1. TIMELINE OF KEY EVENTS, 1325-2009

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11. TIMELINE OF KEY EVENTS, 1325-2009Latin AmericaWorld1325Construction of Tenochtitlán (Mexico)1492First voyage of Christopher Columbusfrom Spain15001492Moors and Jews expelled1494Treaty of TordesillasPedro Cabral voyage to Brazil1509-47 Reign of Henry VIIIin England1519Hernán Cortés enters Mexico1519-56 Reign of Charles Vas Holy Roman Emperor1532First sugar mills built in Brazil1533Francisco Pizarro enters Peru1535Viceroyalty of New Spain established1539 Printing press set up in Mexico City1542Promulgation of “New Laws”1544Viceroyalty of Peru established1551Royal universities founded in New Spain, Peru1556-98 Reign of Philip II in Spain1565Founding of Rio de Janeiro1558-1603 Reign of QueenElizabeth I in England1588Defeat of Spanish Armada1607 English settlement atJamestown1624.54 Dutch occupy Northeastern Brazil1

2Latin AmericaWorld1636 Harvard University founded1643-1715 Reign of Louis XIV inFrance1759-88 Bourbon reforms of Charles III1759 Jesuits expelled from Portuguese empireU.S. & World1776-83 American Revolution1767 Jesuits expelled from Spanish America1780-81 Revolt of Túpac Amaru in Peru1781 Comunero revolt in Colombia1789-85 French Revolution1791.1804Haitian struggle for independence1805Battle of Trafalgar1807-08 Napoleon occupiesPortugal and Spain1807-08 House of Bragança moves to Brazil1810-24 Wars for Independencein Spanish America18221812 War of 1812 (U.S.-British)Pedro I declares independence of Brazil1823 Promulgation of MonroeDoctrine1829Juan Manuel de Rosas rules Argentina;Venezuela leaves “Gran Colombia”2

3Latin America1835Battle of the Alamo in Texas1840Pedro II becomes emperor of BrazilU.S. & World18451846-48Annexation of Texas by U.S.Mexican American War (a.k.a.War of North American Invasion)1855 William Walker and mercenaries invade Nicaragua1858.61War of the Reform (Mexico)1861-65 U.S. Civil War1864.67Emperor Maximilian in Mexico1865-70War of the Triple Alliance (Paraguayan War)1876-1911 Porfirio Díaz rules Mexico1879.83War of the Pacific1888Abolition of slavery in Brazil1889Abdication of Pedro II in Brazil1889-90 First Inter-AmericanConference held in Washington,D.C.1895 Richard Olney declares U.S.“practically sovereign” in LatinAmerica1898 U.S. enters war for Cuban independence from Spain1899-1903 War of Thousand Days(Colombia)1899 Founding of United Fruit Co.1900 Publication of Ariel (José Enrique Rodó)3

4Latin AmericaU.S. & World1901 Theodore Roosevelt becomesU.S. president1903 “Taking” of Panama by U.S.1903-14 Construction of PanamaCanal1902 Publication of Os Sertões(Euclides da Cunha)1909-33 U.S. interventions in Nicaragua, Mexico, Caribbean1910-17 Mexican Revolution1914-18 World War I1915Publication of Los de abajo(Mariano Azuela)1916Hipólito Yrigoyen wins first democraticelection in Argentina1917 Bolshevik Revolution inRussia1920 Women obtain vote in U.S.1927-33 Augusto César Sandinoand guerrillas defy U.S. Marines in Nicaragua1929 Women obtain vote in Ecuador;founding of PNR (later PRI) in Mexico1929 Great Depression begins1930 Founding of APRA; Getúlio Vargastakes power in Brazil; military coupin Argentina1932.35 Chaco War (Bolivia-Paraguay)1933 FDR announces “GoodNeighbor” policy1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas winsNobel Peace Prize4

5Latin AmericaU.S. & World1936-39 Spanish Civil War1938Nationalization of oil in Mexico1939-45 World War II1945 Gabriela Mistral wins NobelPrize for Literature1945-54 Reformist democracy in Guatemala1945-48 Democratic trienio in Venezuela1946-55 Juan Perón rules Argentina1946 Cold War begins19481948 Founding of CEPAL by UNAssassination of Gaitán (Colombia)1949 Communist victory in China1950 Outbreak of Korean War1952Bolivian Revolution; Marcos PérezJiménez takes power in Venezuela1952 Dwight Eisenhower electedU.S. president1953 CIA intervention in Iran1954CIA intervention in Guatemala;1957 François Duvalier takes power in Haiti1958 Initiation of National Front (Colombia);Pact of Punto Fijo (Venezuela)1959Cuban Revolution1960 OPEC founded; John F.Kennedy elected U.S. president1961Assassination of Rafael Trujillo(Dominican Republic); failure ofinvasion at Bay of Pigs (Cuba)1961 JFK launches Alliance forProgress5

6Latin AmericaU.S. & World1962 Cuban missile crisis1964 Military coup in Brazil1965 U.S. intervention in Dominican Republic1968-75 Reformist military rule in Peru1970Salvador Allende elected presidentof Chile1970-73 U.S. plots overthrow ofAllende1971 Pablo Neruda wins NobelPrize for Lierature1972-79 Reformist military rule in Ecuador1973 Military coups in Chile and Uruguay1976 Military coup in Argentina1976 Jimmy Carter electedU.S. president1979 Sandinista revolution overthrowsSomoza dynasty (Nicaragua)1980 Assassination of Archbishop Romero(El Salvador)1980Ronald Reagan electedU.S. president; Adolfo PérezEsquivel wins NobelPrize1982Gabriel García Márquez winsNobel Prize for Literature;Alfonso García Robles winsNobel Peace PrizePeace1982 Debt crisis begins in Mexico1983Raúl Alfonsín elected president of Argentina1985End of Brazilian military dictatorship1989U.S. invasion of Panama1990Restoration of democracy in Chile;Violeta Barrios de Chamorro electedpresident of Nicaragua61990 Collapse of Soviet Union,end of Cold War

7Latin AmericaU.S. & World1991Military coup in Haiti1992NAFTA treaty negotiated1992 Bill Clinton elected U.S.president; Rigoberta MenchúNobel Peace Prize1993Killing of Pablo Escobar (Colombia)1993 Ratification of NAFTA byU.S. Congress1994EZLN (Zapatista) uprising in Mexico;U.S. occupation of Haiti1998Plebiscite supports commonwealth statusfor Puerto Rico; Hugo Chávez elected president of Venezuelawins1999 Panama takes control of Canal2000 Vicente Fox elected president of Mexico2000 George W. Bush elected U.S.president2001 Terrorist attacks in New Yorkand Washington (9/11)2002 Lula elected president of Brazil; ÁlvaroUribe elected president of Colombia2002 U.S. forces invadeAfghanistan2003 U.S. forces invade Iraq2004 U.S. helps oust Jean-Bertrand Aristide in Haiti2005 Evo Morales elected president of Bolivia2006-07 Presidential elections: Michelle Bachelet in Chile,Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua, Felipe Calderón in Mexico,Rafael Correa in Ecuador, Cristina Fernández de Kirchnerin Argentina2008Barack Obama elected U.S.president2009 Coup d’etat in Honduras2010 Presidential elections: Dilma Rousseff in Brazil,Sebatian Piñera in Chile, Manuel Santos in Columbia,Laura Chinchilla in Costa Rica, José Mujica in Uruguay7

82011Presidential elections: Cristina Fernández de Kircher(second term) in Argentina, Ollanta Humala in Peru2012 Presidential elections: Enrique Peña Nietoin Mexico20132008 Barack Obama reelected U.S.presidentPresidential elections: Rafael Correa in Ecuador(third term), Nicola Maduro in Venezuela8

1846-48 Mexican American War (a.k.a. War of North American Invasion) 1855 William Walker and mercenaries invade Nicaragua 1858.61 War of the Reform (Mexico) 1861-65 U.S. Civil War 1864.67 Emperor Maximilian in Mexico 1865-70 War of the Triple Alliance (Paraguayan War) 1876-1911 Porfirio Díaz rules Mexico 1879.83 War of the Pacific

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