COLOR INTERPRETATION AND SOIL TEXTURES
COLOR INTERPRETATIONAND SOIL TEXTURESACT PRESENTATION 1 SEPTEMBER 2013David Hammonds, Environmental ManagerFlorida Department of HealthDivision of Disease Control and Health ProtectionBureau of Environmental HealthOnsite Sewage Programs850-245-4570
Materials for the soils training section wereprovided by the FDOH, USDA NaturalResources Conservation Service, Wade Hurt,Dr. Willie Harris, Dr. Mary Collins, Dr. RexEllis, the Florida Association of EnvironmentalSoil Scientists, Dr. Michael Vepraskas, theUniversity of Minnesota and the US EPADesign Manual.
Properly identifying soil morphology (soilcharacteristics observable in the field,including horizonation) is the mostimportant step leading to a properlypermitted, functional onsite sewagetreatment and disposal system. If youmake mistakes at this step, the worst‐casescenario is that the system will not meetrequired health standards and put thepublic at risk of waterborne disease.
Properties used indescribing soil layers
Color: A key property in soil interpretation Most evident Influenced by Organic Matter (OM) and redox‐sensitive metals such as Iron (Fe) andManganese (Mn) REDOX Oxidation/Reduction reaction‐ aprocess in which one or more substances arechanged into others Wetness affects OM and redox‐sensitive metals
Basics: Soil Color ‐ the dominant morphological featureused to predict the SHWT Matrix – dominant (background) color(s) of soilhorizon (can be 1 color) Mottle – splotch of color, opposite of matrix Redoximorphic (Redox) Features – specificfeatures formed from oxidation‐reductionreactions used to predict seasonal high watertables, includes certain types and amounts ofmottles. They are caused by the presence ofwater and minerals in the soil.
Proper Coloring Methodology USDA NRCS notation, methodology, andterminology is referenced by DOHregulations and therefore MUST be used forALL OSTDS purposes when describing soils(i.e. soil textures and colors) No other methodology is acceptable.
The Munsell Soil Color Charts Newest book came out in February2013. Can use older books if consistent withcurrent information (more later). 10YR AND 7.5YR replacement sheetscurrently available.
Munsell Color Notation Used to describe soil color for maximumaccuracy and communication. Three descriptive elements are used and arealways written in the following specific order.HUE VALUE/CHROMAExample: 10R 5/8
HUE Identifies the basis spectral color orwavelength (Red, Yellow, Blue, or in‐between, such as Yellow‐Red etc.) Normally one HUE on each page in theMunsell Soil Color Charts book ( areexceptions such as Gley colors‐more later) Most commonly used Hue in Florida is 10YR(but don’t just look on that page)
HUE Symbols(letter abbreviations) R Red; YR Yellow‐Red; Y Yellow The letter is preceded by numbers 0 to 10 Within each letter range the Hue becomesmore yellow and less red as the numbersincrease. For example:– 2.5YR is more red than 5YR– 7.5YR is less yellow than 10YR Gley Charts include Neutral, Yellow, Green,Blue, Purple, and combinations.
HUE Symbols The middle of the letter range is at 5 and the0 point is the same as the 10 point of thenext redder Hue. Therefore, 5YR is in the middle of the yellow‐red Hue, which extends from 10R (0YR) to10YR (0Y). Pages in Munsell Book are prearranged frommost red through most yellow.
Hue ‐ basis spectral color; wavelengthREDSAMEHUES0R 2.5R 5R 7.5R 10RMoving from left to right becomes moreyellow, even within groupsYELLOW-REDSAMEHUES0YR 2.5YR 5YR 7.5YR 10YRHues in blue are thecommon soil hues.0YYELLOW2.5 Y 5Y7.5YNote increments of 2.5between eachconsecutive hue (thisis one unit of hue)10Y
VALUE Indicates the degree of lightness or darkness,or reflectance of an object viewed in daylight Scale is from 0 for the ideal black to 10 forthe ideal white, in steps (units) that arevisually equal. Lightness increases from black at the bottomof page, through the grays, to nearly white atthe top of the page.
PURE WHITE 10/0ValueThe Degree ofLightness orDarkness ofthe SpectralColorGRAY 5/0PURE BLACK 0/0
CHROMA The color intensity, saturation or relativestrength of color. Indicates the degree ofdeparture from a gray of the same Value. The scale is from 0 ‐ 8 on the Munsell ColorChart. 0 indicates no strength (no color; gray)and 8 greatest strength (most color).Numbers are units of Chroma. Read from left (lowest) to right (highest).
CHROMA – strength of color“Neutral”Color1“Pure”Color23468 Increasing strength of color (at same Value)Increasing grayness
Value measurementof soil organicmatter (OM).Is the lightnessor darkness ofa color. Rangeis from 0 (pureblack) to 10(pure white).Chromameasurementof coloringagents likeiron ormanganese.Strength ofcolor. Rangeis from 0 (nocolor) to 8(most color).
Low Chroma Colors Throughout this course youwill hear the term “lowchroma colors”‐ What doesit mean?
Low Chroma means:CHROMA 2 OR LESS All hues have chroma 2 or less on the pages,therefore all hues have low chroma colors. All Gley chart colors are comprised completelyof low chroma colors. Specific low chroma colors have meaningregarding the SHWT determination (more onthis later).
Colors BETWEEN Chroma Chips Colors exist between Chroma chips They are noted differently than others If the chroma is between two chips, note thelower one and add a “ ” as a notation. Example: The soil has more color than 10YR6/1 and not enough to be 10YR 6/2. The proper notation would be 10YR 6/1
Colors BETWEEN Chroma Chips DO NOT ROUND UP TO THE NEXT HIGHERCHROMA. THIS IS ESSENTIAL WHEN DECIDING IFSPECIFIC COLORS CAN BE USED AS ANINDICATOR OF SEASONAL HIGH WATERTABLE (more later).
QUESTIONS?
PROPER TECHNIQUE WHENDETERMINING SOILCOLORS
Correct Coloring Method Hold soil behind the hue card with the colorchips (the right side of the Munsell Book). Find the closest match from all choices in thebook, read Hue Value/Chroma notation. Look to left side of Munsell book for soilcolor name and match Hue Value/Chromafrom right side. See next slide for examples.
COLOR NAME DIAGRAMMUNSELL NOTATIONS
When using the Munsell bookUse the book properly – Pages must be usable!!!Do not take too long to read the colorUse the chip masks if necessaryUse the mask closest in value to the soil sample beingobserved. Use black mask for black/very dark samples,white mask for light colored soil samples, gray for everythingelse. The use of a chip mask will facilitate color matching whenthere is difficulty in choosing a color. The mask allows only 4chips to be seen at one time. Located inside the back coverof the Munsell Book.
CHIP MASKS
Reading soil colors Optimumconditions– Natural light– Clear, sunny day– Midday– Light at rightangles– Soil is moist (notwet or dry)
Moist Soil A moist sample will not get any darker whenwater is added to the sample, and it will notglisten. A sample that is too wet will glistenin the sunlight, or the water puddles on thesample. When texturing, the soil should be easilymanipulated by your thumb and forefinger. In non‐sandy soils, this could be compared tomoist putty.
Correct Moisture ContentDRY SOILNote highervalue, lowerchromaMOIST SOILMUST USETHIS ONETOO WETNote Glistening
READING SOIL COLORSSun over RT shoulderRT angle to pageNO Sunglasses!!!Pages areUNALTERED/ORIGINAL/CLEANSmall/Moist sample BEHINDthe hue card! NEVERON THE PAGE!!
Sample is behind the hue cardSample
NOT THE RIGHT WAY!!!
Different types of Colors:The GLEY chartsThese are read differently thanthe other charts
GLEY CHARTS Two supplemental charts containinggrayish, bluish and greenish colors oftenfound in very wet mineral soils arecontained on these charts. The chartsalso contain a Neutral Hue (no chroma).Soils with specific colors on these chartsare very wet and will be discussed in aseparate presentation.
The Gley ChartsHues are found in EACH INDIVIDUALCOLUMN at the bottom of the page.Values are on left, like other charts.
Valueson leftsideDifferent Hues on bottom
What about the CHROMAfor the Gley Charts? Read chroma from the Englishname (left side) of the charts.Chroma designation will be tothe right of the forward slash.See next slide.
Read Chroma from right offorward slashNO CHROMA
Note that all hues on the GleyCharts are chroma 1, except fortwo hues: N (Neutral) having 0 (no) chroma (this isdue to lack of iron giving any color), and 5G /2.
QUESTIONS?
Examples of MunsellBooksWhich Munsell books/Hue cards youshould and should not use (how toknow when to get a new Hue card ornew book)
Some of the problems Values or chromas have changed within the same huebetween editions Addition of new hues Missing chips Dirty chips (no longer are correct color) Cracked/faded/discolored chips Chips taped to page The pages have been laminated. The book has been left in the rain and has mildewed,obscuring the colors.
Two 10R pages from different years.Note new chips.
New columns of colorThis columndeletedThis is reallya new row
Taped chips,missing chips,cracked chips,discolored(dirty/faded)chips. Olderpage on left,new on right.
Comparison of2 cards(New behindold, look atdifferences incolors)
Use of the older cards wouldresult in misidentification of soilcolors, including the SHWTidentification features, which willresult in improper determinationof the SHWT.
Soil Color ContrastDetermining Differencesbetween soil colors
Hue Difference First must determine the difference inthe HUES of each color Should use color wheel (later slide) Quick method for most colors is tocount pages in accordance withfollowing diagram. (Note: Δ signifies“change in” and “h” signifies Hue;therefore Δh means change in Hue)
h 1 per page, count # of pages h 1 per page. Count # of 2.5-unitintervals.
Use of the MunsellHue CircleUSDA NRCS Technical Note 2
The hues shown in RED are the approved soil hues. In a clockwisedirection, hues of5R through 5Y arespaced at 2.5‐unitintervals. These hues are“normal soil hues.” One 2.5‐unitinterval equates toa change of oneunit of hue.
Of the remainingapproved soilhues (in red),between 5Y and5PB the intervalbetween eachsoil hue is TWO2.5‐unit intervals. This correlates totwo units of huebetween eachsoil hue
To calculate Hue Change: To determine the "difference in hue" betweencolors, COUNT THE NUMBER OF 2.5‐UNITINTERVALS. For example, hues of 2.5YR and 7.5YR differ by two2.5‐unit intervals (7.5‐2.5 5, which is two 2.5 unitintervals), and so their difference in hue is countedas "2.“ Hues of 5Y and 5GY differ by four 2.5‐unit intervals,and so their difference in hue is counted as "4.“ Could also just use the wheel.
Hue change from Neutral The Hue change fromNEUTRAL to ANY OTHER HUEis a change of ONE UNIT OFHUE.
Units of Value Change Units of value range from 0 to 10.Normally, there is a one unit changebetween each color, but there may beless. For example:The difference in Value between a10YR 5/1 and a 10YR 7/1 is 2 UNITS.(The difference between 5 and 7 is 2.)
Here, the values canchange as little as 0.5 unitswithin the same chroma. The difference between avalue of 2.5 and a value of3 (both at chroma 1) is 0.5units ( 1 unit of valuechange). If you were tocount chips, the answerwould be different, wherethe wrong answer would bea difference of 1 chip.
VERY IMPORTANT!!! TO DETERMINE VALUE CHANGE,CALCULATE DIFFERENCEBETWEEN THE UNITS(Value of 2.5, 3, 4, etc.) –DO NOT COUNT CHIPS !!
Units of Chroma Change Units for Chroma range from 0 to 8.There is a one or two unit changebetween each color.1 UNIT CHANGE/CHIP2 UNIT CHANGE/CHIP
VERY IMPORTANT!!! TO DETERMINE CHROMA CHANGE,CALCULATE DIFFERENCE BETWEENTHE UNITS(Chroma of 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) –DO NOT COUNT CHIPS !!
Units of Chroma Change For example:The difference in Chroma between a7.5YR 5/1 and a 10YR 5/2 is 1 unit.(2‐1 1)The difference in Chroma between a10YR 5/3 and a 10YR 5/6 is 3 units.(6‐3 3)Note that there is a change of two chips but isactually a change of 3 units of chroma.Do not count chips!!!
Note When reading values and chromas, only thoseunits are considered. Compare Value to Valueand Chroma to Chroma. Change in hue does not affect the calculationof the difference between values or chromas,they are independent of each other. Simply determine the value or chroma in eachcolor and calculate the difference withoutregard to hue.
QUESTIONS?
Contrast between SoilColorsContrast refers to the degree of visualdistinction between associated colors.Faint – contrasts that are evident onlyon close examination.Distinct -- contrasts that are readilyseen but are only moderately expressedProminent -- contrasts that arestrongly expressed.
QUESTION Can different people uniformly andconsistently judge these subjectivecriteria with no other guidelines?
Not very likely!!!! An objective method is usedto judge Soil Color Contrast.
USDA NRCSSoil Survey Technical NoteNo. 2May 2002Soil Color Contrast
Cover page
In the following slides, the symbol “Δ”(delta)means “change or difference in.” Forexample: Δh 1 means the change of huebetween the two colors is one 2.5‐unitinterval.Example 7.5YR to 10YRUse the method given in the technical note todetermine hue difference.
IMPORTANT NOTE!!!If the mottle and matrix both have valuesof 3 and chromas of 2, the colorcontrast is faint, REGARDLESS OF THEDIFFERENCE IN HUE.
Δh 0:3 Faint9 Distinct5 Prominent(Note that aΔ value orΔ chroma 4 isprominent)
Δh 12 Faint4 Distinct4 Prominent(Note that aΔ value orΔ chroma 3is prominent
Δh 21 Faint2 Distinct3 Prominent(Note that a Δvalue or Δchroma 2 isprominent)
Δh 3All color contrast is prominent by definition ‐EXCEPT FOR THOSE VALUES 3 AND CHROMAS 2, WHICH ARE FAINT BY DEFINITIONREGARDLESS OF HUE CHANGE
STINCTFAINTFAINTUsing matrix Color 10YR 4/2 (red box area)the soil color contrast comparison is:
If you believe you havefound a discrepancy inthe chart:USE “DEFINITION OF SOILCOLOR CONTRAST TERMS”
Volume of RedoximorphicFeaturesThe quantity (volume) of theredoximorphic features in the soilsample is important for thedetermination of the estimatedseasonal high water tables.
Non‐hydric soils Redoximorphic features must be at leastCOMMON, but can also be MANY. They CANNOT be FEW. So, what is the required volume redoxfeatures must occupy to count as“common” or “many”?
Quantity of RedoximorphicFeatures (few, common, many) The following amounts correlate withspecific percentages: Few ‐‐ less than 2% ( 2%) Common ‐‐ 2 to 20% (2‐20%) Many ‐‐ more than 20% ( 20%)
Determination of thequantity of Redox Features Use the “Charts for EstimatingProportions of Mottles and CoarseFragments” found in the Munsell SoilColor Charts. These will quantify theamount of redox features.
Abundance and Size ofColor Contrasting Areas Size of mottlesFine 5 mmMedium 5 to 15mmCoarse 15 mm Note that the size ofthe mottles do notmatter, only theamount.
QUESTIONS?
Is texturing or coloringperformed first? Coloring‐Redoximorphic features could beoverlooked due to the physical manipulationof the soil if it was textured first. All colors in the sample are recorded beforetexturing. Multiple colors easily blend. The same soil sample should be used to bothcolor and texture, increasing the accuracy ofthe profile.
See what happens?AT LEAST 4 COLORS EXIST IN SAMPLEAFTER MIXINGBEFORE MIXING
Where is the best place toget the soil sample? The sample to be colored (and textured) should comefrom an area that has not been disturbed orcontaminated from the process of taking the sample(e.g. turning of the soil auger). For example, in heaviertextured soils, the outside of the sample is often marredby the turning of the auger and is contaminated by soilabove it. The true color (or texture) of the soil is notnecessarily on the outside of the sample.
Heavy textured soils(loams and clays) The sample must be obtained from the areaof least disturbance, normally the middle ofthe sample. The soil sample should be brokenlongitudinally to observe the colors and tocollect the sample for texturing.
EXAMPLE IN AUGER BUCKET
Outside of sampleair got to sample,reduced matrixformingINSIDE THEAUGER BUCKETInside of sample-nooxidation-depletedmatrix is observed
Sandy soils Sandy soils are not easily removed from thebucket in one or two large pieces. The sample still must come from anunadulterated area. Make sure that whatyou are looking at is from the horizon inquestion, not debris from a different source(soil falling into hole or onto sample).
SANDY SOIL WITH REDOX
Careful observation is required. Redoxfeatures can be missed when using a bucketauger. Take the time necessary to makeproper observations. Use a sharpshooter‐type shovel to remove aplug of soil to determine the depth to theuppermost SHWT feature. The larger soilsample size makes it easier to see soilfeatures. Some redox features are harder tosee in an auger.
Approximatecomparisonbetweensamples foundin auger andsharpshooter‐type shovel
Soil Formation HorizonsWhat is a “Soil Horizon”?
Soil Horizon Basics A soil horizon is a layer of soil, approximatelyparallel to the surface, having distinct characteristicsproduced by the soil‐forming process. Soil has natural organization and is biologicallyactive. This is a result of several factors that will bediscussed in a later presentation. Individual kinds of soils are distinguished by theirspecific sequence of horizons, or “soil profile.” Thecharacteristics and vertical sequence of thesehorizons vary in natural patterns across thelandscape.
SOIL:COMPONENTS ANDTEXTURES
The following are the soiltextures employed by USDANRCS (therefore by DOH) Note that very coarse sand and coarsesand are combined into theclassification of “coarse sand” whendetermining textures. Red indicates Sandy SHWT indicatorsused Gray means Loamy/Clayey SHWTindicators used.
VCOS very coarsesandCOS coarse sandSFSfine sandVFS very finesandLCOS loamycoarse sandLSloamy sandLFS loamy finesandLVFS loamy veryfine sandCOSL coarsesandy loamSL sandy loamFSL fine sandyloamVFSL very finesandy loamLSIL silt loamSISCL sandy clayloamsiltloamsandCL clay loamSICL silty clay loam SC sandy claySIC silty clayCclayMARL is writtenoutMK muckyPTpeatyGR gravelly orgravelsMUCK is writtenoutHard Rock iswritten outSoft Rock iswritten outPEAT is written out
**NOTE ** THE TEXTURE OF LVFS IS CONSIDERED TOBE A LOAMY TEXTURED SOIL FORPURPOSES OF REDOX FEATUREIDENTIFICATION.
Why is Soil TextureImportant? Soil texture controls which redoximorphicfeatures are used to determine the seasonalhigh water table. Soil texture also controls the size of thedrainfield/unobstructed area (assuming sameestimated daily sewage flow).
COMPONENTS OF THESOILThere are 4 basic components of soil. Minerals (particle size) Organic Matter Water Gases
Soil Minerals: Particle Size For DOH purposes, only mineral particlesize is considered, as opposed to thematerial from which the particle ismade. Mineral size is broken down into threemain categories.
Three Mineral ParticleSizes Sand: 2.00‐0.05 mm Silt: 0.05‐0.002 mm Clay: 0.002 mm(2 millionths of a meter)
Soil Particle SizeComparisonSandSilt. ClayHere is theclay particle.See the verysmall dot?
SAND facts Largest Mineral ParticleSize is 2.0 mm to 0.05 mm in diameterIndividual particles visible withoutmagnificationGritty when RubbedBarely holds together when moistWater Movement is Rapid to VeryRapid (large pores)
Note how the sand doesnot hold together
SAND Size Subdivisions Fine Sand and Medium Sand(m
Correct Coloring Method Hold soil behindthe hue card with the color chips (the right side of the Munsell Book). Find the closest match from all choices in the book, read Hue Value/Chroma notation. Look to left side of Munsell book for soil color name and match Hue Value/Chroma
To Wrap Textures Around Quadric Objects There are 2 ways to do this: you can use quadric textures or automatic texture generation. Quadric textures are easy but don't give much control. Automatic textures give some control but don't ten
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Munsell color notation and Eq. [3] and [4] t Abbreviations used for each soil variable are presented in brackets. tions were compared with soil variables measured by standard laboratory techniques and expressed as numerical values. Soil Color Indices Soil color based on the soil Munsell color chart consists of hue, value, and chroma.
The Munsell Soil Color Chart is the only system that should be used to describe soil colors. When describing soil colors, soils should be moist (not dripping wet) and should be colored in the field soon after opening up the soil pit. Hold the soil in the opening next to the color chip to compare the color. The soil color is described by hue (the
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