Facility Pollution Prevention Guide - US EPA
United StatesEnvironmental ProtectionAwcyGEPAOffice of Research andDevelopmentWashington, DC 20460Facility PollutionPrevention GuideEPA/600/R-92/088May 1992
EPA/600/R-92/088May 1992FACILITY POLLUTION PREVENTION GUIDEOffice of Solid WasteU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyWashington, D.C. 20460Risk Reduction Engineering LaboratoryOffice of Research and DevelopmentU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyCincinnati, Ohio 45268
NOTICEThis Guide has been subjected to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency peerand administrative review and approved for publication. Approval does not signifythat the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercialproducts constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This document isintended as advisory guidance only in developing approaches for pollutionprevention. Compliance with environmental and occupational safety and healthlaws is the responsibility of each individual business and is not the focus of thisdocument.Users are encouraged to duplicate portions of this publication as needed toimplement a pollution prevention program. Organizations interested in reprintingand distributing the entire Guide should contact the Pollution Prevention ResearchBranch, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268, to obtain a reproducible master.ii
FOREWoRDToday’s rapidly changing technologies and industrial products and practicescarry the risk of generating materials that, if improperly managed, can threatenpublic health and the environment. With the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, theU.S. Congress established pollution prevention as a “national objective” and themost important component of the environmental management hierarchy. Thus,national policy declares that the creation of potential pollutants should be preventedor reduced during the production cycle whenever feasible.In carrying out its program to encourage the adoption of Pollution Prevention,the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and the Office of Solid Waste offer thisThe Guide’s predecessor, the WasteFacility Pollution Prevention Guide.Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual, published in 1988, concentratedprimarily on the waste types covered in the Resource Conservation and RecoveryAct (RCRA). In contrast, this edition deals with “multimedia” pollution prevention.This reflects our national realization, as demonstrated in the 1990 legislation, thatwe must look at wastes more broadly if we are to protect the environmentadequately. That is, it is important to minimize all pollutants, including airemissions, wastewater discharges, and solid wastes as well as energy and waterconsumption. In addition to controlling waste creation during the productionprocess, we need to design products that will have less impact on the environmentwhile in use and after disposal.This edition of the Guide is written for those individuals responsible forimplementing pollution prevention in their facilities. It is intended to help small- tomedium-sized production facilities develop broad-based, multimedia pollutionIt describes how to identify, assess, and implementprevention programs.opportunities for preventing pollution and how to stimulate the ongoing search forsuch opportunities. Companies that adopt this approach typically find that theyreduce both their operating costs and their potential liabilities, in addition to helpingto preserve the environment.This is not intended to be a prescriptive, comprehensive document. It isnecessarily a generalized approach, since it is intended for use by companies in allbusiness and geographic areas. You are in the best position to judge how todevelop a program that will fit your circumstances. We have addressed the basicsteps involved in developing an adequate pollution prevention program. The truesuccess of your efforts will be determined by the extent to which you are able to gobeyond these basics. Because we strongly encourage you to go beyond a minimalprogram, this Guide also provides references and information sources that will helpyou expand your efforts.
ABSTRACTThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) developed the FacilityPollution Prevention Guide for those who are interested in and responsible forpollution prevention in industrial or service facilities. It summarizes the benefits ofa company-wide pollution prevention program and suggests ways to incorporatepollution prevention in company policies and practices.The Guide describes how to establish a company-wide pollution preventionprogram. It outlines procedures for conducting a preliminary assessment to identifyopportunities for waste reduction or elimination. Then, it describes how to use theresults of this preassessment to prioritize areas for detailed assessment, how to usethe detailed assessment to develop pollution prevention options, and how toimplement those options that withstand feasibility analysis.Methods of evaluating, adjusting, and maintaining the program are described.Later chapters deal with cost analysis for pollution prevention projects and with theroles of product design and energy conservation in pollution prevention.Appendices consist of materials that will support the pollution preventioneffort: assessment worksheets, sources of additional information, examples ofevaluative methods, and a glossary.The draft information used for this Guide wascompiled and prepared by Battelle, Columbus, Ohio,under Contract No. 68-CO-0003 for the U.S. EPA’sOffice of Research and Development.iv
CONTENTSPageiiNOTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FOREWORD.ABSTRACT.111ivACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiCHAPTER 1DECIDING ON POLLUTION PREVENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Benefits of a Pollution Prevention Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Environmental Management Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .What Is Pollution Prevention? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .What Is Not Pollution Prevention? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pollution Prevention Regulatory Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CHAPTER 2 DEVELOPING A POLLUTION PREVENTION PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . .11447912Establish the Pollution Prevention Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Organize the Pollution Prevention Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Do the Preliminary Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Prepare the Program Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21CHAPTER 3DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING POLLUTION PREVENTIONPROJECTS.27Detailed Assessment Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Define Pollution Prevention Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Do Feasibility Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Write the Assessment Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Implement the Pollution Prevention Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42CHAPTER 4 MEASURING POLLUTION PREVENTION PROGRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Acquiring Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Methods of Analyzing the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Measuring Economic Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444649
PageCHAPTER 5 MAINTAINING THE POLLUTION PREVENTION PROGRAM . . . . . . . .50Integrate Pollution Prevention Into Corporate Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Staff Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maintain Internal Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Employee Reward Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Public Outreach and Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5052555757CHAPTER 6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION PREVENTION PROJECTS . . .58Total Cost Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Expanded Cost Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Expanded Time Horizon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Long-Term Financial Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Direct Allocation of Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .585962626264CHAPTER 7 DESIGNING ENVIRONMENTALLY COMPATIBLE PRODUCTS . . . . . . .65Stages in Life-Cycle Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Goals of Product Design or Redesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6566CHAPTER 8 ENERGY CONSERVATION AND POLLUTION PREVENTION . . . . . . . .69Preventing Pollution by Conserving Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Conserving Energy through Pollution Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70APPENDICESAPPENDIX APOLLUTION PREVENTION WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .APPENDIX BINDUSTRY-SPECIFIC CHECKLISTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83APPENDIX CCUSTOMIZED POLLUTION PREVENTION WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . 97APPENDIX DTECHNICAL/FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . .73117APPENDIX E OPTION RATING: WEIGHTED SUM METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127APPENDIX F ECONOMIC EVALUATION EXAMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128APPENDIX GPOLLUTION PREVENTION REFERENCE MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134APPENDIX HGLOSSARY OF POLLUTION PREVENTION TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis Guide was prepared under thedirection and coordination of Lisa Brown ofthe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(U.S. EPA), Pollution Prevention ResearchBranch, Risk Reduction EngineeringLaboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.Battelle compiled and prepared theinformation used for this Guide under thedirection of Bob Olfenbuttel. Participating inthis effort for Battelle were Larry Smith, DavidEvers, Lynn Copley-Graves, Carol Young, andSandra Clark.Contributions were made by U.S. EPA’sOffice of Research and Development, the U.S.EPA Office of Solid Waste, the pollutionprevention organizations in the U.S. EPARegional Offices, state pollution preventionorganizations, and members of academia andindustry.Specifically, the following peopleprovided significant assistance:Patrick PesacretaOffice of Solid WasteU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyGary HuntNorth Carolina Office of Waste ReductionDeborah Hanlon & Martin SpitzerPollution Prevention DivisionU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyAbby SwaineRegion I Pollution Prevention ProgramU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyThomasine BaylessRisk Reduction Engineering LaboratoryU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyContributions to the development of thisGuide were also made by the followingpeople:Alan RimerAlliance Technologies CorporationEugene B. PepperOffice of Environmental CoordinationState of Rhode Island and ProvidencePlantationsHarry W. EdwardsColorado State UniversityDavid L. Thomas, Ph.D.Hazardous Waste Research and InformationCenterAzita YazdaniPollution Prevention InternationalDavid M. Benforado3M CorporationR. Lee ByersAluminum Company of AmericaJames R. AldrichUniversity of CincinnatiHenry W. NowickEnvirocorpJames EdwardPollution Prevention DivisionU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyChet McLaughlinRegion VIIU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyMarvin Fleischman & Clay HansenUniversity of Louisvillevii
Charles A. Pittinger, PhDThe Procter & Gamble CompanyH. Lamer Hickman, Jr.GRCDA/SWANADent WilliamsDIPECCharles WentzArgonne National LaboratoryLinda G. PrattSan Diego County Department of HealthServicesBruce CranfordU.S. Department of EnergyL. M. FischerAllied-SignalThomas R. Hersey, Jr.Erie County Pollution Prevention ProgramRichard F. NowinaOntario Waste Management CorporationDavid Hartley & Robert LudwigCalifornia Department of Toxic SubstanceControlBob CarterWaste Reduction ResourceCenter - SoutheastAudun AmundsenStiftelsen OstfoldforskningNorwayBirgitte B. NielsenRendan A/SDenmarkMichel SuijkerbuijkInnovatiecentrum OverijsselNetherlandsPer KirkebakPeterson A SNorwayHan Brezet & Bas KothuisTMENetherlandsSybren de HooNOTANetherlandsSpecial acknowledgement is given to allmembers of the Pollution Prevention ResearchBranch, especially:Ruth Corn, Rita Bender,Harry Freeman, Ivars Licis,Paul Randall, Mary AnnCurran and Anne Robertson.Terry FoeckeWRITARInternational contributions were made by:Barbel Hegenbart & Stefan MillonigIOW & VOWAustriaBrian PearsonAspects International Ltd.EnglandThomas GutwinskiBAUMAustria.VlllAcknowledgements
CHAPTER 1DECIDING ONP OLLUTION P REVENTIONPollution prevention is the use of materials, processes, orpractices that reduce or eliminate the creation of pollutants orwastes at the source. It includes practices that reduce the use ofhazardous and nonhazardous materials, energy, water, or otherresources as well as those that protect natural resources throughconservation or more efficient use.A pollution prevention program is an ongoing, comprehensiveexamination of the operations at a facility with the goal of minimizing all types of waste products. An effective pollution prevention program will:.reduce risk of criminal and civil liability.reduce operating costs.improve employee morale and participation.enhance company’s image in the community protect public health and the environment.This Guide is intended to assist you in developing a pollutionprevention program for your business. It will help you decidewhich aspects of your operation you should assess and how detailed this assessment should be.This chapter provides background information on pollutionprevention. Specifically, it.Summarizes the benefits you can obtain from acompany-wide pollution prevention program thatintegrates raw materials, supplies, chemicals, energy,and water use.Describes the U.S. EPA’s Environmental Management Hierarchy.Explains what pollution prevention is and what it isnot. Provides an overview of federal and state legislationon pollution control.lBENEFITS OF A POLLUTION PREVENTION PROGRAMIn the case of pollution prevention, national environmentalgoals coincide with industry’s economic interests. Businesses havestrong incentives to reduce the toxicity and sheer volume of thewaste they generate. A company with an effective, ongoingpollution prevention plan may well be the lowest-cost producer andhave a significant competitive edge. The cost per unit producedwill decrease as pollution prevention measures lower liability riskA pollution prevention programaddresses all types of waste.Those companies “struggling tomaintain compliance today maynot be around by the end of the’90s. Those toeing the compliance line will survive. But thoseviewing the environment as astrategic issue will be leaders.”- Richard W. MacLean, chiefof environmental programs atArizona Public Service Co., asquoted in Environmental Business Journal, December, 1991.
and operating costs.enhanced.The company’s public image will also beReduced Risk of LiabilityYou will decrease your risk of both civil and criminal liabilityby reducing the volume and the potential toxicity of the vapor,liquid, and solid discharges you generate. You should look at alltypes of waste, not just those that are currently defined as hazardous. Since toxicity definitions and regulations change, reducingthe volume of wastes in all categories is a sound long-term management policy.Environmental regulations at the federal and state levelsrequire that facilities document the pollution prevention and recycling measures they employ for wastes defined as hazardous.Companies that produce excessive waste risk heavy fines, and theirmanagers may be subject to fines and imprisonment if potentialpollutants are mismanaged.Civil liability is increased by generating hazardous waste andother potential pollutants. Waste handling affects public health andproperty values in the communities surrounding production anddisposal sites. Even materials not currently covered by hazardouswaste regulations may present a risk of civil litigation in the future.Workers’ compensation costs and risks are directly related tothe volume of hazardous materials produced. Again, it is unwiseto confine your attention to those materials specifically defined ashazardous.“Above all, companies want topin down risk. Because the costscan be so enormous, risk mustnow be taken into account acrossa wide range of business decisions. ”- Bill Schwalm, senior manager for environmental programs and manufacturing atPolaroid, in an interview withEnvironmental Business Jour-nal’ December, 1991.Look beyond the wastes currentlydefined as hazardous.Reduced Operating CostsAn effective pollution prevention program can yield costsavings that will more than offset program development and implementation costs. Cost reductions may be immediate savings thatappear directly on the balance sheet or anticipated savings basedon avoiding potential future costs. Cost savings are particularlynoticeable when the costs resulting from the treatment, storage, ordisposal of wastes are allocated to the production unit, product, orservice that produces the waste. Refer to Chapter 6 for moreinformation on allocating costs.Materials costs can be reduced by adopting production andpackaging procedures that consume fewer resources, thereby creating less waste. As wastes are reduced, the percentage of rawmaterials converted to finished products increases, with a proportional decrease in materials costs.Waste management and disposal costs are an obvious andreadily measured potential savings to be realized from pollutionprevention. Federal and state regulations mandate special in-planthandling procedures and specific treatment and disposal methodsfor toxic wastes. The costs of complying with these requirementsand reporting on waste disposition are direct costs to businesses.There are also indirect costs, such as higher taxes for such public2A comprehensive pollution prevention program can reduce currentand future operating costs.Chapter 1
services as landfill management. The current trend is for thesecosts to continue to increase at the same or higher rates. Some ofthese cost savings are summarized in Box 1.Waste management costs will decrease as pollution prevention measures are implemented: l.Reduced manpower and equipment requirements for on-site pollution control andtreatmentLess waste storage space, freeing more space for productionLess pretreatment and packaging prior to disposalSmaller quantities treated, with possible shift from treatment, storage, anddisposal (TSD) facility to non-TSD statusLess need to transport for disposalLower waste production taxesReduced paperwork and record-keeping requirements, e.g., less Toxic ReleaseInventory (TRI) reporting when TRI-listed chemicals are eliminated or reduced.Box 1Production costs can be reduced through a pollution prevenWhen a multi-disciplinary group examinestion assessment.production processes from a fresh perspective, opportunities forincreasing efficiency are likely to surface that might not otherwisehave been noticed. Production scheduling, material handling,inventory control, and equipment maintenance are all areas that canbe optimized to reduce the production of waste of alI types andalso control the costs of production.Energy costs will decrease as pollution prevention measuresare implemented in various production lines. In addition, energyused to operate the overall facility can be reduced by doing athorough assessment of how various operations interact. Chapter 8discusses energy conservation.Facility cleanup costs may result from a need to comply withfuture regulations or to prepare a production facility or off-sitewaste storage or disposal site for sale. These future costs can beminimized by acting now to reduce the amount of wastes of alltypes that you generate.Optimizing processes and energyuse reduces waste and controlsproduction costs.Improved Company ImageAs the quality of the environment becomes an issue of greaterimportance to society, your company’s policy and practices forcontrolling waste increasingly influence the attitudes of youremployees and of the community at large.Employees are likely to feel more positive toward their company when they believe that management is committed to providing a safe work environment and is acting as a responsible memberDeciding on Pollution PreventionCorporate image is enhanced by ademonstrated commitment topollution prevention.
of the community. By participating in pollution prevention activities, employees can interact positively with each other and withmanagement. Helping to implement and maintain a pollutionprevention program should increase their sense of identity withcompany goals. This positive atmosphere helps to retain a competitive workforce and to attract high-quality new employees.Community attitudes will be more positive toward companiesthat operate and publicize a thorough pollution prevention program. Most communities actively resist the siting of new wastedisposal facilities in their areas. In addition, they are becomingmore conscious of the monetary costs of treatment and disposal.Creating environmentally compatible products and avoiding excessive consumption and discharge of material and energy resources,rather than concentrating solely on treatment and disposal, willgreatly enhance your company’s image within your community andwith potential customers.“We regard the environment as along-term strategic set of issues.To have a strong, viable company, the environment has to betaken into account. by planningfor [consumer demand for moreenvironmental quality] we will bemore competitive in the marketplace. ”- Bill Riley, director of Environment-Marketing at Clorox,as quoted in EnvironmentalBusiness Journal, December,1991.Public Health and Environmental BenefitsReducing production wastes provides upstream benefits because it reduces ecological damage due to raw material extractionand refining operations. Subsequent benefits are the reduced riskof emissions during the production process and during recycling,treatment, and disposal operations.THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT HIERARCHYThe Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 reinforces the U.S.EPA’s Environmental Management Options Hierarchy, which isillustrated in Figure 1. The highest priorities are assigned to preventing pollution through source reduction and reuse, or closedloop recycling.Preventing or recycling at the source eliminates the need foroff-site recycling or treatment and disposal. Elimination of pollutants at or near the source is typically less expensive than collecting, treating, and disposing of wastes. It also presents much lessrisk to your workers, the community, and the environment.Source reduction and reuse prevent pollution.WHAT IS POLLUTION PREVENTION?Pollution prevention is the maximum feasible reduction of allwastes generated at production sites. It involves the judicious useof resources through source reduction, energy efficiency, reuse ofinput materials during production, and reduced water consumption.There are two general methods of source reduction that can beused in a pollution prevention program: product changes andprocess changes. They reduce the volume and toxicity of production wastes and of end-products during their life-cycle and atdisposal. Figure 2 provides some examples.4Change products and productionprocesses to reduce pollution atthe source.Chapter 1
Product changes in the composition or use of the intermediateor end products are performed by the manufacturer with the purpose of reducing waste from manufacture, use, or ultimate disposalof the products. Chapter 7 in this Guide provides information ondesigning products and packaging that have minimal environmentalimpact.Deciding on Pollution PreventionRedesign products to minimizetheir environmental impact.5
Product ChangesProcess ChangesDesign for LessEnvironmental Impact. Increase ProductLifelInput Material ChangesllMaterial PurificationSubstitution of Less-ToxicMaterialsTechnology ChangeslllllLayout ChangesIncreased AutomationImproved OperatingConditionsImproved EquipmentNew TechnologyImproved Operating PracticesOperating and MaintenanceProceduresManagement PracticesStream Segregation. Material HandlingImprovementsProduction SchedulingInventory Control. TrainingWaste SegregationllllllFigure 2. Source Reduction MethodsProcess changes are concerned with how the product is made.They include input material changes, technology changes, andimproved operating practices. All such changes reduce workerexposure to pollutants during the manufacturing process. Typically, improved operating practices can be implemented more quicklyand at less expense than input material and technology changes.Box 2 provides examples of process changes.6Process changes may be implemented more quickly than productchanges.Chapter 1
The following process changes are pollution prevention measures because they reducethe amount of waste created during production.Examples of input material changes:Stop using heavy metal pigment.Use a less hazardous or toxic solvent for cleaning or as coating.Purchase raw materials that are free of trace quantities of hazardous or toxicimpurities. Examples of technology changes:.Redesign equipment and piping to reduce the volume of material contained,cutting losses during batch or color changes or when equipment is drained formaintenance or cleaning.Change to mechanical stripping/cleaning devices to avoid solvent use.Change to a powder-coating system.Install a hard-piped vapor recovery system to capture and return vaporousemissions.Use more efficient motors.Install speed control on pump motors to reduce energy consumption.lExamples of improved operating practices:.Train operators. Cover solvent tanks when not in use. Segregate waste streams to avoid cross-contaminating hazardous and nonhazardous materials.Improve control of operating conditions (e.g., flow rate, temperature, pressure,residence time, stoichiometry). Improve maintenance scheduling, record keeping, or procedures to increaseefficiency.Optimize purchasing and inventory maintenance methods for input materials.Purchasing in quantity can reduce costs and packaging material if care is taken toensure that materials do not exceed their shelf life. Reevaluate shelf life characteristics to avoid unnecessary disposal of stable items.Stop leaks, drips, and spills.turn off electrical equipment such as lights and copiers when not in use.Place equipment so as to minimize spills and losses during transport of parts ormaterials.Use drip pans and splash guards.Box 2WHAT IS NOT POLLUTION PREVENTION?There are a number of pollution control measures that areapplied only after wastes are generated. They are, therefore, notcorrectly categorized as pollution prevention. Box 3 providessome examples of procedures that are waste handling, not pollutionprevention, measures.Deciding on Pollution PreventionWaste treatment is not pollutionprevention.7
The following are not pollution prevention measures because they are taken after thewaste is created:.Off-site recycling:Off-site recycling (e.g., solvent recovery at a central distillation facility) isan excellent waste management option. However, it does create pollutionduring transport and during the recycling procedure.Waste treatment:Waste treatment involves changing the form or composition of a wastestream through controlled reactions to reduce or eliminate the amount ofpollutant. Examples include detoxification, incineration, decomposition,stabilization, and solidification or encapsulation.Concentrating hazardous or toxic constituents to reduce volume:Volume reduction operations, such as dewatering, are useful treatmentapproaches, but they do not prevent the creation of pollutants. Forexample, pressure filtration and drying of a heavy metal waste sludgeprior to disposal decreases the sludge water content and waste volume,but it does not decrease the number of heavy metal molecules in thesludge.Diluting constituents to reduce hazard or toxicity:Dilution is applied to a waste stream after generation and does not reducethe absolute amount of hazardous constituents entering the environment.Transferring hazardous or toxic constituents from one environmentalmedium to anothe
Pollution Prevention Guide for those who are interested in and responsible for pollution prevention in industrial or service facilities. It summarizes the benefits of a company-wide pollution prevention program and suggests ways to incorporate polluti
As part of the permitting process, your organization has developed a comprehensive Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan, or SWPPP. As part of this plan, your facility has created a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Team. The pollution prevention team is made up of personnel from various departments who are most familiar with the
Unit 5 : Environmental Pollution Definition Cause, effects and control measures of :- a. Air pollution b. Water pollution c. Soil pollution d. Marine pollution e. Noise pollution f. Thermal pollution g. Nuclear hazards Solid waste Management : Causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial wastes.
Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plans (SWPPPs) Everyone should have one. What are SWPPPs? Your facility's game plan for clean water - how it is taking action to prevent pollution. 3 Primary Objectives: 1. Assure compliance 2. Identify potential sources of pollution 3. Describe & have commitments for how the facility will
Stormwater Pollution Prevention Team. SWPPP Section 2.3 The Team Members and Responsibilities -Appendix C.1 MSGP Section 4.3.1. The SWPPP must identify the name or title and individual responsibilities of each of the facility’s storm water pollution prevention team staff member(s).
A stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) does which of the following: a) Identifies a pollution prevention team b) Identifies potential pollutants c) Identifies activities that could contribute to pollution d) Establishes Best Management Practices (BMPs) e) All the above
As per Section 17 (1) (a) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the State Pollution Control Board has to plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of streams and wells in the State and to secure the execution thereof. The National Water Policy
their air pollution prevention and control pro-grams; and (4) to encourage and assist the development and operation of regional air pollution preven-tion and control programs. (c) Pollution prevention A primary goal of this chapter is to encourage or otherwise promote reasonable Federal, State,''(a) No suit, action, or other proceeding lawfully
coronavirus and are considered ‘extremely vulnerable’. They include: people with severe respiratory conditions including all cystic fibrosis, severe asthma and severe COPD people on immunosuppression therapies sufficent to significantly increase risk of infection people with specific cancers or receiving cancer treatment. There are more groups in this list, so please visit the .
