CO,CH4, H2O Tropospheric columns of C2H2 and C2H6Noble Lectures - University of Toronto, Vertical Profiles of H2O and temperature26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4. The combination of solar backscatterand thermal35
GeoFIS Spectral CoverageNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.First Sensitivity Studies Goal: Estimate - based on given instrument performance(SNR, spectral parameters etc.) - the mean noise-inducederror on geophysical parameters Method: Radiative transfer simulation, instrument model andretrieval algorithm („Optimal Estimation“) used to calculatethe error on the geophysical parameters Method already applied in various sensitivity studies in theMIPAS, GOME, GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY projects UV-VIS-NIR: O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO (V. Rozanov, K.U.Eichmann, R. deBeek) SWIR: CO, CO2, CH4, H2O (M. Buchwitz, V. Rozanov, K.U.Eichmann) Combined GeoFIS - GeoSCIA: O3, CO, CH4, H2O (IFE,IMK)Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.36
GeoSCIA Precisions: Trace GasesParameterPrecision Single MeasurementGeoSCIAGoalEstimateO32 - 10 %COCH 4NO 2SO 2HCHOBrOH 2OCO 2Strat. O3 profile10 %1–5%20 %1)10 %1),2)20%20 %2%1%10%2 TC5-10 TrC10 %1%5 – 15 %10 – 20%10-20 %20 - 30 %2%1%5-10%Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.GeoSCIA Precisions Cloud/AerosolParameterCloud Top HeightFractional Cloud CoverAerosol Layer HeightAerosol Optical DepthPrecision SingleMeasurementGeoSCIAGoalEstimate200 -500m0.02 –0.05500 m0.05 –0.2300 m0.05500 m0.1Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.37
GeoSCIA/GeoFIS combined retrievalSpeciesO3 TIR SBTIRCO TIR SBTIRCH4 TIR SBTIRH2O TIR SBTIR0–2 km5-10 %28 %10 %24 %2%7.1 % 1%1.2 %Vertical layers boundaries2-7 km5%13 % 10 %10%1%3% 1%1.1 %7-15 km5%6.6 % 10 %6.6 %1%2.6 % 1%2.8 %Noble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.Other GEO Concepts GOMAS: Geostationary Observatory forMicrowave Atmospheric Sounding (Bizarri et al.):temperature, humidity, ice clouds etc. GIFTS: Geostationary Imaging FTS: temperature,humidity, O3, CO Geostationary Global Pollution Mapper (Fishmanet al.)/GeoTRACE: similar to GeoTROPE concept,but no IR FTSNoble Lectures - University of Toronto,26-30th March 2007,J. P. Burrows - Lecture No. 4.38
Summary synoptic data is required for monitoring and forecastsof short-term variations of atmospheric composition: Air Pollution, quantification and monitoring of emissions tothe troposphere, biomass burning, stratospheric ozone variability (application UV fields), volcanic eruptions. Synoptic data sets can be delivered from geostationaryobservation Instrument concepts, based on the heritage from LEOinstrumentation are feasible and will yieldmeasurements with the required precisions. The combination of solar backscatter with IR emissionmeasurements enhances significantly the precisions inthe lower troposphere (0-2 km), which is important toreach the required precision inNoblethisLectureslayer.- University of Toronto,26-30 March 2007, Technology and methodology is readyfor troposphericJ. P. Burrows- Lecture No. 4.i fG Oth39
Department of the Physics and Chemistry of the Atmosphere Institute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany The 2007 Noble Lecture Series Noble Lectures - University of Toronto, 26-30th March 2007, 2007, J. P. Burrows J. P. Burrows -- LectureLect
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
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Introduction of Chemical Reaction Engineering Introduction about Chemical Engineering 0:31:15 0:31:09. Lecture 14 Lecture 15 Lecture 16 Lecture 17 Lecture 18 Lecture 19 Lecture 20 Lecture 21 Lecture 22 Lecture 23 Lecture 24 Lecture 25 Lecture 26 Lecture 27 Lecture 28 Lecture
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
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