Chapter 2 The Earliest Human Societies - 6th Grade Social .
ChapterThe EarliestHuman Societies2Before You Read: K-W-L400,000years agoK-W-L stands for what you know, what you want to know,and what you have learned. What do you already know about early human societies? Study the map and the time line. What do they tell you aboutwhere early humans lived?EUROPE1.8 millionyears ago1.5 millionyears ago700,000years ago What do you want to learn about the earliest human societies?AFRICA3.6 millionyears agoBig Ideas About the EarliestHuman SocietiesCulture Ways of living change as humans interactwith one another.The first humans hunted animals and gathered plants for food.Then, as they interacted with one another, they developed toolsand weapons to aid them in these activities. New, more settledways of living developed as people shared ideas.N120,000 years agoWES0Integrated Technology0100010002000 miles2000 kilometersINTERNET RESOURCESGo to ClassZone.com for WebQuest Quizzes Homework Helper Maps Research Links Test Practice Internet Activities Current EventsInteractive Maps Interactive Visuals Starting with a Story 160 W140 W120 W100 W80 W60 W20 W0 20 E40 E 500,000 B.C .Early humans learn howto control fire.(19th-century lithograph)40 W40,000 B.C .Cro-Magnons appear.4660 E
Early Human Migration to 10,000 years ago80 NARCTIC OCEAN11,900years ago14,000years agoArctic Circle60 N21,000years agoNORTHAMERICAASIA12,000years ago11,000years ago600,000years ago40 NATLANTICOCEANTropic of Cancer20 N23,000years agoPACIFIC OCEANEquator0 SOUTHAMERICA700,000years ago12,000years ago20 STropic of CapricornAUSTRALIAIN DI A NOCEANFossil site12,500years agoMigration route33,000years ago40 SAncient coastlineExtent of last glacier, 18,000 B.C.Land exposed by lower sea level, 18,000 B.C.60 SAntarctic Circle100 E120 E140 E160 E180 160 W140 W120 W100 W 8000 B.C .First agriculture takesplace with tools such asthis wooden plow.80 W60 W5000 B.C .First cities beginto develop.,9000 B.C .Domestication ofanimals begins.6000 B.C .Improved farming methods lead tolarger settlements, such as Catal Huyuk,from which this bronze deer comes. 10,000 B.C .Last ice age ends. (glacier dividing, Alaska)47
Background: In 1991, a couple hiking in theAlps in Europe discovered the frozen body of a man.Ancient-looking tools and weapons lay near the body.A scientist studying early humans announced that thishunter was 5,300 years old. His body and belongingswere well preserved by the cold.Scientists nicknamed him the Iceman. Theyfound an arrowhead in his shoulder. The contentsof his stomach showed that his last meal, eatenjust hours before his death, had included deer,barley, and wheat. The hunter’s body found in the Alps48
Starting with a StoryPrimary Sourcehe hunter had been walking since dawn. The air in theHandbookAlps was cold, but the morning fog had cleared up during See the excerpt fromThe Man in the Ice,the course of the day. He was glad of his warm fur hat,page R36.goatskin clothes, and grass cloak.He had spent most of his life walking in these mountains. He had worn outmany pairs of deerskin shoes. The ones he was wearing had soles of bearskin.On this day, the mountain seemed steeper than usual. It might have beenhis age. The hunter was over 40, one of the oldest people in his community. Buthe could still easily carry everything he needed. His leather quiver containeda bow, arrow shafts, and arrows with flint heads. He was also carrying a flintdagger and an ax made of wood from a yew tree, with a copper blade. His beltpouch held three flint tools, a bone awl, and a piece of tinder. He also carried amedicine kit in case he became sick or injured.Suddenly a man lunged toward him. The hunter struggled with himin an attempt to escape. He managed to free himself from the man’sgrasp and knock the ax out of his hand. He bounded away across the icylandscape. As he looked back, he saw that others had joined the pursuit.As the hunter turned to run, he felt a searing pain in his shoulder. He’dbeen shot from behind with an arrow. With his last bit of strength, hestruggled farther up the mountain. He found a narrow cave in the ice andmanaged to hide from his enemies. As night approached, it turned verycold, and snow began to fall. Snow covered the dying hunter, and his bodyremained undisturbed for more than 5,000 years. He was discovered by hikersin 1991, when an unusually warm year caused the ice to thaw. His body thenwas studied by scientists, revealing much about how prehistoric people lived.What do you think life was like for early humans?1. READING: Reading Aloud One way to read textfluently and accurately is to rehearse it. With a partner,read the text aloud. Practice those parts that give youtrouble to gain the full dramatic effect.2. WRITING: Description Imagine that you are going tomake a documentary film about the hunter. Write a briefdescription of the film.49
Lesson1MAIN IDEASGeography Early humans adapted to thenatural environment.Culture Humans created tools to ensuresurvival and to improve life.Culture Early humans developed language,religion, and art.TAKING NOTESReading Skill: SummarizingTo summarize is to condense information intofewer words. Identify the main ideas andimportant details in this lesson. Then put theminto your own words and record them in a graphicorganizer like the one below. Spear ThrowerPrehistoric hunters usedspear throwers to throwspears faster and farther.These devices greatlyimproved their ability tohunt animals.Hunter-GatherersSkillbuilder Handbook, page R3Words to KnowUnderstanding the following words will help you read this lesson:band a group ofpeople or animals actingtogether (page 52)Small bands of hunterssearched for animals to killfor their meat and skins.50 Chapter 2community a groupof people with close tiesliving in one area(page 52)Hunters provided meatfor the new communities,which had grown large.apply to put into actionor use (page 53)They were able to applytheir knowledge of stonecarving to make toolsand weapons.spirit the part of abeing believed to controlthinking and feeling; thesoul (page 54)He asked the tree’s spirit toforgive him before he took itsbark to use for his shelter.
TERMS & NAMEShunter-gathererHunters andGatherersnomadmigrationtechnologyreligionBuild on What You Know Have you ever gone camping?How would you survive if you got lost in the woods? Wherewould you find food and water? In this chapter, you willlearn how early humans got food to eat, how they lived, andwhat tools they used.Early Humans’ Way of LifeESSENTIAL QUESTION How did early humans interact withthe environment?Like early humans, you interact with the natural environmentevery day, often without thinking about it. You interact withthe weather by wearing boots in the snow or sunglasses in thesunshine. Even your food is a product of the environment.Hunter-Gatherers Adapt to Environments Earlyhumans were hunter-gatherershunter-gatherers. They hunted animals andgathered plants for food. When hunter-gatherers no longerhad enough to eat, they moved to another location.Early humans also depended on the natural environmentfor shelter. Some groups lived in caves and rock shelters.People who lived on plains or in desert areas may havemade shelters out of branches, plant fibers, or animal skins.African SavannahThis photographshows the kind oflandscape over whichthe first huntergatherers roamed.Savannahs cover 40percent of the Africancontinent. The Earliest Human Societies 51
Small Bands Hunter-gatherers lived together in small bands, eachmade up of several families. The size of a group—probably around30 people—reflected the number of people who could live offthe plants and animals in a given region. Men hunted and fished.Women gathered foods, such as berries and nuts from plants thatgrew wild. They cared for the children, who also worked.Early Humans on the Move Hunter-gatherers were nomadsnomads,people who move from place to place. Movement often waslimited. Groups returned to the same places with the changesof seasons. At certain times of the year, these early bands joinedtogether, forming larger communities. There was probably timefor storytelling, meeting friends, and finding marriage partners.Early humans also moved to new and distant lands. The actof moving from one place to settle in another is called migrationmigration.Migrations may have been the result of people’s followinganimals to hunt. By around 15,000 B.C., hunter-gatherers hadmigrated throughout much of the world. They even traveledacross a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska. In this way,they entered the Americas.Distribution of Hunter–Gatherers,15,000 B.C.–A.D. 200015,000 B.C.A.D. 1500Hunter-gatherer peoplesA.D. 2000GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDERINTERPRETING MAPSMovement What has happened tothe distribution of hunter-gatherersbetween 15,000 B.C. and the present?52 Chapter 2
The arrival of a migrating group in theterritory of another people could lead to bothgood and bad outcomes. Everyone benefitedwhen knowledge and tools were shared.However, people sometimes turned violentwhen they felt threatened by newcomers. Theyfeared that the newcomers might try to taketheir territory. Sometimes they may have fearedthem just because they were different.Why did hunter-gatherers move often?The Development of ToolsESSENTIAL QUESTION What were some tools createdby early humans?Imagine that you are planning a camping trip.Think about what tools you will take to makesure your trip is safe and enjoyable. Like you,early humans relied on tools. Early Tools Amongthe tools used by earlyhumans were themattock (a digging tool),the harpoon, and the ax.The Use of Fire Around 500,000 years ago, earlyhumans learned to make and control fire. Fire provided heatand light, and it enabled people to cook food. A good fireoffered protection from animals. Early humans also used fireto temper, or harden, tools made of metal.The Development of Technology Technology consistsVocabulary StrategyYou can figure outwhat technologymeans from its rootand suffix. TheGreek root technmeans “craft” or“skill.” The suffix-logy means “studyof.” Technologymeans “the study andapplication of craftsor skills.“of all of the ways in which people apply knowledge, tools,and inventions to meet their needs. Technology dates backto early humans. At least 2 million years ago, people madestone tools for cutting. Early humans also made carryingbags, stone hand axes, awls (tools for piercing holes inleather or wood), and drills.In time, humans developed more complex tools, suchas hunting bows made of wood. They learned to make flintspearheads and metal tools. Early humans used tools tohunt and butcher animals and to construct simple formsof shelter. Technology—these new tools—gave humans morecontrol over their environment. These tools also set the stage fora more settled way of life.How did early humans use fire?The Earliest Human Societies 53
Early Human CultureESSENTIAL QUESTION What kind of culture did early humans create?What sets humans apart from other creatures? Art, language,and religion are special to humans and help create their culture.Language Human language probably developed as a resultof the need for people to work together. One theory suggeststhat the need for cooperation during the hunt spurred languagedevelopment. Hunters needed to be able to talk to one anotherin order to outsmart, trap, and kill animals for food. Anothertheory suggests that the cooperation needed to gather and sharefood led to the development of language.Religion Religion is the worship of God, gods, or spirits. Earlyhumans probably believed that everything in nature, includingrocks, trees, and animals, had a spirit. Some archaeologistsbelieve that early cave paintings of animals were made to honorthe spirits of animals killed for food.Prehistoric Cave ArtPrehistoric people in different parts of the world paintedscenes on cave walls. Such rock paintings are among theoldest art in the world.The cave art on the top was done by a NativeAmerican artist in Utah. The painting shows a holy manholding a snake. Snakes were seen as links between thehuman and underground worlds.The painting at the bottom was done byan Australian Aboriginal artist. It shows adreamtime spirit. Dreamtime is a supernaturalpast in which ancestor spirits shaped thenatural world.SKILLBUILDERINTERPRETING VISUALSMaking Inferences What do these examplestell you about early human art? On the basis oftheir art, how important does religion seem tohave been in the lives of prehistoric peoples?54 Chapter 2
Art Prehistoric art gives us insights into humans’ daily lifeand shared beliefs. Early humans created art in caves and rockshelters. They also created art they could carry with them.More than 200 sites of early cave art have been discovered inFrance and Spain. Cave paintings thousands of years old showlively images of bulls, stallions, and bison. Prehistoric art existsin Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas.Jewelry and figurines are examples of portable art. Earlyhumans may have worn these items. Other items may haveAntler Headdress This redhad religious meaning. Art also included music, dance, anddeer antler headdress,stories—art that could be performed anywhere.which is about 9,500What were the main elements of prehistoric culture?Lesson Summaryyears old, may have beenused as a disguise inhunting or worn in huntingceremonies. Hunter-gatherers were nomads. Fire and tools improved lives. Early humans created language,religion, and art.Why It Matters Now . . .Early humans created the first tools. Today technologycontinues to improve our lives and help us survive.1Homework HelperClassZone.comTerms & Names1. Explain the importance sing Your NotesSummarizing Use your completed graphicorganizer to answer the following question:2. How did hunter-gatherers live?Hunter-GatherersMain Ideas3. How did prehistoric people use available naturalresources for food, housing, and clothing?4. How did the development of tools change the lifeof early humans?5. Where are some of the places that prehistoric arthas been found?Critical Thinking6. Comparing and Contrasting How was caveart different from other kinds of art created byearly humans?7. Drawing Conclusions What does their art tellus about early humans?Making a Map Use the map on pages A6-A7 of the Atlas to sketch a world outline map. Youwill add to this map in later units. Use the map on page 52 to mark the location of the huntergatherer group closest to where you live.The Earliest Human Societies 55
Skillbuilder Extend Lesson 1Finding Main IdeasGoal: To identify the main idea of a passage in orderto better understand hunter-gatherer societiesLearn the SkillA main idea is the most important point in a paragraph or a passage.A main idea may or may not be stated in so many words. In theexample to the right, the main idea is not stated. To find the main ideaof a passage, identify the topic. Then, as you read, ask yourself thisquestion: What main idea do the details and examples support?See the Skillbuilder Handbook, page R2.Practice the Skill1 Ask yourself what the passage at right, titled “Hunter-Gatherer Societies,”is about. Identify the topic by first looking at the title. The title tellsyou this passage is about what hunter-gatherer societies were like.2 Look at the first and last sentences of each paragraph. These sentencesoften give clues to the main idea. See if any one sentence sums up thepoint of the whole passage. In this passage the main idea comes fromcombining the ideas in these sentences.3 Read the entire passage. Look for details about the topic. What mainidea do they explain or support? This passage contains details aboutboth the good and the bad parts of hunter-gatherers’ lives.4 Use a chart like the one below to state the topic and list the supportingdetails. Use the information you record to help you state the mainidea. This chart is based on the passage you just read.Example:4Topic: Hunter-Gatherer hfood,varied dietDidn’t haveto worktoo hardTime torelaxand playRequireda lotof landHard tosettledownLimitedgroupsizeMain Idea: Hunter-gatherers had a good lifebut had a hard time feeding lots of people.56 Chapter 2
Ideas about life in hunter-gatherer societies have changed since the 1960s. Untilthen, most scholars thought that ancient peoples’ lives were very hard. Nowmany scholars have changed their minds. They have based their ideas on studiesof hunter-gatherers in the modern world—groups who still live by huntinganimals and gathering plants for food.1Hunter-Gatherer SocietiesMany scholars now believe that thelives of most hunter-gatherers were quitegood. Their environment gave them allthe kinds of food they needed. They hada varied diet of meat, fish, fruit, andwild plants. This diet was healthy andbalanced. Usually, hunting and gatheringdid not require too much time andenergy. People had time to relax, visitwith friends, and play games. 232 Yet there were limits to the huntergatherer way of life. A lot of land was required to support agroup of people. The group needed to roam across 7 to 500square miles per person to get enough food. It was hard tosettle in villages because people needed to move often tofind food. They owned only what they could carry, and theirhouses had to be very simple. The groups had to be small,probably no more than about 30 people. As groups consumedthe food in various areas, it became harder for societies to feedtheir people just by hunting and gathering. 22 Game Animals Thisrock painting in Tanzaniashows the possiblefavorite game animalsof hunters.Apply the SkillTurn to Chapter 1, Lesson 2, pages 17–19. Read “Different Mapsfor Different Purposes.” Make a chart like the one at left to helpyou find the main ideas. Identify the topic, the most importantdetails, and the main idea of the passage.The Earliest Human Societies 57
Lesson2MAIN IDEASScience and Technology New technologiessupported an agricultural revolution.Culture Agriculture made a big change in howpeople lived.Geography Farming developed independentlyin many areas of the world.TAKING NOTESReading Skill: Understanding Cause and EffectIdentifying causes and effects will help youunderstand the relationships among events in thislesson. In Lesson 2, look for the effects of thecause listed in the chart below. Record them in achart of your own.Causefrom Hungary is holding asickle, a farming tool. The figurerepresents a deity, or god, anddates back to about 4500 B.C.EffectsAgricultural revolution Pottery This pottery figure1.2.3.Skillbuilder Handbook, page R26Words to KnowUnderstanding the following words will help you read this lesson:grazing animal ananimal that feeds ongrowing grass (page 59)Humans could keep herds ofgrazing animals after theylearned to grow grasses.58 Chapter 2develop to grow orcause to grow (page 60)As the number of villagesin the region increased,a more complex economydeveloped.fertile good for plantsto grow in (page 60)Few people lived in thedesert because it lackedwater and fertile soil.
TERMS & NAMESLearning toFarm and rigationBuild on What You Know In the United States today,few people are farmers. However, in early human societies,almost everyone was a farmer. Today, because of technology,one farmer can raise enough food to feed many people.The Beginnings of AgricultureESSENTIAL QUESTION What new farming tools and methods didearly farmers invent?Early humans were nomadic. They moved around in search offood. By around 8000 B.C., though, they had learned to modifythe environment by growing plants and raising animals.Climate Changes Global warming resulted in the retreatof the Ice Age glaciers. This retreat meant that early humanscould move into new areas. As temperatures rose, thegrowing season became longer. Wild grasses spread andwere domesticated by h
early humans relied on tools. The Use of Fire Around 500,000 years ago, early humans learned to make and control fire. Fire provided heat and light, and it enabled people to cook food. A good fire offered protection from animals. Early humans also used fire to temper, or harden, tools made of metal. The Development of Technology Technology consists
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Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .
TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Contents Dedication Epigraph Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part Two Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18. Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26
