X-Plane Operation Manual
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X-Plane Operation ManualAbout This Copy of the ManualThis is revision 9.61 of the manual to the desktop and professionalversions of X-Plane, last updated on November 13, 2014.Using This ManualThroughout the manual, there will be cross-references to otherparts of the manual. These will generally be in the form of a darkgray page number—for instance, Chapter 4 is on page 54 (clickingthe number there will go directly to page 53). The Table ofContents is also cross-referenced; click on the section you'relooking for to travel there instantly. Alternatively, the PDF’sbookmarks can be used to navigate quickly through the manual.2
Table of ContentsClick a chapter or section heading to go directly to that page.1. About X-Plane.10I. OverviewII. What X-Plane IncludesIII. HistoryA. Austin's Bio, Last Updated Mid-2006B. X-Plane TodayI. Overviewa. The Level 1 X-Plane Simulatorb. The Level 2 X-Plane Simulatorc. The Level 3 X-Plane Simulatord. The Level 4 X-Plane Simulatore. Summary2. Installing and Configuring X-Plane.17I. System RequirementsII. Flight Control SelectionA. JoysticksB. YokesC. Rudder PedalsD. Other ConsiderationsIII. Display Requirements and System ArchitectureIV. Graphics Drivers and X-PlaneA. Updating Graphics Drivers in WindowsV. Installing X-PlaneA. Installation on a Windows PCi. Special Considerations for Windows XPUsersii. Special Considerations for Windows Vistaand 7 UsersB. Installation on a Macintoshi. Special Considerations for Mac UsersC. Installation in LinuxVI. Launching X-PlaneVII. Updating to a Newer Version of X-PlaneA. Using X-Plane BetasVIII. Compatibility with Earlier Versions of Scenery,Models, and Plug-InsIX. Uninstalling X-PlaneX. Getting Help and Support3. Initial Flight Setup.32I. General AccessII. Joystick Configuration and CalibrationA. Axis AssignmentB. Control CalibrationC. Button AssignmentD. Controlling Joystick Sensitivity and AircraftStabilityi. Sensitivityii. StabilityE. Setting Null ZonesF. Centering the ControlsG. Adding Special EquipmentH. Troubleshooting Flight ControlsIII. Rendering Options SetupA. Frame Rate and the Quality of Flight SimulationB. Setting Up the Monitori. Texture Resolutionii. Set Color Depth and Monitor Resolutionon X-Plane Startupiii. Anti-Alias Leveliv. Screen Res (Resolution)a. Making X-Plane Full Screenv. Draw IOS on Second Monitor on SameVideo CardC. Setting Up the X-Plane Worldi. Forest Densityii. World Detail Distanceiii. Number of Objects3
iv. Number of Roadsv. Airport Detailvi. Traffic Densityvii. Anisotropic Filter Texturesviii. Draw Birds in Nice Weatherix. Draw Hi-Res Planet Textures from Orbitx. Draw Forest Fires and Balloons in WarmWeatherxi. Draw View Indicatorxii. Dim Under High G Load or Hypoxiaxiii. Use Pixel Shaders for Amazing Fog andWater Effectsa. Draw Volumetric Fogb. Water Reflection LevelD. Setting up Cloudsi. Number of Cloud Puffsii. Size Cloud of Cloud PuffsE. Expert Rendering Optionsi. Compress Textures to Save VRAMii. Do Any Scenery Loads in the Backgroundiii. Runways Follow Terrain ContoursF. Special Viewing Controlsi. Lateral Field of Viewii. Minimum Frame Rateiii. Multi-Computer Simulatorsa. Lateral, Vertical, and Roll Offsetsiv. Lock View to Forward CockpitG. Setting up X-Plane to Achieve the Best Resultsi. Displaying the Frame Rateii. Modifying Visibility and Cloud Renderingiii. Changing Texture Resolution for BestPerformanceiv. Setting Screen Resolution for BestPerformancev. Optimizing Other Rendering Optionsvi. Changing the Number of Other Aircraft4. Flight.54I. Opening an AircraftII. Choosing an AirportA. Airport IDs ExplainedIII. Setting WeatherA. Basic Cloud ConfigurationB. Quick-Set ButtonsC. Weather SlidersD. Temperature and PressureE. Wind LayersF. ThermalsG. Runway ConditionsH. Using Real WeatherIV. Using the Keyboard/Keyboard ShortcutsV. Using the Mouse Instead of a JoystickVI. Controlling Instruments and Avionics with the MouseA. Note on Radio TuningVII. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Demo FlightVIII. Flying Yourself5. X-Plane Menus.69I. The About MenuA. About X-PlaneB. InstructionsC. A.I. Selects Your AircraftD. A.I. Flies Your AircraftE. A.I. Controls Your ViewsII. The File MenuA. Save/Load SituationB. Save/Load ReplayC. Quicktime Movie SpecsD. Toggle MovieE. Load Flight Data Recorder FileF. Take ScreenshotIII. The Aircraft Menu4
A. Open AircraftB. Open LiveryC. Weight and Fueli. The Fuel/Payload Tabii. The Ordnance TabD. Equipment FailuresE. Aircraft & SituationsF. Show Mouse-Click RegionsG. Show Instrument DescriptionsH. Toggle Puff SmokeI. Cycle 3-D Flight PathJ. Reset 3-D Flight PathK. LogbookIV. The Location MenuA. Select Global Airporti. The Take Off Buttonsii. The Final Approach Buttonsiii. The Ramp Start ButtonsB. Local Mapi. The Hi-Speed Tabii. The Low Enroute Tabiii. The High Enroute Tabiv. The Sectional Tabv. The Textured Tabvi. Check Boxesa. The Instructor Operator Station(IOS) Boxb. The Edit Boxc. The Replay Boxd. The Slope Boxe. The Inst Boxf. The 3-D Boxvii. Aircraft Controlsviii. Viewing ControlsC. Planet MapD. Set Planet to Earth or MarsE. Get Me LostV. The Environment MenuA. WeatherB. Date & TimeVI. The Settings MenuA. Data Input & Outputi. The Data Set Taba. The Four Checkboxes in Depthaa. Internet via UDP (FirstCheckbox)bb. Disk File 'Data.txt'(Second Checkbox)cc. Graphical Display in'Data-See' Tab (ThirdCheckbox)dd. Cockpit During Flight(Fourth Checkbox)ii. The Data See TabB. Net Connectionsi. Inet 1ii. Inet 2iii. Inet 3C. Joystick & EquipmentD. Rendering OptionsE. SoundF. Quick-Flight SetupG. Operations & Warningsi. Flight Modelii. Startupiii. Warningsiv. Damagev. DataVII. The View MenuVIII. The Special MenuA. Show Flight Modeli. Fun with the Flight Model5
B. Output Flight ModelC. Open/Toggle Text File for ViewingD. Open/Toggle Checklist for UseE. Find Pitch/Yaw Stability DerivativeF. Set Environment PropertiesG. Set Artificial Stability, Autopilot, and FADECconstantsH. Show Control DeflectionsI. Show Weapon GuidanceJ. Show Sky ColorsK. Show Projector TestIX. The Plugins MenuA. Plug-in Admin6. Navigation, Autopilots, and Flying on Instruments 95I. NavigationA. Historyi. Dead Reckoningii. Aural NavigationB. Modern Navigationi. NDB Navigationii. VOR Navigationiii. ILS Navigationiv. GPS NavigationII. AutopilotsA. Descriptions of Autopilot Functionsi. WLVii. HDGiii. LOCiv. HOLDv. V/Svi. SPDvii. FLCHviii. PTCHix. G/Sx. VNAVxi. BCB. Using the Autopiloti. Turning It Onii. Using the Controlsa. Wing Leveler and Pitch Syncb. Heading, Altitude, Vertical Speed,Speed Hold, Flight LevelChange, Auto-Throttlec. Pitch Sync with the Pitch SyncJoystick Buttond. LOC and G/Saa. LOCbb. G/Scc. Flying an ILS Using LOCand G/Siii. Flying an FMS Planiv. Turning the Autopilot OffIII. Flying on InstrumentsA. HistoryB. The Inner Ear and Your Sense of BalanceC. Gyroscopes and Their Application to FlightD. The Six Primary Flight Instrumentsi. The Airspeed Indicator (ASI)ii. The Attitude Indicator (AI)iii. The Altimeter (ALT)iv. The Turn Coordinator (TC)v. The Directional Gyro (DG)vi. The Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)7. Expanding X-Plane.114I. Adding Third-Party AircraftII. Adding Third-Party SceneryIII. Installing Plug-Ins8. Expert Essays.116I. Tuning the Handling in X-Plane6
II. Factors Affecting X-Plane's PerformanceIII. Tuning the AutopilotA. Tuning Autopilot Rolli. Roll Error for Full Aileronii. Roll Predictioniii. Roll Tune Timeiv. Localizer CDI Gainv. Localizer CDI PredictionB. Summary of Roll SettingsC. Tuning Autopilot Pitchi. Pitch Error for Full Elevatorii. Pitch Predictioniii. Pitch Tune Timeiv. Glideslope CDI Gainv. Glideslope CDI Predictionvi. Pitch Degrees per KnotD. Summary of Both Pitch and Roll ControlsE. Setting Autopilot Constants QuicklyIV. Designing an Artificial Stability SystemA. Designing a Yaw DamperB. Stabilizing PitchV. Setting Up Advanced NetworksA. Setting Up a Networked Copilot’s StationVI. Setting Up Multiple MonitorsA. Multiple Computers, Multiple MonitorsB. One Computer, Multiple MonitorsC. Setting Up a Copilot's Station Using TwoMonitors with One ComputerVII. Flying HelicoptersVIII. Flying the Space ShuttleA. WalkthroughIX. Flying on MarsA. Introductory LetterB. Tips9. Supplement: Airfoil-Maker.147I. MenusA. AboutB. File Menui. Newii. Openiii. Saveiv. Save Asv. ExitII. Designing an AirfoilA. The Coefficient GraphB. Reynolds NumberC. Coefficientsi. Coefficient of Liftii. Coefficient of Dragiii. Coefficient of MomentD. General Infoi. Finding Coefficientsii. Recommended Background Readingiii. Types of AirfoilsE. Generating Airfoilsi. Coefficient of Lift Interceptii. Coefficient of Lift Slopeiii. Coefficient of Lift Curvature Near theStalliv. Coefficient of Lift Maximumv. Coefficient of Lift Immediate Drop at Stallvi. Coefficient of Lift Curvature After theStallvii. Coefficient of Lift Drop from Stall to 20Degreesviii. Coefficient of Drag Minimumix. Coefficient of Lift at Which MinimumDrag Occursx. Coefficient of Drag at Angle of Attack of10 Degreesxi. Coefficient of Drag Curvature7
xii. Laminar Drag Bucket Locationxiii. Laminar Drag Bucket Widthxiv. Laminar Drag Bucket Depthxv. Laminar Drag Bucket Curvaturexvi. Coefficient of Moment Low-AlphaChange Pointxvii. Coefficient of Moment High-AlphaChange Pointxviii. Coefficient of Moment at 20 Degreesxix. Coefficient of Moment at Low-AlphaChange Pointxx. Coefficient of Moment at High-AlphaChange Pointxxi. Coefficient of Moment at 20 DegreesF. Finishing Up10. Supplement: Plane-Maker.160I. Plane-Maker DescriptionII. Licensing of Planes Created in Plane-MakerIII. Using Plane-Maker to Make a PlaneIV. Adding Airfoils to a Plane in Plane-MakerV. Finishing the Plane with Custom Cockpits, Paint, andSoundsA. Custom PaintB. Custom Panels and InstrumentsC. Custom SoundsD. Custom Weapons and Slung LoadsE. Custom 3-D Cockpits and BodiesVI. Creating Objects for X-PlaneVII. DistributionVIII. Summary11. Supplement: X-Plane Scenery Resources.166I. Downloading Pre-Made SceneryII. Building Custom AirportsIII. Converting Google Earth Scenery for Use in X-PlaneAppendicesAppendix A: How X-Plane Works.168I. X-Plane’s Blade Element Simulation ExplainedA. Element BreakdownB. Velocity DeterminationC. Coefficient DeterminationD. Force Build-UpE. Back to WorkII. Advantages of Blade Element SimulationAppendix B: Sending a Bug Report.171Appendix C: Glossary of Terms.174I. Working with the Program ItselfII. Parts of an AircraftIII. Movement of an AircraftIV. Other Aviation TermsAppendix D: FAQ and Troubleshooting.180I. How do I update or install X-Plane?II. Why does X-Plane not work on my Windowsmachine or crash upon exiting the sim?III. How do I change the resolution?IV. How do I set up a joystick, yoke, or rudderpedals?V. How do I install new scenery, aircraft, or plugins?VI. How do I use the autopilot?VII. Why does my PC freeze after running X-Planeawhile?VIII. Why do I get an error about a missing DLL?IX. Why does air traffic control speech not work onmy Windows machine?X. Why is there no sound on my Mac?XI. How do I make my sim run faster?8
XII. What hardware should I buy?XIII. Why does my airplane flutter and crash?XIV. Does X-Plane use 64-bit processing?XV. What are the differences between the standarddesktop version of X-Plane and the FAAcertified version?XVI. Why does SLI/Crossfire not speed up the sim?Appendix E: Making Objects for X-Plane.190Appendix F: Custom Aircraft Files for Hire.192Appendix G: The Log File Explained.193Appendix H: X-Plane and Linux.198I. InstallationA. In Ubuntu (32-bit)i. Note on Loss of Audio in Ubuntu9.10B. In OpenSUSE (64-bit)C. In Fedora (64-bit)D. TroubleshootingAppendix I: Updating the Computer’s Graphics Driversin Windows.213I. Determining the Graphics Card Maker and ModelUsing DirectX DiagnosticII. Installing Drivers for Video Cards Made by ATIIII. Installing Drivers for Video Cards Made byNVIDIAAppendix J: Default Key Assignments.226Appendix K: Using Older Versions of X-Plane.227Appendix L: Water Everywhere!.2299
1. About X-PlaneI. OverviewX-Plane is the world's most comprehensive and powerful flightsimulator for personal computers.X-Plane offers the most realistic flight model available for homeuse.X-Plane is not a game, but an engineering tool that can be used topredict the flying qualities of fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft withincredible accuracy.Because X-Plane predicts the performance and handling of almostany aircraft, it is a great tool for pilots to keep up their currency ina simulator that flies like the real plane, for engineers to predicthow a new airplane will fly, and for aviation enthusiasts to explorethe world of aircraft flight dynamics.Welcome to the world of props, jets, single- and multi-engineairplanes, as well as gliders, helicopters and VTOLs. X-Planecontains subsonic and supersonic flight dynamics, allowing usersto predict the flight characteristics of the slowest aircraft to thefastest. X-Plane also includes 35 aircraft on its master disk,spanning the aviation industry (and its history), sporting aircraftfrom the Bell 206 JetRanger and Cessna 172 to the Space Shuttleand the B-2 Bomber. Additionally, more than 1,400 additionalaircraft models can be downloaded from the Internet (XPlane.org1, the X-Plane.com Links page2, and Google3 are goodplaces to start), nearly all of which are free. If those aren’tenough, users can design their own airplanes and test fly them!http://forums.x-plane.org/index.php?autocom /www.google.com12The full X-Plane scenery package covers the Earth in stunningresolution from 74 north to 60 south latitude. Scenery is alsoavailable for Mars thanks to the Mars Orbiting Laser Altimeter,which mapped that planet's elevation. On Earth, users can land atany of over 33,000 airports or test their mettle on aircraft carriers,oil rigs, frigates (which pitch and roll with the waves), or helipadsatop buildings. They can also realistically model the flight ofremote controlled model aircraft, air-launch in an X-15 or SpaceShip One from the mother ship, fly re-entries into Earth'satmosphere in the Space Shuttle, fly with friends over the Internetor a LAN, drop water on forest fires, or shoot approaches toaircraft carriers at night in stormy weather and rough waterconditions in a damaged F-4. The situations that can besimulated are incredible!Weather is variable in X-Plane from clear skies and high visibilityto thunderstorms with controllable wind, wind shear, turbulence,and micro bursts. Rain, snow, and clouds are available for aninstrument flying challenge, and thermals are available for thegliders. Actual weather conditions can be downloaded from theInternet, allowing users to fly in the weather that currently exists atthe location of the flight!X-Plane also has detailed failure modeling, with multitudes ofsystems that can either be failed manually at an instructor’scommand, or randomly when users least expect it! Users can failinstruments, engines, flight controls, control cables, antennae,landing gear, or any of dozens of other systems at any moment.They can also have a friend or flight instructor (locally or via theInternet, working from an Instructor's Operating Station) failcomponents on the aircraft without the pilot’s knowledge. Theinstructor can alter the time of day, weather conditions, and failurestatus of hundreds of aircraft systems and components.Additionally, the instructor can relocate the aircraft to a location ofhis or her choice at any time.10
Aircraft models are also extremely flexible, allowing users to easilycreate paint jobs, sounds, and instrument panels to modify anyairplane you choose. Custom airplane or helicopter designs caneven be created and flown using X-Plane and the included PlaneMaker software.X-Plane is used by world-leading defense contractors, air forces,aircraft manufacturers, and even space agencies for applicationsranging from flight training to concept design and flight testing.For example, X-Plane has been used in crash investigations todepict the view pilots experienced moments before a mid-aircollision, or to graphically present to juries and judges the forcesthat impact an aircraft in flight. Scaled Composites used X-Planeto visualize Space Ship One’s flights to the edge of theatmosphere in their pilot training simulator. Kalitta has used XPlane to train their pilots to fly freight 747s in the middle of thenight. Northwest and Japan Airlines use X-Plane for flight reviewand training. Cessna uses X-Plane to train new customers in theintricacies of the Garmin G1000. Dave Rose has used X-Plane tooptimize airplanes for his many wins at Reno. NASA has used XPlane to test the re-entry of gliders into the Martian atmosphere,and the list goes on. These customers serve as perhaps the mostsignificant endorsement of the incredible capabilities of thissimulator.Furthermore, X-Plane has received certification from the FAA foruse in logging hours towards flight experience and ratings. Thisexperience can provide credit towards a private pilot's license,recurrence training, hours towards instrument training, and evenhours towards an Airline Transport Certificate—it’s that good.Note: This certification requires not only that the user has thecertified X-Plane software, but also the certified hardware (cockpitand flight controls) available through companies like PrecisionFlight Controls4 and Fidelity5. This is because flight-trainingsystems can only be certified as a complete package (a softwareand hardware combination). The certified software is available for 500 to 1,000 per copy from PFC and Fidelity and the hardwareruns from 5,000 to 500,000. The retail version of X-Planepurchased at X-Plane.com6 is not certified for flight training rightout of the box, since certification requires a software andhardware combination. However, the software available for about 50 at X-Plane.com is almost identical what is found in the 500,000 full-motion FAA-certified platforms. The biggestdifference is that the FAA-certified versions have custom aircraftfiles with larger instrument panels, which are set up to work withhardware radios like those found in the physical cockpits. TheFAA-certified version also has some of the purely fun stuff (likeMars and space flight) removed—even though those situationsare simulated accurately in X-Plane, just like the FAA-certifiedsubsonic terrestrial flight. When the FAA certifies the first Martianbusiness jet, we’ll be there.II. What X-Plane IncludesWindows, Mac, and Linux installers are included on the discspurchased from X-Plane.com7. There are approximately 74 GBworth of scenery (covering essentially the entire world) and thirtyfive aircraft, with thousands of planes available on the web. TheDVDs contain everything needed to run X-Plane—there is nothingmore that users need to buy. You’ll receive free updates toversion 9 until version 10 is released, as well some of the bestcustomer service and tech support available.While on its own X-Plane represents the world's x-plane.com/order.html45
X-Plane Operation Manual About This Copy of the Manual This is revision 9.61 of the manual to the desktop and professional versions of X-Plane, last updated on November 13, 2014. Using This Manual Throughout the manual, there will be cross-references to other parts of the manual. These will generally be in the form of a dark
1. Unit circle in z-plane jω-axis in w-plane. 2. Inside unit circle in z-plane LHP in w-plane. 3. Outside unit circle in z-plane RHP in w-plane. If true, 1. Take H(z) H(w) via the bilinear transform. 2. Perform Routh test on H(w). CHECK: Let z rejωT.Then,z is on t
Oct 28, 2013 · name for the three-plane dimensioning system is a datum reference frame. 6. Name the elements of the three-plane dimensioning system. The elements of the three-plane dimensioning system are the primary datum plane, the secondary datum plane, and the tertiary datum plane. 7. Discuss the order of precedence of da
Plane Plane !"# Plane ! ! A plane has two dimensions. It is represented by a shape that looks like a floor or a wall and extends without end. Through any three points not on the same line, there is exactly one plane. You can use three points, not all on the same line, to name it. Plane Sometimes, you can use a capital letter
The electric field of a plane of charge is found from the on-axis field of a charged disk by letting the radius R . The electric field of an infinite plane of charge with surface charge density η is For a positively charged plane, with η 0, the electric field points away from the plane on both sides of the plane.
Jul 03, 2020 · Plotting of Points on the Coordinate Plane If points on the coordinate plane can be named, points can also be plotted or located in the plane using number pairs also called as their coordinates ( x, y ). To locate a point in the coordinate plane, take note of the steps in
The Coordinate plane is also called the Cartesian plane. One way to remember how the quadrants are numbered is to write a big "C" on top of the plane. The "C" will begin in quadrant I and end in quadrant IV. Slide the "C" onto the coordinate plane Slide 7 / 52 0 The quadrants are formed by two intersecting number lines called axes.
X-Plane, so with the brand new release from Laminar Research of the X-Plane 11 featuring a full 64-bit platform, I just had to expand my view to include X-Plane. I know that normally X-Plane vs FSX vs P3D is almost as a religion to most simmers, but for me I jus
small-group learning that incorporates a wide range of formal and informal instructional methods in which students interactively work together in small groups toward a common goal (Roseth, Garfield, and Ben-Zvi 2008; Springer, et al. 1999).
