Lake Erie Lake Sturgeon Working Group Annual Report 2019
2019 Lake Erie Lake Sturgeon Working Group ReportPrepared by:Doug AloisiKent BekkerJames BoaseAndrew BriggsJustin ChiottiMatt CrossChris DavisRichard DrouinJames FrancisDimitry GorskyWilliam HintzDarryl HondorpJennifer JohnsonRichard KrausChristine MayerJohn NavarroEd RosemanBrian SchmidtJohn SwekaChris VandergootEric WeimerU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceToledo ZooU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceMichigan Department of Natural ResourcesU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceToledo ZooOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryMichigan Department of Natural ResourcesU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceUniversity of ToledoU.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceU.S. Geological SurveyUniversity of ToledoOhio Department of Natural ResourcesU.S. Geological SurveyOhio Department of Natural ResourcesU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceGreat Lakes Acoustic Telemetry Observation SystemOhio Department of Natural ResourcesThis document is intended to provide an update regarding lake sturgeon activities within the Lake Erie basin.Please contact the agency leads listed for more information about a specific project.
Location: Southern Lake Huron and Upper St. Clair RiverProject Title: Lake Sturgeon Population Assessment in SouthernLake HuronProject Description: Southern Lake Huron (Upper St. ClairRiver) contains one of the largest populations of lake sturgeonin the Great Lakes. In 1995, the Ministry of Natural Resourcesand Forestry began a mark‐recapture study to gain a betterunderstanding of lake sturgeon population demographics at thislocation. Tagging operations ceased in 2008. Overall, 1,657 lakesturgeon were marked and it is estimated that the lake sturgeonpopulation is near 30,000 individuals. In 2012, the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service along with the Ministry of Natural Resourcesand Forestry and Purdy Fisheries resurrected lake sturgeontagging operations at this location. Lake sturgeon are tagged annually with the cooperation of PurdyFisheries. Since 2012, 1,058 sturgeon have been tagged, with 126 tagged in 2019. The goal of this workis to obtain a more precise estimate of lake sturgeon abundance and monitor trends in abundanceovertime.Project Duration: Spring 2012 ‐ AnnuallyContact Information:Justin Chiotti, USFWS, Alpena FWCO ‐ Detroit River Substation, 248‐891‐0087, justin chiotti@fws.govChris Davis, MNRF, Upper Great Lakes Management Unit ‐ Lake Huron, 519‐371‐8303,chris.davis@ontario.ca
Location: Southern Lake Huron and Upper St. Clair RiverProject Title: Lake Sturgeon Gamete Collection in SouthernLake HuronProject Description: Beginning in 2017, the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources andForestry, University of Windsor, and Purdy Fisheries begancollecting lake sturgeon gametes in order to stock fall fingerlinglake sturgeon in the Lake Erie and Huron basins.The gametes collected will be used to restore the MaumeeRiver, OH and Saginaw River, MI lake sturgeon populations.These lake sturgeon restoration programs are a bi‐nationaleffort between Federal, Provincial, State, and non‐governmental agencies. The lake sturgeon gametes collectedwill be reared at either the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Genoa National Fish Hatchery or a streamsiderearing facility operated along the Maumee River by the Toledo Zoological Society. The upper St. ClairRiver lake sturgeon population was chosen as the source for this reintroduction effort due to the healthyabundance of lake sturgeon, on‐going monitoring efforts, and it’s genetic similarity to what washistorically found in the Saginaw and Maumee Rivers (GSU 1; Welsh et al. 2010). In the spring of 2019,gametes were collected from 8 female and 32 male lake sturgeon.Project Duration: Spring 2017 ‐ AnnuallyContact Information:Justin Chiotti, justin chiotti@fws.gov, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceDoug Aloisi, doug aloisi@fws.gov, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceRich Drouin, richard.drouin@ontario.ca, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry
Location: St. Clair River and Lake St. ClairProject Title: Survey of Lake Sturgeon Populations in the St.Clair River and Lake St. ClairProject Description: The Michigan Department of NaturalResources’ Lake St. Clair Fisheries Research Station (LSCFRS)has been conducting lake sturgeon assessment surveyssince 1996. Setlines with large and small hooks baited withround goby are used in the St. Clair River to catch juvenile,subadult, and adult lake sturgeon. A custom trawl, designedto ride over vegetation, is used to capture lake sturgeon inthe open waters of Lake St. Clair during the summer. Most lake sturgeon captured in Lake St. Clair aresubadult or adult size fish. All sturgeon captured are scanned for PIT tags and untagged fish are PIT taggedprior to release. Lake sturgeon over 1,016 mm also receive external Monel tags. The data obtained duringthese assessments have been used to obtain growth, genetics, distribution, spawning site, and populationdemographic information. In 2019 we captured a total of 100 unique lake sturgeon during our annual St.Clair River Setline Survey. Of these, 37 were recaptures from previous year’s surveys (37%). Fish caughton setlines ranged from 585 to 1761 mm total length. We captured a total of 44 lake sturgeon during ourannual Lake St. Clair trawls that target lake sturgeon. Of these, one was a recapture from previous surveys(2%). Fish caught in trawls ranged from 1041 to 1846 mm total length.Project Duration: 1996 – Present (annually)Contact Information:Andrew Briggs, Michigan DNR, Lake St. Clair Fisheries Research Station, Phone: 586‐465‐4771 ext. 23,BriggsA4@michigan.gov
Project Title: Lake Sturgeon Use of Newly ConstructedArtificial Reefs in the St. Clair River and Detroit RiverLocation: St. Clair River and Detroit RiverProject Description: The USGS Great Lakes Science Centermonitored lake sturgeon use of the functional constructedartificial spawning reefs since 2008; two in the St. Clair Riverat Harts Light and Point aux Chenes and four in the DetroitRiver near Fighting Island, Grassy Island, Belle Isle, and FortWayne (completed summer 2018). Egg deposition upstream,downstream, and on the reefs was assessed using egg mats(all reefs), while larval drift was sampled using benthic D‐frame and depth‐stratified conical nets upstream and downstream of the reef (Fort Wayne Reef in theDetroit River only). At all reefs, lake sturgeon eggs were not detected during pre‐construction monitoring,but were detected on the reefs immediately post‐construction. In 2019 specifically, lake sturgeonspawning was detected on or near all reefs except Grassy Island and Belle Isle. Larvae were sampled nearthe Fort Wayne reef from late‐May to mid‐June. Yolk‐sac and post‐yolk sac larvae were collected upstream(9 larvae) and downstream (14 larvae) of the reef, and at the control location (1 larvae downstream ofGrassy Island Reef). Egg and larval drift monitoring at the Fort Wayne constructed reef sites will continuein 2020.Project Duration: 2015‐2016 (St. Clair River), 2015‐2020 (Detroit River)Contact Information: Ed Roseman, USGS, Great Lakes Science CenterPhone: 734‐214‐7237, eroseman@usgs.gov
Project Title: Geographic organization and populationstructure of lake sturgeon in the Lake Huron‐to‐Lake EriecorridorLocation: Detroit‐St. Clair River System; Lake Huron; Lake ErieProject Description This study is using acoustic telemetry todescribe the spatial structure and habitat use of lake sturgeonpopulations that spawn in the St. Clair and Detroit rivers.Since 2011, a total of 282 adult lake sturgeon have beencaptured in the Detroit and St. Clair rivers, implanted withhigh‐power acoustic tags with a battery life of 10 years, andthen released near the capture site. Strategically‐locatedacoustic receivers in the Detroit‐St. Clair river system (see mapto the right), as well as in lakes Huron and Erie, are allowingscientists to track sturgeon movements over thousands ofsquare miles. Study results have been used to test thehypothesis that a number of separate sturgeon populationsoccur in the Lake Huron‐to‐Lake Erie corridor rather than onelarge population.Preliminary results: The most significant finding of the study sofar has been the discovery of significant within‐populationvariability in lakesturgeonmigratorybehavior (graphicbelow). Analysisofthemovementsof178 individualsover several yearsidentifiedasmany as fivedistinct migratorystrategies or behaviors based on the phenology andduration of river (red) and lake (blue) use. Specificstrategies included year‐round river residency and multiplelake‐migrant behaviors that involved movements betweenlakes and rivers. Individual movements were repeatable,which suggested that lake sturgeon do not switchbehaviors. Differential use of specific rivers or lakes byacoustic‐tagged lake sturgeon further grouped individualsinto “contingents.” Contingent structure and dynamicssuggested that lake sturgeon in the Detroit and St. Clairrivers function as semi‐independent units that requireseparate management consideration. Limited exchange of
spawners between rivers likely prevents the Detroit and St. Clair lake sturgeon populations from becominggenetically distinct. Additional insights provided by the study included 1) the importance of Lake St. Clairas overwintering habitat for lake sturgeon, 2) the potential for complex metapopulation dynamics amonglake sturgeon populations in lakes Huron and Erie, and 3) the potential for navigational engineeringpractices such as channelization to increase lake sturgeon vulnerability to ship strikes. Study resultssuggest that priorities for future lake sturgeon rehabilitation efforts in the Great Lakes include theprotection and restoration of fluvial lakes (e.g., Lake St. Clair), the conservation of genetic and phenotypicdiversity (e.g., year‐round river residency), and consideration of how lake sturgeon interact with theirhabitat in human‐dominated landscapes.Project Duration: 2012 ‐ 2022Contact Information: Darryl Hondorp, USGS, Great Lakes Science CenterPhone: 734‐214‐7241, dhondorp@usgs.gov
Project Title: Lake Sturgeon Population Demographics inthe Detroit RiverLocation: Detroit RiverProject Description: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(Service) has been conducting setline assessments in theDetroit River annually since 2002 to obtain information onadult and subadult lake sturgeon. This data is used toobtain growth information, genetics, distribution,potential spawning sites, and population demographicinformation. To date, the Service has tagged 655 lakesturgeon in the Detroit River. Using mark‐recapture data, the estimated population size of adult andsubadult lake sturgeon in the Detroit River is 5,666 (95% CI 3,755 – 7,577) individuals. In the spring of2019, 115 lake sturgeon were captured during setline assessments. Between 2012 ‐ 2014, 76 lakesturgeon captured in the Detroit River have received acoustic transmitters as part of a larger projectfunded by the Great Lakes Fishery Trust to monitor movement throughout the St. Clair‐Detroit RiverSystem (see “Geographic organization and population structure of lake sturgeon in the Lake Huron‐to‐Lake Erie corridor as inferred from long‐term, population‐scale movement patterns” brief in this report).Project Duration: 2002 ‐ AnnuallyContact Information: Justin Chiotti, USFWS, Alpena FWCO – Detroit River SubstationPhone: 248‐891‐0087, justin chiotti@fws.gov
Project Title: Juvenile Lake Sturgeon AssessmentsLocation: St. Clair‐Detroit River System and western LakeErieProject Description: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(Service) has been conducting juvenile lake sturgeon ( 1000mm) assessments in the St. Clair‐Detroit River System(SCDRS) since 2010 to evaluate habitat restoration effortsand gain better understanding of juvenile distribution andabundance in the system. Juvenile lake sturgeon have beentargeted using otter trawls (4.9 and 6.1 m head rope; 3 mmand 32 mm cod end, respectively), gill nets of varying mesh sizes, and setlines.In 2019, the Service deployed setlines in the Detroit River, western Lake Erie, and in Maumee Bay targetingjuvenile lake sturgeon. A total of 67 setlines were deployed in the Detroit River and five juvenile lakesturgeon were captured. A total of 90 setlines were deployed in the western basin of Lake Erie whereseven juvenile lake sturgeon were captured. Five juvenile lake sturgeon captured in the western basinalso received an acoustic transmitter to monitor movement and survival. No juvenile lake sturgeon werecaptured on 18 setlines deployed in Maumee Bay. Setlines were deployed in Maumee Bay to evaluatethe success of lake sturgeon stocking in the Maumee River. While we didn’t expect to capture any lakesturgeon in 2018, it will serve as a reference to compare future work.The Service plans to continue this work in 2020.Project Duration: 2010 ‐ AnnuallyContact Information: Justin Chiotti, USFWS, Alpena FWCO – Detroit River SubstationPhone: 248‐891‐0087, justin chiotti@fws.gov
Project Title: Maumee River Lake Sturgeon Restoration ProgramLocation: Maumee RiverProject Description: In an effort to restore lakesturgeon in Lake Erie, a stocking program wasinitiated in 2018 and continued in 2019 with 2,793age‐0 lake sturgeon released into the MaumeeRiver. Lake sturgeon are raised at the Toledo Zoostreamside rearing facility as well as the U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service Genoa National Fish Hatchery.Comparisons will be made between the survival,movement, and habitat use of sturgeon reared usingeach strategy. In 2019, an estimated 500 peopleattended the second annual public sturgeon release, which saw the addition of partner booths andactivities, and a popular “sturgeon slide”. The Toledo Zoo sturgeon rearing facility more than doubled its2018 output and anticipates maintaining this contribution in subsequent years. Plans are being made toinstall an in‐line chiller system, change the water pump configuration, and update the plumbing, in orderto streamline the rearing process in the streamside rearing facility.Year20182019Number of Sturgeon Released3,0702,793Project Duration: 2017 – AnnuallyContact Information:Matt Cross – matt.cross@toledozoo.org, Toledo ZooKent Bekker – kent.bekker@toledozoo.org, Toledo ZooDoug Aloisi – doug aloisi@fws.gov, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceJames Boase – james boase@fws.gov, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceJustin Chiotti – justin chiotti@fws.gov, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceEric Weimer – eric.weimer@dnr.state.oh.us, Ohio Department of Natural ResourcesChris Vandergoot – vandergo@msu.edu, Great Lakes Acoustic Telemetry Observation SystemJames Francis – francisj@michigan.gov, Michigan Department of Natural ResourcesRichard Drouin – richard.drouin@ontario.ca, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryChristine Mayer – christine.mayer@utoldedo.edu, University of Toledo
Project Title: Habitat use, survival, and movement patterns of fingerling lake sturgeon (Acipenserfulvescens) stocked into the Maumee RiverLocation: Maumee River and western Lake ErieProject Description: In order to compare habitat use,survival, and movement patterns between streamsidereared (Toledo Zoo) and traditionally reared (Genoa NFH)lake sturgeon released in the Maumee River, 40 fish inboth 2018 and 2019 received acoustic transmitters. Thetransmitters have an expected battery life of 325 days andare detected on stationary receivers as part of the GreatLakes Acoustic Telemetry Observation System (GLATOS)in the Maumee River and western basin of Lake Erie.Additionally, mobile tracking surveys are conducted in the lower Maumee River and Maumee Bay todetermine finer scale movement patterns.Sturgeon released in the fall of 2018 weredetected 148 times during mobile trackingsurveys in the Maumee River and Maumee Baybetween Oct. 11 – July 18.During mobiletracking surveys, 28 of the 40 fish released weredetected. Fish from the 2018 release cohortwere detected 36,894 times on stationaryreceivers in the Maumee River and westernbasin of Lake Erie and all 40 fish were detectedat least once. Many of these fish were detectednear the western basin reef complex about 40miles away from the mouth of the MaumeeRiver. Using funds received from the USFWS – USGS Science Support Program we plan on implantingadditional stocked fish in the fall of 2020 and 2021.Project Duration: Fall 2018 – Fall 2022Contact Information:Justin Chiotti, justin chiotti@fws.gov, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceMatt Cross, matt.cross@toledozoo.org, Toledo ZooWilliam Hintz, william.hintz@utoledo.edu, University of ToledoRichard Kraus, rkraus@usgs.gov, U.S. Geological Survey – Lake Erie Biological StationChristine Mayer, christine.mayer@utoldedo.edu, University of ToledoJohn Navarro, john.navarro@dnr.state.oh.us, Ohio Department of Natural ResourcesChristopher Vandergoot, vandergo@msu.edu, Great Lakes Acoustic Telemetry Observation SystemEric Weimer, eric.weimer@dnr.state.oh.us, Ohio Department of Natural Resources
Project Title: Monitoring Lake Sturgeon in Ohio waters ofLake ErieLocation: Western basin Lake ErieProject Description:In an effort to gain a betterunderstanding of lake sturgeon presence and abundance inwestern Lake Erie, the Ohio DNR and USFWS Alpena FWCO areworking with commercial fisherman in Ohio waters of LakeErie to collect lake sturgeon information. A total of 512 lakesturgeon have been documented in the Lake Erie commercialcatch since 1989. Using commercial catch data, lake sturgeonpresence and distribution will be identified. A group offisherman have also received PIT tag readers to scan lakesturgeon for the presence of tags. In the fall of 2019, a commercial fisherman in Ohio waters of Lake Eriereported the capture of a lake sturgeon that was released in the Maumee River. The fish was released inOctober of 2018 and was 189 mm and 23 grams at the time of tagging. Using image analysis software,the fish was estimated to be 470 mm total length (so 11" of growth in 13 months). This information willbe useful to determine the contribution of lake sturgeon resulting from restoration programs in Lake Erie.Project Duration: AnnuallyContact Information:Brian Schmidt, Ohio DNR, Phone: 419‐625‐8062, Brian.Schmidt@dnr.state.oh.usJennifer Johnson, USFWS, Phone: 248‐891‐2762, jennifer le johnson@fws.gov
Project Title: Monitoring Lake Sturgeon in theOntario Waters of Lake ErieLocation: Lake ErieProject Description:The Ontario Ministry ofNatural Resources and Forestry (OMNRF) Lake ErieManagement Unit (LEMU) does not conductannual targeted survey for lake sturgeon on LakeErie. Instead, LEMU relies on indirect sources ofinformation in order to track lake sturgeonpresence and absence over time across theOntario waters of Lake Erie. These sources ofinformation include; Ontario’s Partnership Index Fishing Gill Netting Program, our Inter‐agency TrawlProgram and reported commercial catch and release of lake sturgeon.The Ontario’s Partnership Index Fishing Gill Netting Program is a cooperative fisheries assessmentprogram with the Ontario Commercial Fisheries Association (OCFA). This program monitors theabundance, age structure, size, and species composition throughout Lake Erie and averagesapproximately two lake sturgeon per year. The majority have been caught in the west basin of Lake Erie;particularly around Pelee Island and the mouth of the Detroit River.The west basin interagency trawling index is conducted by Ontario and Ohio and is used to assess the yearclass strength of species based on catches of young‐of‐the‐year, yearlings and older fish. Approximately36 stations are trawled over a two week period starting around mid‐August.As a condition of their commercial fishing license, an Ontario commercial fisher is required to submit dailycatch reports (DCR’s) prior to landing any fish. DCR’s are used to record the amount of fish caught, effort,gear, time and location, as well as any discards and released fish. Since 2011, LEMU has made an effortto monitor DCR’s for reported catch and release of lake sturgeon. Less than 1% of all DCR’s submitted onLake Erie on an annual basis record the presence of a lake sturgeon caught and released.Project Duration: AnnuallyContact Information: Rich Drouin, OMNRF, Lake Erie Management Unit (London office)Phone: 519‐873‐4611, richard.drouin@ontario.ca
Location: Eastern Lake Erie and upper Niagara RiverProject Title: Life history of lake sturgeon in eastern LakeErieProject Description: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceNortheast Fishery Center and Lower Great Lakes Fish andWildlife Conservation Office, in partnership with the U.S.Army Corp of Engineers, the Great Lakes Center at SUNYBuffalo State and the New York Department ofEnvironmental Conservation are collecting life history andpopulation demographics for the lake sturgeon populationnear Buffalo Harbor. In 2019, a two more female sturgeonwere tagging, with a total of 66 tagged sturgeon at large. A total of 14 acoustic receivers were deployedin Buffalo Harbor from April to October. The tagging data has been used to estimate the eastern LakeErie/Buffalo Harbor super population size at 889, which was recently published. Ongoing analysis isfocused on lake sturgeon movement, both small‐scale within Buffalo Harbor and large‐scale across LakeErie. The 2019 season was the last year of gillnet sampling and lake sturgeon tagging. Future research willinvolve setting acoustic receivers in Buffalo Harbor for ongoing movement research.Project Duration: AnnuallyContact Information:John Sweka – john sweka@fws.gov, USFWS, Northeast Fishery CenterDimitry Gorsky – dimitry gorsky@fws.gov, USFWS, Lower Great Lakes FWCO
Table 1. Observations or general status of lake sturgeon populations in the Lake Erie. Population status definitions are: Extirpated or Extant; or Unk unknown. A“Yes” indicates regular observation or presumed annual occurrence. Occasional (Occ) observations are as noted. Successful reproduction was defined as recent captureof larval or juvenile sturgeon. Notes on allowed harvest follow the 617181920211Site NameUpper Niagara River/BuffaloHarborEastern basin (NYS)Cattaraugus CreekSandusky RiverMaumee RiverRaisin RiverHuron RiverDetroit RiverLake St. ClairNorth Channel - St. Clair RiverPortage RiverCuyahoga RiverConneaut, OH nearshoreWalnut Creek, PA nearshorePelee Island nearshorePoint Pelee shoalsRondeau HarborClear CreekLong Point BayGrand River, ONThames ock Population Size(includes juveniles) 9501AdultsYesSpawningLarvaYes 50002 rs, JL, D Einhouse, M Clancy, L Davis, R Neuenhoff, and J Sweka. 2019. Integrating acoustic telemetry into a mark-recapture model toimprove catchability parameters and abundance estimates of lake sturgeon in eastern Lake Erie. North American Journal of Fisheries Management39(5):913-920.2Justin Chiotti, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Personal Communication3Todd Wills, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Personal Communication
2019 Lake Erie Lake Sturgeon Working Group Report This document is intended to provide an update regarding lake sturgeon activities within the Lake Erie basin. Please contact the agency leads listed for more information about a specific project. . but were detected on
Lake Sturgeon is the only freshwater sturgeon found in North America, and is arguably Manitoba's most unique fish. A prehistoric relic, the Lake Sturgeon is well known for its large size. One Lake Sturgeon captured in the Roseau River, reported to be 4.5 m and 184 kg, is thought to be the largest fish captured in Manitoba, and
The mean length of age-13 Lake Sturgeon is 1,000 mm, and the mean length of age-23 Lake Sturgeon is 1,283 mm. . 20 TABLE 4 – The observed number of Lake Sturgeon, which were tagged in 2004, and recaptured in 2014, b
Sturgeon . Both green sturgeon and white sturgeon are found in Oregon. In most areas, retention of sturgeon is not allowed, but anglers can try their hand at catch-and-release. Historical records list one white sturgeon tipping the scales at 1,500 pounds and measuring 20 feet. Those caught in Oregon, however, usually measure less than 12 feet .
the largest freshwater fish in North America—the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). White sturgeon live in the Snake River, Salmon River and Kootenai River in Idaho. White sturgeon are huge fish. They can grow to 18 feet long and weigh over 1,500 pounds! At least, they used to. At one time, Idaho's sturgeon was a traveler.
“social role of lake sturgeon" “Nothing was wasted back then; the sturgeon was completely cooked, especially the head and eyes.” Mississauga First Nation Elders (80 – 85 years) “It was my main dish, eating lake sturgeon was a part of living” Wayne Onakanakis BZA First
Figure 2.3. Age-class abundance of Lake Sturgeon for the North Saskatchewan River, AB. Abundance (N) estimates were derived through mark-recapture events from 1992 to 2012. A subsample of non-lethal age structures (n) was collected from each marking event. 12 Figure 2.4. Catch curve analysis for Lake Sturgeon captured (log e
Governor Bob Taft and ODOT Direc-tor Gordon Proctor designated the Lake Erie Coastal Trail as the state’s 21 scenic byway on April 22. They were joined by members of Lake Erie Coastal Ohio and representatives from communities across northern Ohio. “Lake Erie is one of Ohio’s most pre-cious and unique natural resources,” said
Keyboards Together 2 Music Medals Bronze Ensemble Pieces (ABRSM) B (T) In the Meadow Stood a Little Birch Tree Trad. Russian, arr. Mike Cornick: p. 3 B (T) Jazz Carousel Jane Sebba: p. 4 B (T) Heading for Home John Caudwell: p. 5 B (T) Don’t Mess with Me! Peter Gritton: p. 6
