Department Of Electronics & Communication Engineering LAB .
Department of Electronics & CommunicationEngineeringLAB MANUALSUBJECT: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION [06BEC201]B.Tech III Year – VI Semester(Branch: ECE)BHAGWANT UNIVERSITYSIKAR ROAD, AJMERDIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY
OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this lab is to explore digital communications with a software radio tounderstand how each component works together. The lab will cover, analog to digitalconversion, modulation, pulse shaping, and noise analysis.
DEPARTMENT OF ECEII YEAR III SEMESTER ECELIST OF EXPERIMENTSOBJECTIVES:The purpose of this lab is to explore digital communications with asoftware radio to understand how each component works together. Thelab will cover, analog to digital conversion, modulation, pulse shaping,and noise analysis1. Signal Sampling and reconstruction2. Amplitude modulation and demodulation3. Frequency modulation and demodulation4. Pulse code modulation and demodulation.5. a) Delta modulationb) Adaptive delta Modulation6. BFSK modulation and Demodulation7. BPSK modulation and Demodulation8. TDM and FDM9. Line Coding Schemes10.FSK, PSK and DPSK schemes (Simulation)
EXP. NO :1SIGNAL SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTIONDATE:Aim:To study the different types of signal sampling and its reconstruction.Apparatus Required:1.2.3.4.Sampling and its reconstruction Kit - DCL 01Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)Power supplyPatch cordsProcedure:1. The connections are given as per the block diagram for natural sampling2. Connect the power supply in proper polarity to the kit and & switch it on.3. Using the clock selector switch select 8 KHz sampling frequency andusing switch SW2 select 50% duty cycle.4. The input and output waveforms are measured using DSO.5. The procedure above is repeated for sample & hold and flat top sampling.Tabular Column:SIGNALI/P SignalClock SignalO/Pa) NaturalSamplingb) Sample holdc) Flat top samplingAMPLITUDE (V)TIMEPERIOD (S)FREQ(HZ)
Fig. 1.1 Block Diagram for Natural SamplingFig. 1.2 Block Diagram for Sample and HoldFig. 1.3 Block Diagram for Flat Top Sampling
MODEL GRAPHFig 1.4 Model Graph for Signal sampling and reconstruction using sample & hold.Result:ndComparing the reconstructed output of 2 order Low Pass Butterworth filter for allthree types of sampling , it is observed that the output of the sample and hold is thebetter when compared to the outputs of natural sampling and the flat top sampling.
EXP. NO :2DATE:GENERATION AND DETECTION OF AMPLITUDEMODULATIONAim:To study an amplitude modulation & demodulation circuit and to calculate modulationindex of AM.Apparatus Required:1.2.3.4.AM transmitter and receiver kitDigital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)Power supplyPatch cordsProcedure:1. The connections are given as per the block diagram.2. Set the modulating signal frequency at 1KHz and carrier signal frequency at 500Khz3. Vary the amplitude of the modulating signal and check for the threefollowing conditionsa. Modulation index (m) lesser than 1b. Modulation index (m) equal to 1c. Modulation index (m) greater than 1
Block DiagramFig. 2.1 Block Diagram for AM Modulation and DemodulationMODEL GRAPHFig 2.1 Model Graph for AM Modulation and demodulation.
Tabular Column:Message Frequency S.NOAmAcCarrier Frequency EmaxEmin%MResult:Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit and itswaveforms are analyzed for different modulation index.
GENERATION AND DETECTION OF FREQUENCYEXP. NO:3MODULATIONDate :Aim:To study frequency modulation & demodulation and to calculate modulation indexof FM.Apparatus Required:1.2.3.4.FM transmitter and receiver kitDigital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)Power supplyPatch cordsProcedure:1. The connections are given as per the block diagram.2. Set the modulating signal frequency at 1KHz and carrier signal frequency at 500Khz3. Vary the frequency of the modulating signal and check for the threefollowing conditionsa. Modulation index (m) lesser than 1b. Modulation index (m) equal to 1c. Modulation index (m) greater than 1Tabulation:Message Frequency S.NOAmCarrier Frequency TLTHFLFHFreq.Deviation%M
Block DiagramFig 3.1 Block diagram for FM modulation and demodulationModel GraphFig 3.2 Model Graph for FM modulation and demodulationResult:Frequency Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit and itswaveforms are analyzed for different modulation index.
EXP. NO :4DATE:PULSE CODE MODULATION & DEMODULATIONAim:To construct and study a PCM transmitter and receiver kitApparatus Required:1. PCM Transmitter and Receiver Kit2. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)3. Power supply4. Patch cordsProcedure:1. The connections are given as per the block diagram.2. Connect power supply in proper polarity to kits DCL-03 and DCL-04 and switchit on.3. Set the function generator , clock generator and speed selection switch SW1 tofast mode.4. Observe the modulated output and demodulated output.5. Measure the observed output and with the values plot the graph.Tabular Column:SIGNALMessage Signal 1Message Signal 2Clock Signal 1Clock Signal 2PCM (Modulated Output)Demodulated Signal 1Demodulated Signal 2AMPLITUDE (V)TIME PERIOD (s)FREQUENCY(Hz)
Block DiagramFig. 4.1 Block Diagram for PCM Modulation and DemodulationModel GraphResult:Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit and itswaveforms are studied.
EXP. NO:5aDATE:DELTA MODULATION AND DEMODULATIONAim:To study the characteristics of delta modulation and demodulation kit.Apparatus Required:1. Delta modulation and demodulation Kit2. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)3. Power supply4. Patch cordsProcedure:1.2.3.4.5.The connections are given as per the block diagram.Connect power supply in proper polarity to kits DCL-07 and switch it on.Keep the Switch S2 in Delta position.Keep the Switch S4 High.Observe the various tests points in delta demodulator section and observe thendthreconstructed signal through 2 order and 4 order filter .TABULATIONAMPLITUDEMessage SignalDigital SamplerO/PIntegrator -3 O/PFilter O/PTIME PERIODFREQUENCY
Block DiagramFig 5.1a Block diagram for delta modulation and demodulationMODELGRAPHRESULTDelta Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit and itswaveforms are studied.
EXP. NO:5bADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION &DEMODULATIONDATE:Aim:To study the characteristics of adaptive delta modulation and demodulation kit.Apparatus Required:1. Delta modulation and demodulation Kit2. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)3. Power supply4. Patch cordsProcedure:1.2.3.4.5.The connections are given as per the block diagram.Connect power supply in proper polarity to kits DCL-07 and switch it on.Keep the Switch S2 in sigma delta position.Keep the Switch S3 High.Observe the various tests points in demodulator section and observe thendthreconstructed signal through 2 order and 4 order filter .TabulationAMPLITUDEMessage SignalDigital SamplerO/PIntegrator -3 O/PFilter O/PTIME PERIODFREQUENCY
BLOCK DIAGRAMFig 5.1b Block diagram for Adaptive delta modulation and demodulation
MODELGRAPHRESULTAdaptive Delta Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit andits waveforms are studied.
EXP. NO :6BFSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATIONDATE:Aim:To study the characteristics of Binary Frequency Shift keying (BFSK) modulationand demodulation.Apparatus Required:1. BFSK Modulation (DCL-05) and demodulation kit (DCL-06)2. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)3. Power supply4. Patch cordsProcedure:1.2.3.4.The connections are given as per the block diagram.Connect the power supply in proper polarity to the kit and & switch it on.Set the amplitude of the sine wave as desired.Observe the waveforms at thea. Clockb. SIN 1 & SIN 2c. MODULATOR OUTPUTd. FSK OUTand plot it on graph paperTabulation:SIGNALClock SignalInput 1Input2Modulator OutputDemodulated OutputAMPLITUDE (V)TIME PERIOD (s)Frequency(Hz)
Block Diagram:Fig 6.1 Block diagram for Frequency Shift KeyingModel Graph:RESULTBFSK Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit and itswaveforms are studied.
EXP. NO : 7BPSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATIONDATE:Aim:To construct and study the characteristics of BPSK modulation and demodulation.Apparatus Required:1. BPSK Modulation and demodulation kit2. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)3. Power supply4. Patch cordsProcedure:5.6.7.8.The connections are given as per the block diagram.Connect the power supply in proper polarity to the kit and & switch it on.Set the amplitude of the sine wave as desired.Observe the waveforms at thea. Clockb. SIN 1 & SIN 2c. MODULATOR OUTPUTd. PSK OUTand plot it on graph paperTabulation:SIGNALClock SignalInput 1Input2Modulator OutputDemodulated OutputAMPLITUDE (V)TIME PERIOD (s)Frequency(Hz)
Block Diagram:Fig 7.1 Block diagram for Binary Phase Shift KeyingModel Graph:RESULTBPSK Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit and itswaveforms are studied.
EXP. NO: 8aTIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXINGDATE:Aim:To study the Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and draw its waveforms.Apparatus Required:1. DCL 02 TDM kit2. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)3. Power supply4. Patch cordsProcedure:1.2.3.4.The connections are given as per the block diagram.Connect the power supply in proper polarity to the kit and & switch it on.Set the amplitude of the sine wave as desired.Observe the following waveforms at thea. Input Channelb. Multiplexer Output (TXD)c. Reconstructed Signal (OUT0, OUT1,OUT2,OUT3)and plot it on graph paperTabulation:SIGNALCARRIER (CLK)AMPLITUDE (V)TIME PERIOD (s)TON TOFF TEDDEMODULATEDV1 V2 V3 V4 T1 T2 T3 T4 V1 V2 V3 V4 T1 T2 T3 T4 Frequency(Hz)
Block Diagram:Fig 8.1a Block diagram for Time Division MultiplexingModel graphRESULTTDM Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit and its waveformsare studied.
EXP. NO: 8bFREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING ANDDEMULTIPLEXINGDATE:Aim:To study the Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and draw its waveforms.Apparatus Required:1. ACL 06 FDM kit2. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)3. Power supply4. Patch cordsProcedure:1. The connections are given as per the block diagram.2. Connect the power supply in proper polarity to the kit and & switch it on.3. Observe the following waveforms at thea. Input Channelb. Multiplexer Output (TXD)c. Reconstructed Signal (OUT0, OUT1,OUT2,OUT3)and plot it on graph paperBlock Diagram:Fig 8.1b Block diagram for Frequency Division Multiplexing
Tabular Column:SIGNALInput 1Input 1Modulated InputDemodulated Output1Demodulated Output2AMPLITUDE (V)TIME PERIOD (s)Frequency(Hz)Model graphRESULTFDM Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit and itswaveforms are studied.
EXP. NO: 9LINE CODING AND DECODING TECHNIQUEDATE:AIM:To perform data coding and decoding techniques for phase encoded format.APPARATUS REQUIRED1. Experiment kits DCL-05 & DCL-062. Patch cords3. Power supplyDIAGRAM:
THEORYThis phase – encoded – group consists ofa) Biphase – levelb) Biphase – markc) Biphase – SpaceWith the Biphase – L ‘ one’ is represented by a half bit wide pulse partitioned during thefirst half the bit interval and a ‘zero’ is represent by a half bit white pulse partitioned during thesecond half of the bit interval.PROCEDURE1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram2. Connect CLOCK and data generated on DCL-05 to coding CLOCK IN and data inputrespectively by means of patch cords.3. Connect the coded data NRZ – L on DCL-05 to corresponding DATA INPUT NRZ–Lof the decoding logic on DCL-064. Keep the switches SW2 for NRZ-L to ON position5. Observe the coded and decoded signal on the oscilloscope ,Observe the waveformTABULATION:SIGNALSInputOutputAMPLITUDE (V)TIME (ms)
MODEL GRAPH:RESULT:The data coding and decoding techniques for phase encoded format are studied.
EXP. NO: 10AMPITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK),FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYINGTECHNIQUE (FSK) & PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK) USING MATLABDATE:AIMTo write a program to perform ASK,FSK & PSK using MATLAB and to obtain itsoutput waveforms.APPARATUS REQUIREDPersonal computer, MATLAB R2012aPROCEDURE1. Click start, select All programs, select MATLAB R2012a2. Click file, select new M-file3. Type the program4. Save it with extension.m5. Click RUN to obtain the output waveformPROGRAMASKclc %for clearing the command windowclose all %for closing all the window except command windowclear all %for deleting all the variables from the memoryfc1 input('Enter the freq of 1st Sine Wave carrier:');fc2 input('Enter the freq of 2nd Sine Wave carrier:');fp input('Enter the freq of Periodic Binary pulse (Message):');amp input('Enter the amplitude (For Both Carrier & Binary Pulse Message):');amp amp/2;t 0:0.001:1;c1 amp.*sin(2*pi*fc1*t);c2 el('Time')ylabel('Amplitude')title('Carrier 1Wave') subplot(5,1,2)
Carrier 2 Wave')m amp.*square(2*pi*fp*t) mplitude')title('Binary MessagePulses') for i 0:1000if m(i 1) 0mm(i 1) c2(i 1);elsemm(i 1) c1(i bel('Amplitude')title('Modulated Wave')for i 0:1000if mm(i 1) c2(i 1)dm(i 1) m(i 1);elsedm(i 1) m(i bel('Amplitude')title('Demodulated signal')
Fig 10.1 Matlab Simulation of ASKFSKclc %for clearing the command windowclose all %for closing all the window except commandwindow clear all %for deleting all the variables from thememory fc1 input('Enter the freq of 1st Sine Wave carrier:');fc2 input('Enter the freq of 2nd Sine Wave carrier:');fp input('Enter the freq of Periodic Binary pulse (Message):');amp input('Enter the amplitude (For Both Carrier & Binary PulseMessage):'); amp amp/2;t 0:0.001:1;c1 amp.*sin(2*pi*fc1*t);c2 el('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')title('Carrier 1 ('Amplitude')title('Carrier 2 Wave')m amp.*square(2*pi*fp*t) mplitude')title('Binary MessagePulses') for i 0:1000if m(i 1) 0mm(i 1) c2(i 1);elsemm(i 1) c1(i bel('Amplitude')title('ModulatedWave') for i 0:1000if mm(i 1) c2(i 1)dm(i 1) m(i 1);elsedm(i 1) m(i bel('Amplitude')title('Demodulated signal')
Fig 10.2 Matlab Simulation of FSKPSKclear all;clc;close all;set(0,'defaultlinelinewidth',2);A 5;t 0:.001:1;f1 input('Carrier Sine wave frequency '); f2 input('Message frequency ');x A.*sin(2*pi*f1*t);%Carrier ('Amplitude');
title('Carrier');grid on;u square(2*pi*f2*t);%Messagesignal plitude');title('MessageSignal'); grid on;v x.*u;%Sine wave multiplied with square ');title('PSK');grid on;d v./x;%Sine wave multiplied with squarewave itle('DemodulatedPSK'); grid on;
Fig 10.2 Matlab Simulation of PSKRESULTThus the program for performing frequency shift keying using MATLAB wasperformed.
2. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) 3. Power supply 4. Patch cords Procedure: 1. The connections are given as per the block diagram for natural sampling 2. Connect the power supply in proper polarity to the kit and & switch it on. 3. Using the clock selector switch select 8 KHz sampling frequency and using switch SW2 select 50% duty cycle.
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