CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS: HYDROCARBON
Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDFNCERT Solutions, CBSE Sample paper, Latest Syllabus,NCERT Books, Last Year Question Papers and Many More.HOMEQuestion PapersNCERT SolutionsCBSE PapersCBSE NotesE-BOOKSAboutCBSE Video lectures for downloadClass 6Class 7Class 8Class 10Class 11Class 12Chapter 1 Some Basic ConceptsOf ChemistryChapter 13 HydrocarbonChapter 2 Structure Of AtomChapter 3 Classification ofElements And Periodicity InProperties of ElementsClass 9Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & NotesHydrocarbons are composed of Carbon and hydrogen.The important fuels like Petrol, kerosene, coal gas, CNG, LPG etc. are all hydrocarbons ortheir mixture. Sources:Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding AndMolecular StructurePetroleum and natural gas are the major sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon while coal is an importantChapter 5 States of MatterROCK, OLEUM – OIL. The oil in the petroleum field is covered with a gaseous mixture known asChapter 6 Thermodynamicssource of aromatic hydrocarbons. The oil trapped inside the rocks is known as petroleum. PETRA –natural gas. The main constituents of the natural gas are methane, ethane, propane and butane.CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS: HYDROCARBONChapter 11 The p- Block ElementChapter 7 EquilibriumChapter 8 Redox ReactionsChapter 10 The s- Block ElementChapter 12 Organic chemistry :Some Basic Principles andTechniquesChapter 13 HydrocarbonChapter 14 EnvironmentalChemistryCycloalkanes Cycloalkenes Cycloalkynes C–C bondChemically unreactiveShow chain, position and optical isomerism.Heptane has 9 isomer, Octane 18 and Decane 75. Nomenclature:http://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques 1394 Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas %26 Notes Download in Free PDF[12/19/2016 11:09:06 AM]
Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDFFollow mainly free radicalmechanismUseful in preparingeven number of carbon atomsStepping up reactionanalkanecontainingFrankland reaction4. From carboxylic acids :- DecarboxylationPhysical Properties:(1) Nature:- Non-Polar due to covalent nature of C—C bond and C—H bond. C— C bond enrgy 83kj/mole and C—H bond energy 99 kj/mole. C1—C4 gases, C5—C17 colourless odourless liquid and C17 Solid.(2) Solubility :- Like dissolve like Viz, Polar compounds dissolve in polar solvent and Non-Polarcompound dissolve in non polar solvent.(3) Boiling point :- Low boiling point due to non polar in nature The molecules are held togetheronly by weak Van der Waalls’ forces.Since we known that the magnitude of Van der Waalls’ forces is directly proportional to the molecularsize. Therefore, the boiling point increases with increase the molecular size i.e. with increase innumber of carbon atoms.Noted :- the boiling points of the branched chain Alkanes are less than the straight chain isomers.This is due to the fact that branching of the chain makes the molecule more compact and therebydecreases the surface aria and consequently, the magnitudes of Van der Waalls’ forces also decrease.n-penatne (boling point 309khttp://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques 1394 Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas %26 Notes Download in Free PDF[12/19/2016 11:09:06 AM]
Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDFiso- pentane boling point 301 kneo-pentane boling point 280.5 kregular variation with ven number of carbon atoms having higher melting point a 2O2 CO 2 2H2 Olkanes having immediately next lower and immediately next higher odd number of carbon atoms.Chemical propertiesNoted :- Iodination is a reversible reaction. So it is carried out by heating alkane in the presence ofsome oxidizing agent like iodic acid (HIO 3 ) or nitric acid (HNO3 ) or mercuric oxide (HgO) whichoxidizes HI formed during the reaction.Noted :- Fluorination of alkane takes place explosively resulting even in the rupture of C—C bond inhigher alkanes.Features of Halogenations:(i) The reactivity of Halogens:- F2 Cl2 Br2 I2.(ii) The rate of replacement of Hydrogens of alkanes is :- 3 2 1 http://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques 1394 Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas %26 Notes Download in Free PDF[12/19/2016 11:09:06 AM]
Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDFMechanism :- halogenations reaction take place by free radical mechanism. The reaction proceeds inthe following steps : Initiation(i) Chain initiation step:(ii) Chain Propagation step :-(iii) Chain Termination step :-Nitration: The reaction takes places by free radicals mechanism at high temp (450 oC). At high temp C—C bond is also broken so that mixture of nitroalkanes is obtained.This method is also called dehydrogenation or hydroformingSimilarly, heptane gives toluene, n-Octane give o-xylene and 2, methyl heptane give m-xylene.Thermal decomposition or Pyrolysis or cracking or Fragmentation: - when higher alkanes arehttp://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques 1394 Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas %26 Notes Download in Free PDF[12/19/2016 11:09:06 AM]
Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDFheated at high temp (about 700-800k) in the presence of alumina or silica catalysts, the alkanesbreak down to lower alkanes and alkenes.CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 3CH 3 -CH-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 3 C2H 4 CH 4Action of steam :- catalyst: nickel, alumina Al2O3 1000 oC CH 4 H 2 O(Steam)CO 3H2This reaction is used for the industrial preparation of hydrogen from natural gas.8. Isomerisation :-CONFORMATIONAL ISOMERISM:The different molecular arrangements arising as a result of rotation around carbon carbon singlebonds are called conformational isomers or rotational isomers and the phenomenon is calledconformational isomerism.Numerous possible arrangements of ethane are possible. Two extreme conformations are known.These are eclipsed conformation and staggered conformation.SAWHORSE REPRESENTATIONNEWMAN PROJECTIONAlkenes Unsaturated hydrocarbon which have double bond. General molecular formula C nH 2n C–C bond hybridization 1.34 A0 sp2 hybridization When we treated Alkene with chlorine, oily products are obtained. So Alkenes are also known asOlefins. (Greek olefiant meaning oil forming). Show chain, positional and geometrical isomerismStructure of double bond:http://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques 1394 Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas %26 Notes Download in Free PDF[12/19/2016 11:09:06 AM]
Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDFPreparation:1. From Alkynes :- Alkynes on partial reduction with Partially deactivated palladised charcoalknown as Lindlar’s catalyst give alkynes.2. From Haloalkanes : - dehydrohalogenation(E 2 or 1,2-elimination or Bita-elimination)predominant formation of a substituted alkene is formed according to Saytzeff’s rule3. From Dihaloalkane s: - dehalogenation4. From Alcohols: - Dehydrationhttp://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques 1394 Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas %26 Notes Download in Free PDF[12/19/2016 11:09:06 AM]
Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDFChemical Properties:-(Brown colour) (Colourless)Addition Reaction:- Alkene show electrophilic addition reaction .1. Addition of Hydrogen:3. Addition of hydrogen halides :- Addition reaction of HBr to symmetrical alkenesAddition reaction of HBr to unsymmetrical alkenes takes placeaccording to Markovnikov RuleMarkownikov rule :negative part of the addendum (adding molecule) gets attached to that carbon atom which possesseslesser number of hydrogen atoms. e gPeroxide effect or Kharasch (Anti Markownikoff’s addition) :In 1933 Kharasch and Mayo observed that when HBr is added to an unsymmetrical double bond inthe presence of organic peroxide, the reaction take places opposite to the Markovnikov rule.http://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques 1394 Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas %26 Notes Download in Free PDF[12/19/2016 11:09:06 AM]
Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDFNoted:- peroxide effect is applicable only to HBr and not to HF, HCl and HI. Addition of HF, HCl andHI takes place according to Markovnikov’s rule even in the presence of peroxide.4. Addition of water (Hydration) :- Acid catalyzed addition of waterOxidation:1.Combustion :- CO2 H2 O2.Hydroboration–oxidation :- Alkanes react with diborane to form trialkyl boranes which onoxidation with alkaline H 2 O 2 give tion with potassium permanganate:-This reaction is also called HydroxylationCis product I.e. cis-diol is obtained.Noted :- The alkaline potassium permanganate solution is known as Baeyer’s reagent. It has brightpink colour. It oxidizes alkenes to glycols which is colourless. This reaction is used as a test for thepresence of double bond in a molecule. This is also known as Baeyer test. Oxidation with Ozone :- Ozonolysis – give carbonyls compoundsNoted:- Bromine water test and Baeyer’s test are used to detect the presence of double bond whilehttp://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques 1394 Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas %26 Notes Download in Free PDF[12/19/2016 11:09:06 AM]
Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDFozonolysis is used to detect the position of double bond.Alkynes Unsaturated hydrocarbon which have triple bond. General molecular formula C nH 2n–2 sp hybridization Shows chain, positional and functional isomerism Preparation:From vicinal dihalides : - dehalogenationBy the action of water on calcium carbide:Chemical Properties:Addition Reaction:- Alkyne show electrophilic addition reaction1. Addition of Hydrogen:- Hydrogenation.Noted:- It may be noted that the hydrogenation can be controlled at the alkene stage only. This ispossible by using a Lindlar’s catalysts or sodium in liquid NH3 at 200k temp.Noted:- It may be again noted that the catalytic reduction of alkynes in the presence of Lindlar’scatalyst gives cis-alkenes while in the presence of sodium in liquid NH3 (Birch reduction) gives transalkenes.2.Addition of Halogens:-3.Addition of hydrogen halides:-4.Addition of water (Hydration):- Acid catalyzed addition of water5. Polymerisationa. Linear polymerisation: of ethyne gives polyacetylene or polyethyne which is a high molecularweight polyene containing repeating units of (CH CH – CH CH ) and can be represented as —(CHhttp://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques 1394 Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas %26 Notes Download in Free PDF[12/19/2016 11:09:06 AM]
Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDF CH – CH CH)n — b. Cyclic polymerization- results in the formation of aromatic compound.Acidity of Alkynes- Terminal alkynes are acidic in natureAlkanes, alkenes and alkynes follow the following trend in their acidic behaviour :AROMATIC HYDROCARBONAromatic compounds containing benzene ring are known as benzenoids and those not containing abenzene ring are known as non-benzenoids. Structure of Benzene- Kekulé structureResonance and stability of benzene-Benzene is a hybrid of various resonating structures.The orbital overlapping picture benzene- All the six carbon atoms in benzene are sp2 hybridizedand these hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds.The unhybridised p orbital of carbon atoms are close enough to form a π bond by lateral overlap.http://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques 1394 Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas %26 Notes Download in Free PDF[12/19/2016 11:09:06 AM]
Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDFThe six π electrons are thus delocalised and can move freely about the six carbon nuclei. Thedelocalised π electron cloud is attracted more strongly by the nuclei of the carbon atoms than theelectron cloud localized between two carbon atoms. Therefore, presence of delocalised π electrons inbenzene makes it more stable .Aromaticity:The compounds that follow the following features are to be considered aromatic.(i) Planarity(ii) Complete delocalisation of the π electrons in the ring(iii) Presence of (4n 2) π electrons in the ring where n is an integer (n 0, 1, 2, . . .). This is oftenreferred to as Hückel RulePreparation of Benzene(i) Cyclic polymerisation of ethyne(ii) Decarboxylation of aromatic acids(iii) Reduction of phenol: Phenol is reduced to benzene by passing its vapours over heated zinc dusthttp://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques 1394 Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas %26 Notes Download in Free PDF[12/19/2016 11:09:06 AM]
Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDFPhysical properties:1. Aromatic hydrocarbons are non- polar molecules and are usually colourless liquids or solids witha characteristic aroma.2. Aromatic hydrocarbons are immiscible with water but are readily miscible with organic solvents.3. They burn with sooty flame.Chemical propertiesArenes are characterised by electrophilic substitution reactions proceed via the followingthree steps:(a) Generation of the eletrophile(b) Formation of carbocation intermediate(c) Removal of proton from the carbocation intermediatebenzene ontreatment with excess of chlorine in the presence of anhydrous AlCl 3 in dark yieldshexachlorobenzene (C 6 Cl 6 )Addition reactions of benzene-http://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques 1394 Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas %26 Notes Download in Free PDF[12/19/2016 11:09:06 AM]
Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDFDirective influence of a functional group in monosubstituted benzene:1. Ortho and para directing groups and activating :- –OH, –NH 2 , –NHR, –NHCOCH3 , –OCH3 , –CH 3 , –C2H 5 , etc.2. Meta directing group and deactivating:–NO 2 , –CN, –CHO, –COR, –COOH, –COOR, –SO 3 H, etc.3. Ortho and para directing groups and deactivating :- Halogens because of their strong – I effect,overall electron density on benzene ring decreases. However, due to resonance the electron ensity ono– and p– positions is greater than that at the m-position. Hence, they are also o– and p– irectinggroupsCARCINOGENICITY AND TOXICITY-Benzene and polynuclear hydrocarbons containing more thantwo benzene rings fused together are toxic and said to possess cancer producing (carcinogenic)property.Open your video in VLC player or add '.mp4' extension at end of the videoHydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Download in Free PDFsaturated hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, saturatedhydrocarbon, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon,saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon, define saturated hydrocarbon,hydrocarbon saturationPlease Click on G-plus or FacebookPlease send your queries at contact ncerthelp@gmail.comEvery effort has been made to ensure accuracy of data on this web site. We are not responsible for any type of mistakein data.All pdf files or link of pdf files are collected from various Resources Or sent by Students. If any pdf file have anyhttp://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques 1394 Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas %26 Notes Download in Free PDF[12/19/2016 11:09:06 AM]
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CHAPTER 13HYDROCARBON Hydrocarbons are composed of Carbon and hydrogen. The important fuels like Petrol, kerosene, coal gas, CNG, LPG etc. are allhydrocarbons or their mixture.Sources:Petroleum and natural gas are the major sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon while coal is animportant source of aromatic hydrocarbons. The oil trapped inside the rocks is known aspetroleum. PETRA – ROCK, OLEUM – OIL. The oil in the petroleum field is covered witha gaseous mixture known as natural gas. The main constituents of the natural gas aremethane, ethane, propane and butane.CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS:HYDROCARBONAcyclic or Aliphatic( Open chain)Carbocyclic or kanes CycloalkenesCycloalkynesAlkanes: Paraffins General formula CnH2n 2 sp3 hybridisation C–C bond length 1.15 4 A0 Chemically unreactive Show chain, position and optical isomerism. Heptane has 9 isomer, Octane 18 and Decane 75.Nomenclature:163
Preparation: Wurtz reaction:2CH3CH2Br2NaDryetherCH3CH2CH2CH3 Follow mainly free radical mechanism Usefulinpreparingeven number of carbon atoms Stepping up reactionFrankland reactionRX Zn Rx2NaBranalkanecontainingR –R ZnX2 From Grignard reagent (RMgX)RMgX HOHRMgX R'OHRMgX R'NH2RH Mg(OH)XRH Mg(OR')XRH Mg(NHR')X From unsaturated hydrocarbons:Sabatier-Senderens reductionR CHR CCH2H2CH H2Ni /Ni /R CH2R CH2CH3CH34. From carboxylic acidsDecarboxylation.-Kolbe’s electrolytic method- Physical Properties:(1) Nature:- Non-Polar due to covalent nature of C—C bond and C—H bond. C—C bond enrgy 83 kj/mole and C—H bond energy 99 kj/mole.C1—C4 gases, C5—C17 colourless odourless liquid and C17 Solid.(2) Solubility:- Like dissolve likeViz, Polar compounds dissolve in polar solvent and Non-Polar compound dissolve innon polar solvent.(3) Boiling point:- Low boiling point due to non polar in nature.164
The molecules are held together only by weak Van der Waalls’ forces.Since we known that the magnitude of Van der Waalls’ forces is directlyproportional to the molecular size. Therefore, the boiling point increases withincrease the molecular size i.e. with increase in number of carbon atoms.Noted:- the boiling points of the branched chain Alkanes are less than the straightchain isomers.This is due to the fact that branching of the chain makes the molecule morecompact and thereby decreases the surface aria and consequently, the magnitudes ofVan der Waalls’ forces also decrease.CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3H3 C — CH — CH2 CH3n-pentanepoint 309 Kthe(4)boilingMeltingpoint:-CH3H3 C — C — CH3CH3melting point of Alkanes doshowCHnotiso-pentane3boiling point 301 K size. Theincreasein molecularAlkanesneo-pentaneregular variation withwith even number ofboiling point282.5 KAlkanes havingcarbon atoms having higher melting point as comparedto thoseimmediately next lower and immediately next higher odd number of carbon atoms. Chemical properties Combustion:CH4 2O2CO22H2OH Oxidation:CH4O2CH4O2Cu573 K217.0 K cal/mole2CH3OHMo2O3HCHO H2OMethanal Substitution: Halogenation:CH4 Cl2UVUVCH3Cl HClUVUVCH3ClCH2Cl2CHCl3CCl4Noted:- Iodination is a reversible reaction. So it is carried out by heating alkane inthe presence of some oxidizing agent like iodic acid (HIO 3) or nitric acid (HNO3) ormercuric oxide (HgO) which oxidizes HI formed during the reaction.CH4 I25HI HIO32HI 2HNO3CH3I HIHeatHeat3H2O 3I22H2O I2 2NO2Noted:- Fluorination of alkane takes place explosively resulting even in the ruptureof C—C bond in higher alkanes.165
Features of Halogenations:(i) The reactivity of Halogens:- F2 Cl2 Br2 I2.(ii) The rate of replacement of Hydrogens of alkanes is:3 2 1 CH3CH2CH2CH3Cl2hvCH3CH2CH2CH2Cl CH3CH2CHCH3n - ButaneClCH3CH31 CH31 CH33 1 CH - CH3Cl2hCl36% (3 )CH3IsobutaneCH3CCH - CH2 ClCH364%(1 )Mechanism:- halogenations reaction take place by free radical mechanism. Thereaction proceeds in the following steps:Initiation(i)Chain initiation step:hCl — Cl(ii)(iii)2ClChain Propagation step:CH4ClCH3Cl2CH3CH3ClHClClChain Termination step:ClClCl2CH3CH3CH3CH3ClCH3CH3Cl Nitration: The reaction takes places by free radicals mechanism at high temp (4500C). At high temp C—C bond is also broken so that mixture of nitroalkanes is obtained.CH3CH2CH3450 CConc. HNO3CH3CH2CH2NO2 CH3CHCH3 CH3CH2NO2 CH3NO2NO225%40%10%25%166
The reaction occurs as:HO-NO24500CHOo oNO2Homolytic fissionRH 0OHRo oNO2Ro HOHRNO2 Sulphonation:- replacement of hydrogen atom of alkane by –SO3H group.CH3CH3oleumCH CH3CH3CH3CCH3SO 3Htert butyl sulphonic acidisobutaneThe reaction occurs as:HO-SO34500CHomolytic fissionRH 0OHRo oSO2H Isomerization:-HOo oSO3HRo HOHRSO2HCH3H3C(CH2)3CH3AlCl3 / HClH3CCHCH2CH32-Methyl butanen-Pentane Aromatization:H3C(CH2)4CH3HexaneCr2O3773 K10-20 atmBenzeneThis method is also called dehydrogenation or hydroformingSimilarly, heptane gives toluene, n-Octane give o-xylene and 2, methyl heptane givem-xylene. Thermal decomposition or Pyrolysis or cracking or Fragmentation: - when higheralkanes are heated at high temp (about 700-800k) in the presence of alumina or silicacatalysts, the alkanes break do
Class 6 Class 7 Class 8 Class 9 Class 10 Class 11 Class 12 Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts Of Chemistry Chapter 2 Structure Of Atom Chapter 3 Classification of Elements And Periodicity In Properties of Elements Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding And Molecular Structure Chapter 5 States of Matter Chapter 6 Thermodynamics Chapter 11 The p- Block Element
B1.2 Support Hydrocarbon Production – Processing Facilities 38 B1.3 Support Hydrocarbon Production – Pipeline Export Power 40 B1.4 Support Hydrocarbon Production – Utilities and Offsites 40 B1.5 Support Manufacture of Downstream Hydrocarbon Products – Oil Refinery Products 41 . (ARENA) to provide a “desk-top” assessment of the .
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are undoubtedly the most widespread carcinogens in the environment (Harms et al., 2003) and are commonly associated with the disposal of combusted materials or petroleum residues (Suess, 1976). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a group of ubiquitous hydrocarbon .
the hydrocarbon concentration in each monitoring well measured in parts per billion. 2. Using another site map, write the hydrocarbon concentration at each well. ND means that no hydrocarbons were detected in the well. 3. Contour the hydrocarbon concentrations using
An overview of author's research activities in gas chromatography of isomeric hydrocarbons is presented. The similari-ties in the properties of isomeric hydrocarbons and the complexities of hydrocarbon mixtures lead to capillary gas chromatog-raphy as the most promising method for their individual analysis.
CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE OIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS 1. C LASSIFICATION AS A HYDROCARBON RESOURCE Petroleum is refer red to generically as a fossil energy resource and is further classified as a hydrocarbon resource and, for illustrative (or comparative ) purposes in this text, coal and oil shale kerogen have also been included in this .
classification has its own merits and demerits, but for the purpose of study the drugs are classified in the following different ways: Alphabetical classification Morphological classification Taxonomical classification Pharmacological classification Chemical classification
Unit 11: Organic Chemistry Practice Packet _1. I can define organic compound, saturated hydrocarbon, unsaturated hydrocarbon, and isomer. Definitions: organic compound – all carbonate containing compounds except CO, CO2, and carbonates saturated hydrocarbon – a compound containing
The evolution of Devonian hydrocarbon gases in shallow aquifers of the northern Appalachian Basin: Insights from integrating noble gas and hydrocarbon geochemistry . c Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School o
