05 CTR Ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 265 DESCRIBING CHEMICAL .
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 265Name11.1DateClassDESCRIBING CHEMICAL REACTIONSSection ReviewObjectives Explain how to write a word equation Describe how to write a skeleton equation List the steps for writing a complete chemical equationVocabulary chemical equation skeleton equation catalyst coefficients balanced equationPart A CompletionUse this completion exercise to check your understanding of the concepts and termsthat are introduced in this section. Each blank can be completed with a term, shortphrase, or number. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.A chemical reaction can be concisely represented by a chemical 1.1. The substances that undergo a chemical change are the2.2. The new substances formed in a chemical reaction are the3.3. In accordance with the law of conservation of4,4.a chemical equation must be balanced. When balancing anequation, you place55.in front of reactants and products so6that the same number of atoms of each6.are on each side of7.the equation. An equation must never be balanced by changing the8.7in the chemical formula of a substance.9.Special symbols are used to show the physical state of asubstance in a reaction. The symbol for a liquid isa solid,9; and for a gas,in water is designated1110. If a810.; for11. A substance dissolved12.12is used to increasethe rate of a chemical reaction, its formula is written above the arrow.Chapter 11 Chemical Reactions265
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 266NameDateClassPart B True-FalseClassify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT.13. In an equation, a substance is shown to be in the gaseous state byplacing an upward-pointing arrow after its formula.14. The symbol placed over the arrow in an equation means that heat issupplied to the reaction.15. Atoms are destroyed in a chemical reaction.16. A skeleton equation is not a balanced equation.Part C MatchingMatch each description in Column B to the correct term in Column A.Column AColumn Ba. an equation in which each side has the samenumber of atoms of each element18. skeleton equationb. a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction19. catalystc. a symbolic way of describing a chemical reaction20. coefficientsd. substances that undergo chemical change21. balanced equatione. a chemical equation that does not indicate theamounts of substances involved22. reactantsf. new substances formed in a chemical reaction23. productsg. numbers used to balance a chemical equationPart D Questions and ProblemsAnswer the following in the space provided.24. Write a balanced equation for each of these chemical reactions. Includeappropriate symbols from Table 11.1.a. Aluminum reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen gas andaqueous aluminum chloride.b. Acetylene gas (C2H2) burns in a welding torch with oxygen to form carbondioxide gas and water vapor.266Core Teaching Resources Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.17. chemical equation
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 267NameDateClassTYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS11.2Section ReviewObjectives Describe the five general types of reactions Predict the products of the five general types of reactionsVocabulary combination reaction decomposition reaction single-replacement reaction activity series double-replacement reaction combustion reactionPart A CompletionUse this completion exercise to check your understanding of the concepts and termsthat are introduced in this section. Each blank can be completed with a term, shortphrase, or number.1It is possible tothe products of some chemical1. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.reactions. In order to do this, you must be able to recognize at leastfive general types of reactions. For example, in a3the reactants are two or more4there is always a2reaction,and/or compounds and53.4.reaction, a single5.compound is broken down into two or more simpler substances.6.In a6product. In a2.reaction, the reactants and products are an7element and a compound. The7.can be used to predict8.whether most single-replacement reactions will take place.A89.reaction involves the exchange of ions between two10.compounds. This reaction generally takes place between two ioniccompounds in9combustion reaction issolution. One of the reactants in a1011.12. The products of the completecombustion of a hydrocarbon are11and12.Chapter 11 Chemical Reactions267
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 268NameDateClassPart B True-FalseClassify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT.13. In a decomposition reaction, there is a single reactant.14. The activity series of metals can be used to predict products in doublereplacement reactions.15. Carbon dioxide and water are the products of the combustion ofhexane (C6H14).16. A nonmetal can replace another nonmetal from a compound in asingle-replacement reaction.17. One of the products of a double-replacement reaction is a gas thatbubbles out of the mixture.Part C MatchingMatch each description in Column B to the correct term in Column A.Column AColumn Ba. reaction in which atoms of one element replaceatoms of a second element in a compound19. decomposition reactionb. a reaction in which two or more substancescombine to form a single substance20. single-replacement reactionc. reaction of a compound with oxygen to produceenergy21. combustion reactiond. reaction in which a single compound is brokendown into two or more productsPart D Questions and ProblemsAnswer the following in the space provided.22. Identify the type of each of the following reactions.a. 2C6H14(l ) 19O2(g) y 12CO2(g) 14H2O(g)b. 2Fe(s) 3Br2(l ) y 2FeBr3(s)23. Complete and balance the following equation. What must be true of one of theproducts?Li3PO4 Zn(NO3)2 y268Core Teaching Resources Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.18. combination reaction
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 269Name11.3DateClassREACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONSection ReviewObjectives Describe the information found in a net ionic equation Predict the formation of a precipitate in a double-replacementreactionVocabulary complete ionic equation spectator ion net ionic equationPart A CompletionUse this completion exercise to check your understanding of the concepts and termsthat are introduced in this section. Each blank can be completed with a term, shortphrase, or number.1Many important chemical reactions take place in,1. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.which makes up 66 percent of the human body. Reactions in waterare said to take place in2solution.2.3.A double-replacement reaction can be written as a3,4.which shows dissolved ionic compounds as their free ions. Ions5.that appear on both sides of the equation and are not directly6.involved in the reaction are calledfrom the equation leaves the54. Canceling these ions, which indicates only thoseparticles that take part in the reaction.7.8.9.When balancing a net ionic equation, it is necessary to balancethe electric6as well as the number of7.When mixing solutions of ions, it is possible to predict theformation of ageneral rules for8. This prediction can be made using the9of ionic compounds.Chapter 11 Chemical Reactions269
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 270NameDateClassPart B True-FalseClassify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT.10. A precipitate is formed when two ionic solutions are mixed.11. Spectator ions are not part of a net ionic equation.12. Balancing the atoms in a net ionic equation will cause the charges to balance.13. A net ionic equation shows all ions present.Part C MatchingMatch each description in Column B to the correct term in Column A.Column AColumn Ba. equation that indicates only the particles that takepart in a reaction15. spectator ionsb. solid product of reaction in solution16. net ionic equationc. reaction that occurs in water17. precipitated. equation that shows dissolved ionic compounds asfree ions18. aqueous reactione. used to predict whether a precipitate will form inan aqueous reaction19. ionic solubility rulesf. ions that do not participate in a reactionPart D Questions and ProblemsAnswer the following in the space provided.20. Identify the spectator ion(s) and write a balanced net ionic equation for this reaction.Cl2(g) NaBr(aq) y Br2(l) NaCl(aq)21. Predict which precipitate, if any, will form in the following reactions:a. AgNO3(aq) NaCl(aq) yb. CaCl2(aq) Na2CO3(aq) yc. Fe(NO3)3(aq) KCl(aq) yd. Pb(NO3)2(aq) HCl(aq) y270Core Teaching Resources Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.14. complete ionic equation
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 271Name11DateClassCHEMICAL REACTIONSPractice ProblemsIn your notebook, solve the following problems. Use the 3-step problem-solvingapproach you learned in Chapter 1.SECTION 11.1 DESCRIBING CHEMICAL REACTIONS1. Write the skeleton equation for the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen thatproduces water.2. Write the skeleton equation for the reaction that produces iron(II) sulfide fromiron and sulfur.3. Write the skeleton equation representing the heating of magnesium carbonateto produce solid magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide gas.4. Write a balanced equation for the production of HCl gas from its elements.5. Write a sentence that completely describes the chemical reaction representedby this balanced equation.2HCl(aq) CaCO3(s) y CO2(g) CaCl2(aq) H2O(l)6. Write the word equation for the following equation. Write a sentence fullydescribing the reaction. Is the equation correctly balanced? Explain. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.2Ag(s) S(s) y Ag2S(s)7. Write a balanced equation representing the formation of aqueous sulfuric acidfrom water and sulfur trioxide gas.8. Write a balanced equation from this word equation.aqueous silver nitrate copper metal y silver metal aqueous copper nitrate9. Write a balanced equation for the following word equation.phosphorus oxygen y tetraphosphorous decoxideSECTION 11.2 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS1. Write a balanced equation representing the reaction of magnesium with oxygengas to produce magnesium oxide.2. Write the balanced equation for the reaction that occurs between aluminumand fluorine.3. Write the balanced equation for the production of oxygen gas and potassiumchloride from the decomposition of potassium chlorate.4. Write the balanced equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid andcalcium metal. The products are hydrogen gas and calcium chloride.5. Write the balanced equation for the combustion of propane (C3H8) to producecarbon dioxide and water vapor.6. Write the balanced equation for the reaction between iron(III) chloride andsodium hydroxide. The products are iron(III) hydroxide and sodium chloride.Chapter 11 Chemical Reactions271
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 272NameDateClass7. Classify each of the reactions in problems 1–6 as to type.8. Use the activity series of metals (Table 11.2) and your knowledge of the relativereactivity of the halogens to predict whether the following reactions will occur.Write balanced equations for those reactions that do occur.a. Br2(l) NaCl(aq) yb. Ca(s) Mg(NO3)2(aq) yc. K(s) H2SO4(aq) yd. Zn(s) NaOH(aq) ySECTION 11.3 REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION1. Write the net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous barium nitrate,Ba(NO3)2, and sodium sulfate, Na2SO4.2. Magnesium reacts with HCl to form hydrogen and magnesium chloride. Writethe balanced net ionic equation for this reaction.3. The double-replacement reaction below results in the formation of theprecipitate lead chloride. Balance the equation and write the net ionic equation.Pb(NO3)2(aq) NH4Cl(aq) y PbCl2(s) NH4NO3(aq)4. Identify the precipitate formed when solutions of the following ioniccompounds are mixed. If no precipitate is formed, write no precipitate.a. Zn(NO3)2 SnCl2 yb. KCl AgNO3 yc. Cu(NO3)2 Na2S y272Core Teaching Resources Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.d. Al2(SO4)3 3Mg(OH)2 y
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 273Name11DateClassINTERPRETING GRAPHICSUse with Section 11.3Chemists often use molecular structures rather than chemical formulas to representcompounds. Below are ball-and-stick structures of several simple molecules. Using thekey below, write the chemical formula of each compound in the space provided.Key: Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogennitrous oxidenitric oxideoxygencarbon dioxidewaterammoniaureabenzeneChapter 11 Chemical Reactions273
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 274NameDateClasscarbonic acidnitro benzenenitric acidUsing the chemical formulas you wrote, write skeleton equations and balancedequations for the following reactions.Example:Water and carbon dioxide combine to form carbonic acid.Skeleton equation: H2O CO2 y H2CO3Balanced equation: balanced as writtenSkeleton equationBalanced equation2. Benzene burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.Skeleton equationBalanced equation3. Ammonia and carbon dioxide react to form urea and water.Skeleton equationBalanced equation4. Benzene reacts with nitric acid to form nitrobenzene and water.Skeleton equationBalanced equation274Core Teaching Resources Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.1. Nitrous oxide and oxygen combine to form nitric oxide.
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 275Name11DateClassCHEMICAL REACTIONSVocabulary ReviewEach clue describes a vocabulary term. Read the clues and write the letters of each termon the lines provided.1. Clue: the complete reaction of a hydrocarbon with oxygen to produce carbondioxide and water.2. Clue: a single compound is broken down into two or more products.3. Clue: the equation indicating only those particles that actually take part in achemical reaction in an aqueous solution.4. Clue: a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.5. Clue: the elements or compounds on the left side of a chemical equation. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.6. Clue: ions that do not participate in an aqueous chemical reaction.7. Clue: reaction in which atoms of one element replace the atoms of a second,less reactive, element in a compound.8. Clue: a chemical equation that is consistent with the law of conservation ofmass.9. Clue: numbers placed in front of chemical symbols or formulas in a chemicalreaction.Write the letters found inside the circles on the lines below. Then unscramble themto find the term used to describe an insoluble salt.Scrambled letters:Solution:aChapter 11 Chemical Reactions275
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 276Name11DateClassCHEMICAL REACTIONSChapter QuizFill in the word(s) that will make each statement true.1.11.12.11.13. The first step in balancing an equation is to write the correct3for all the reactants and products.3.11.14. An equation obeys the laws of conservation of mass if it has4been properly.4.11.15. In an equation, the formulas for the products appear on5atheand the formulas for the reactants appear on5b .the5a.11.15b.11.16.11.111. A(n)equation is one in which the relative amounts ofthe reactants and products are not indicated.22. A chemical reaction can be represented by a chemical6. The symbol for “yields” or “reacts to produce” is a(n)6.Balance the following equations and identify any precipitate formed. Complete theequation first if necessary. Write your answer in the space provided.7. HgO(s) y Hg(l) O2(g)8. Ag (aq) Na (aq) NO3 (aq) CO32 (aq) y(Hint: Write two equations—a complete ionic equation and a net ionicequation.)11.39. C4H8(g) O2(g) y CO2(g) H2O(g)11.210. Na(s) Br2(l) y11.2276Core Teaching Resources Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.11.2
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 277Name11DateClassCHEMICAL REACTIONSChapter Test AA. MatchingMatch each description in Column B with the correct term in Column A. Write theletter of the correct description on the line. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.Column AColumn B1. coefficienta. a chemical equation that does not indicaterelative amounts of reactants and products2. spectator ionb. a starting substance in a chemical reaction3. combustion reactionc. a list of metals in order of decreasing reactivity4. reactantd. a reaction in which a single compound isbroken down into simpler substances5. skeleton equatione. a whole number that appears before a formulain an equation6. balanced equationf. a new substance formed in a chemical reaction7. activity seriesg. a particle not directly involved in a chemicalreaction8. producth. an equation in which each side has the samenumber of atoms of each element9. decomposition reactioni. a reaction in which the atoms of one elementreplace the atoms of a second element10. single-replacement reactionj. a reaction in which oxygen reacts with anothersubstance, often producing heat or lightB. Multiple ChoiceChoose the best answer and write its letter on the line.11. The symbol in a chemical equation means:a. heat is supplied to the reaction.b. a catalyst is needed.c. yields.d. precipitate.12. A catalyst is:a. a solid product of a reaction.b. one of the reactants in a single-replacement reaction.c. not used up in a reaction.d. the product of a combustion reaction.Chapter 11 Chemical Reactions277
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 278NameDateClass13. When the equation Fe O2 y Fe2O3 is balanced, the coefficient for O2is:a. 4c. 2b. 3d. 114. The reaction in question 13 is an example of a(n):a. aqueous reaction.c. combination reaction.b. single-replacement reaction.d. decomposition reaction.15. The equation H3PO4 3KOH y K3PO4 3H2O is an example ofwhich type of reaction?a. double-replacementc. decompositionb. combinationd. single-replacement16. In a double-replacement reaction:a. the reactants are usually a metal and a nonmetal.b. the reactants are generally two ionic compounds in aqueoussolution.c. one of the reactants is often water.d. energy in the form of heat or light is always produced.17. In order for the reaction 2Al(s) 6HCl(aq) y 2AlCl3(aq) 3H2(g) tooccur, which of the following must be true?a. Al must be above Cl on the activity series.b. Al must be above H on the activity series.c. Heat must be supplied for the reaction.d. AlCl3 must be a precipitate.19. When the following equation is balanced, the coefficient in front ofHCl is:Ba(s) HCl(aq) y BaCl2(aq) H2(g)a. 6b. 3c. 1d. 220. The equation in question 19 is an example of which type of reaction?a. combustionc. decompositionb. single-replacementd. double-replacement21. This symbol 1 indicates:a. that heat must be applied.b. an incomplete combustion reaction.c. that a gas is formed by the reaction.d. that the reaction is reversible.278Core Teaching Resources Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.18. In a double-replacement reaction:a. one of the products is always a gas.b. one of the products must be an element.c. positive ions are exchanged between two compounds.d. all of the above
05 CTR ch11 7/9/04 3:33 PM Page 279NameDateClass22. Which of the following statements is incorrect?a. Complete combustion has occurred when all the carbon in theproduct is in the form of carbon dioxide.b. A single reactant is the identifying characteristic of adecomposition reaction.c. The only way to determine the products of a reaction is to performthe reaction.d. All chemical reactions can be classified as one of four general types.23. A chemical formula written above or below the yield sign indicate
A chemical reaction can be concisely represented by a chemical 1. The substances that undergo a chemical change are the 2. The new substances formed in a chemical reaction are the 3. In accordance with the law of conservation of , 4. a chemical equation must be balanced. When balancing an 5. equation, you place in front of reactants and .
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Figure 1-1. Engine Identification Decal Location. B. Spec. No. Engine Model Code Code Model 16 CH11 19 CH12.5 22 CH13 18 CH14 44 CH15 45 CH16 Variation of Basic Engine 1903 A. Model No. Command Engine Horizontal Crankshaft Horsepower 11 11 HP 12.5 12.5 HP 13 13 HP 14 14 HP 15
