Composite Piles And Fenders
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDETABLE OF CONTENTS1What are PermaStruct Composites Piles . 21.1PermaStruct FRP Dock Piles . 31.1.1PermaStruct FRP Dock Piles Connections . 41.1.2PermaStruct FRP Dock Piles Material and Physical Properties. 71.1.3PermaStrutc FRP Dock Piles Loading Capabilities . 81.1.4PermaStruct Dock Piles Versus Timber Piles .111.1.5PermaStruct Dock Piles Installation .121.2PermaStruct Heavy Duty FRP Piles . 131.2.1PermaStruct Heavy Duty Pile Accessories .131.2.2PermaStruct Heavy Duty Pile Design .141.2.3Fender System.151.2.4PermaStruct Heavy Duty Pile Tolerances .161.2.5PermaStruct Heavy Duty Piles Installation .161.2.6PermaStruct Heavy Duty Piles Transportation .161.3PermaStruct FRP Sheet Piles. 171.3.1PermaStrutc FRP Sheet Piles Typical Properties .181.3.2PermaStrucT FRP Sheet Piles Accessories.19Page 1 of 19
PERMASTRUCT 1COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDEWHAT ARE PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITES PILESPermaStruct Composite Piles are a series of piling systems suitable for the harshest marine systems.Each system is suited for different applications and locations.Why Choose PermaStruct Composites Piles?High StrengthLight WeightLow Environmental ImpactCorrosion ResistantSuperior Energy AbsorptionNo MaintenanceLow Drilling CostPermaStruct Composite Piles consist of three main types, each designed to suit their respectiveapplications.1. PermaStruct FRP Dock Piles which are primarily used for minor marine infrastructures suchas harbours, docks, jetties.2. PermaStruct Heavy Duty FRP Piles which are primarily used for major marine infrastructuressuch as oil depots and ports.3. PermaStruct FRP Sheet Piles which are primarily used for applications that requireadditional asset protection and cover.Please Note: Design Life: 80 YearsWarranty: 20 YearsPiles are standard coated for UV protection and can be coated with pollyurea upon request.Page 2 of 19
PERMASTRUCT 1.1COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDEPERMASTRUCT FRP DOCK PILESPermaStruct Dock Piles are Fibre Reinforced Polymer Piles that have been specifically designed formarine infrastructures, such as marinas canals docks, harbours, jetties & pontoons. Each pile ismanufactured with a specific thermoset UV stabilised resin. PermaStruct Dock Piles, incorporateexceptional strength and stiffness attributes, that can match steel or timber equivalents. PermaStruct Dock Piles stand out due to their ability to not rot, decay or succumb to marine borers.PermaStruct Dock Piles are projected to last up to 80 Years and provide a huge advantage for marinedesigners and infrastructure owners. A good example, where PermaStruct Dock Piles can be used isfor substituting existing treated /timber piles, with much improved resistance to storms and longterm deterioration.Page 3 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDE1.1.1 PERMASTRUCT FRP DOCK PILES CONNECTIONSPermaStruct FRP Dock Piles can be integrated into existing projects as a hybrid solution where theFRP pile is installed in the water and splash zone with existing sub-frame used above. Naturally, thefixing detail size will be dependent upon the wind and wave loadings specific to a project.Figure 1: Typical Dock Connection to Sub -Frame ConnectionPage 4 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDEAlternatively, Perma Struct FRP Dock Piles can be combined with new FRP Sub-Frames, for fullexisting site replacements, with a hybrid of PermaStruct FRP Decks & Jetties and FRP Piles.An important aspect to consider for all connections, is the use of FRP Shear Washers, that arerequired to be sandwiched between the sun frame braces or stringers and is to be used as a washeron the backside of the connection.Figure 2: Typical FRP Shear WasherThe FRP shear washer distributes bolted connection compression forces over an area of the pile, asopposed to the tangential loading without the washer. The FRP shear washers can be bonded to thepile for increased bearing capacity. Bonding of the FRP shear washers to the pile should be performedusing the following procedure.1. Scrape both the pile and washer using a 100-grit sandpaper. All gloss must be removed fromthe pile surface.2. Clean the sanded areas using isopropyl alcohol-soaked cloths.3. Apply a recommended epoxy adhesive to one of the bonding surfaces.4. Use a putty knife or body filler scraper to spread the adhesive to a uniform thickness over theentire bonding area.5. Self-drilling screws should be installed to hold the FRP washer in position while the adhesivecures.6. Holes for the dock joint should be drilled after the washer is bonded to the pile to ensure thebearing surfaces of the holes are aligned.FRP shear washers are produced in 3m lengths. Therefore, washers can be supplied in custom lengthsto provide full support of the adjoining member.Page 5 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDEAlthough, PermaStruct FRP Dock Piles bolted connections, are project specific, they have typicalcharacteristic strengths for typical bolt sizes as below, based on a standard 254 x 9.5mmPermaStruct FRP Round Dock Pile without any FRP washers.Force Direction1 x M16 Bolt2 x M16 Bolts1 x M20 Bolt2 x M20Bolts1 x M25Bolt2 x M25BoltParallel to PileAxis2,951 Kg5,901 Kg3541 Kg7,082 Kg4,721 Kg9,442 KgPerpendicular toPile Axis1,762 Kg3,525 Kg2,115 Kg4,230 Kg2,820 Kg5,639 KgAll loads based on single shear loading & typical timber capacities.With FRP Washers now added in, a significant increase in capacities can be seen.Force Direction1 x M16 Bolt2 x M16 Bolts1 x M20 Bolt2 x M20Bolts1 x M25Bolt2 x M25BoltParallel to PileAxis5,295 Kg10,589 Kg6,354 Kg12,707 Kg8,471 Kg16,943 Kg46 Degrees toPile Axis4,345 Kg8,691 Kg5,214 Kg10,429 Kg6,953 Kg13,905 KgPerpendicular toPile Axis3,877 Kg7,754 Kg4,652 Kg9,305 Kg6,203 Kg12,406 KgAll loads based on single shear loading, use of recommended epoxy adhesive & typical timbercapacities.Figure 3: Typical FRP Piles Load DirectionsPage 6 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDEIn addition to above data, PermaStruct FRP Dock Piles have a typical pull out strength of the washerusing a 152 x 9.5 mm Square Radius Washer of up to 6719 Kg, as well as maximum allowable torqueof up to 68 Nm.1.1.2 PERMASTRUCT FRP DOCK PILES MATERIAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIESPermaStruct FRP Dock Piles have the following material and physical properties. These propertiesare based on data obtained on a typical pile size of 254mm x 9.5mm.PropertyValueMechanical PropertiesFlexural Strength453 MPaCompressive Strength453 MoaAverage In-Plane Shear Strength74 MPaTypical In- Plane Shear Strength65 MPaAverage Shear capacity27,753 KgTypical Shear Capacity24,317 KgAverage Torque Strength67 KnmTypical Torque Strength58 KnmAxial Compressive Strength453 MPaAxial Compression Capacity338 KgModulus of Elasticity43.5 GpaBending Stiffness2.43 x 10 11 Kg/mm 2Moment Capacity195 KnmAverage Pin Bearing Strength Cross Wise132 MPaTypical Pin Bearing Strength Cross Wise114 MPaAverage Pin Bearing Strength Length Wise219 MPaTypical Pin bearing Strength Length Wise191 MPaPhysical PropertiesDiameter254 mmWall Thickness9.5 mmMoment of Inertia4.31 x 10 6 mm 4Radius of Gyration87 mmWeight15.3 Kg.m 2Coefficient of Thermal Expansions9 x 10 10 -6 mm/mm/ocWater Absorption Rate- 24 Hrs1%Fibre Volume Fraction 50%Cross-Sectional Area7290 mm 2Surface AreaM 2/mPage 7 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDE1.1.3 PERMASTRUTC FRP DOCK PILES LOADING CAPABILITIESPermaStruct FRP Dock Piles have typical load capacities based on a typical FRP Dock Pile. Thesecapacities are based on the Pile Moment Capacity.Single Pile (Braced)- Lateral Load Capacity at Joint LocationTop of Pile to Pointof FixityAllowable LateralLoad (Kg)1.524 mLateral Load Producing the Exposure to Deflection (L/D) Ratio (Kg)1202403605226261413068711.828 m435518159076052.133 m373313336664442.438 m326610215103402.743 m29038064032683m2613653326217Based on a FOS of 2.5 for allowable lateral loads.Figure 4: Single Pile (Braced)- Lateral Load Capacity at Joint LocationPage 8 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDETwo Piles (No Braces)- Lateral Load Capacity At Joint LocationTop of Pile to Pointof FixityAllowable LateralLoad (Kg)1.524 mLateral Load Producing the Exposure to Deflection (L/D) Ratio (Kg)120240360104545228261417431.828 m87113631181512102.133 m7467266713348892.438 m6534204210216812.743 m580816138075383m522713076544353.352 m475210805403603.657 m43569084543033.962 m40217733862584.267 m37346673332224.5 m3484581290194Based on a FOS of 2.5 for allowable lateral loads. Based on pile moment and shear strengths only.Figure 5: Two Piles (No Braces)- Lateral Load Capacity At Joint LocationPage 9 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDETwo Piles (X Brace)- Lateral Load Capacity at Joint LocationTop of Pile toPoint of Fixity(z)Pile Spacing,within Bent, (y)Allowable LateralLoad (Kg)3m1.2193mLateral Load Producing the Exposure to Deflection (L/D)Ratio 1039069275.4861.21974671686843562Based on a FOS of 2.5 for allowable lateral loads. Based on pile moment and shear strengths only.Standard timber capacities used. Bracing assumed to be standard blackbutt timber.Figure 6: Two Piles (X Brace)- Lateral Load Capacity At Joint LocationPage 10 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDE1.1.4 PERMASTRUCT DOCK PILES VERSUS TIMBER PILESPermaStruct Dock Piles offer many advantages over traditional Timber Piles, with the followingcharts comparing their performance.Working Moment (Knm)807370605040333017.620105.40PermaStruct FRP Dock PilesTimber 2.4 mTimber 3 mTimber 3.6 mWorking Moment (Knm)Weight, (Kg/m)6050.595040343020.82014.88100PermaStruct FRP Dock PilesTimber 2.4 mTimber 3 mWeight, (Kg/m)Page 11 of 19Timber 3.6 m
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDE1.1.5 PERMASTRUCT DOCK PILES INSTALLATIONPermaStruct FRP Dock Piles can be efficiently driven with a vibrating hammer. When utilizing avibrating hammer, an adaptor is used to connect the pile to the vibratory hammer. The adaptorincludes an interior steel pipe that fits into the PermaStruct FRP Dock Pile to guide the pile. Theinterior tube is between 12.7 mm to 50.8 mm less than the interior diameter of the FRP pile. Theinterior pipe is welded onto a fat steel plate. The steel plate applies the compression force into thetop of the pile.It is also important to note that the pile may require an FRP insert for added compression or pinbearing strength. Therefore, the interior diameter of the pile will change. In the event a pile needs tobe pulled, a vibratory hammer can be utilized to pull the piles.Diesel and air impact hammers can also be successfully utilized to drive the PermaStruct FRP DockPile. A pipe insert driving head or steel pipe cap is required for driving the hollow FRP piles. It isimportant that the piles are impacted so that the driving force is dissipated over the cross section ofthe top of the pile. Applying of wood or composite material pile cushion is recommended to reducedriving stresses.PermaStruct FRP Dock Piles can also be driven into rock formation. However, it is often up to theGeotechnical & structural engineer as to how they want to approach the installation, but typicalinstallation techniques would be as below:1. Pre-drill the hole or rock socket. A hole is drilled slightly larger than the pile OD and the pileis fit into the hole.2. Steel H-pile stinger. A steel H-pile is welded to a collar and the pile is bolted to that couplerand then driven to elevation.3. Open shoe or Steel Tip. Piles driven in softer rock formations using a shoe or tip.Page 12 of 19
PERMASTRUCT 1.2COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDEPERMASTRUCT HEAVY DUTY FRP PILESPermaStruct Heavy Duty FRP Piles, are primarily used for larger marine structures, where highwave/Wind loads are present. They are also useful for dealing with impact loads from ships, due toits high energy absorption capabilities. Normally, PermaStruct Heavy Duty Piles form a hybrid withPermaStruct FRP Whales to form fender systems. This is where Perma Struct Heavy Duty FRP Pilesstand out, due to the reduce stiffness, that allows for less rigidity and higher absorption. This allowsvessels to impact the piles without any damage, as the piles deflects, absorbing the load in theprocess. PermaStruct Heavy Duty FRP Piles are made of High strength, directional fibreglass withvinyl ester resin.Why Choose PermaStruct Heavy Duty FRP Piles?Same Strength as SteelLow MaintenanceReduced Stiffness Allows for Minimal Damage on ImpactSuperior Energy Absorption to Steel & ConcreteAcoustic PropertiesLow Drilling Cost1.2.1 PERMASTRUCT HEAVY DUTY PILE ACCESSORIESA wide range of accessories are available to compliment the PermaStruct Heavy Duty Pile range, thisincludes;Pile caps for covering pilesHDPE sleeves for added wear protection in vessel strike zonePrefabricated pile slices for low overhead clearance applicationsPage 13 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDE1.2.2 PERMASTRUCT HEAVY DUTY PILE DESIGNPermaStruct Heavy Duty FRP Piles can be engineered to suit various structural requirements, witha wide range of piling options available. PermaStruct Heavy Duty FRP Piles are manufactured in aunique way, using a proven vacuum infusion process. This allows more control over variables thataffect resin flow, laminate permeability, and pressure differentials, which results in more consistentproduction outcomes. PermaStruct Heavy Duty FRP Piles, also have a unique closed mouldingmethod, that allows a higher fibre to resin ratio (up to 54%) to be produced, allowing for a strongerand lighter product, than other moulding methods.Ultimate Limit StateCapacitiesMomentShear (KN)(KNm)Overall Diameter(mm)Wall 610155.3Part NumberPage 14 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDE1.2.3 FENDER SYSTEMA major advantage of PermaStruct Heavy Duty Piles is the ability to absorb a high amount of impactenergy, due to its flexibility, where on impact from a vessel, they bend and deflect and return backto its original shape with no damage on the fender and in most cases the vessel. Fender systems aredeveloped with the use of PermaStruct FRP Wales. Although, the main core strength of the fendercomes from the piles, PermaStruct FRP Wales have a higher stiffness, making it ideal for applicationswhere protection of piers and waterfront is required. These wales are stiffer than alternatives liketimber, allowing distribution the forces of impact across the piling system. PermaStruct Fendersystems are also suitable for areas where narrow channels or structures are in close proximity dueits tight knit design.Our PermaStruct FRP Fender System can be seen in action Below:https://youtu.be/jy3vkFSxBC4Page 15 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDE1.2.4 PERMASTRUCT HEAVY DUTY PILE TOLERANCESDuring manufacturing, there are always slight discrepancies in values due to tolerance levels. Thisapplies also to PermaStruct Heavy Duty FRP Piles.ParameterValueLengthDiameterWall ThicknessWeightFibre Volume -152.4 mm -19.05 mm -4.76 mm -10 % -5%1.2.5 PERMASTRUCT HEAVY DUTY PILES INSTALLATIONPermaStruct Heavy Duty FRP Piles can be efficiently driven using standard industry methods, suchas use of vibrating & impact hammers. When using vibrating hammers, a hydraulic caisson clamp isto be attached directly to the pile. The clamping surface is level in order to minimize damage at thepoint of contact during driving. The size of the vibratory hammer should be selected based on sitespecific soil conditions along with the diameter and weight of the pile. The maximum eccentricmoment of the vibratory hammer recommended for PermaStruct Heavy Duty FRP Piles is 0.4 KNm.PermaStruct Heavy Duty FRP Piles can be cut using most traditional concrete cutting equipmentsuch as a diamond or abrasive grit blade. It is important that the cut line is accurately marked whencutting, and proper safety equipment is always to be worn during installation.1.2.6 PERMASTRUCT HEAVY DUTY PILES TRANSPORTATIONPermaStruct FRP Heavy Duty Piles are shipped to site using flat bed trailers. The piles should bestored in an area or use blocks to prevent rolling of the piles. Nylon slings should be used to avoiddamaging the surface of the pile. Straps need to be appropriately rated for the weight of the piles. Itis also acceptable to tandem lift the piles with fork trucks or lulls that are utilizing nylon slings.PermaStruct FRP Heavy Duty Piles should not be rolled over. Because of the way PermaStruct FRPHeavy Duty Piles are manufactured, there are surface imperfections on the piles. These are a normalpart of the processing and do not affect the pile’s structural performance and should not be a concernPage 16 of 19
PERMASTRUCT 1.3COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDEPERMASTRUCT FRP SHEET PILESPermaStruct FRP Sheet Piles is ideal for projects, where asset protection is a major priority, not justin terms from impact but for security purposes as well. The sheet piles are formed by a pultrusionprocess using electric grade fibreglass and high strength resins. They offer also a form of UVprotection to assets that would deteriorate when exposed to high volumes of violet rays fromsunlight.PermaStruct FRP Sheet Piles are suitable for a wide range of applications, including;Wave BreaksRetaining WallsWater ControlLand StabilizationBridge Abutment’sErosion ControlFlood ProtectionContainment/Security BoundariesPermaStruct FRP Sheet Piles are proven system used for various structural solutions where waterprotection is required. The sheets are aesthetically pleasing, and per weight, are stronger than steel,concrete & timber. There are easy and quicker to install with standard pile driving equipment onlyrequired, and its light weight allows for easy transportation. A major positive, is they are highlycorrosive resistance allowing for minimal to no maintenance required. They are also inert to marineborers and are unaffected to marine life.Page 17 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDE1.3.1 PERMASTRUCT FRP SHEET PILES TYPICAL PROPERTIESPermaStruct FRP Sheet Piles have typical properties as below. These properties may change slightlywith variances in sheet profiles.PropertyValueTensile Modulus Lengthwise24.96 GpaTensile Modulus Crosswise3.59 GpaCompressive Modulus Lengthwise24.96 GpaCompressive Modulus Crosswise6 GpaTensile Strength Lengthwise440 MPaTensile Strength Crosswise58 MPaCompressive Strength Lengthwise381 MPaCompressive Strength Crosswise131 MPaIn Plane Shear Strength56 MPaIn Plane Shear Modulus3.45 GpaShort Beam Shear Strength21 MPaMoment Capacity271.3 Knm/m & 78.2 Knm/mShear Capacity247 Kn/m & 71.1 Kn/mModulus of Elasticity31.85 GPAWeb Buckling Capacity186.7 Kn/mBASED ON A STANDARD SHEET SIZE OF 812.8MM X 355.6MM X 8.6MMPage 18 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDE1.3.2 PERMASTRUCT FRP SHEET PILES ACCESSORIESPermaStruct FRP Sheet Piles comes with the following two accessories which are fit for purposeitems.Sheet Pile CapsSheet Pile ConnectorsPage 19 of 19
PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDE Page 1 of 19 TABLE OF CONTENTS . 1.3.2 PermaStrucT FRP Sheet Piles Accessories.19 . PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITE PILES & FENDERS GUIDE Page 2 of 19 1 WHAT ARE PERMASTRUCT COMPOSITES PILES PermaStruct Composite Piles are a series of pil
Fenders FENDERS. EMAIL Sales@AnchorMarineHouston.com WWW.ANCHORMARINEHOUSTON.COM TOLL FREE 1 (800) 233-8014 HOUSTON (713) 644-1183 FAX (713) 644-1185 250 FENDERS FENDERS ID A B A C D B C OD RECTANGULAR FENDERS OD ID WT* 7 3-1/2 14 7 3 16 8 4 19 8 3-1/2 21 10 5 30 12 6 43 15 7-1/2 67 18 9 97 21 10-1/2 131 24 12 171 28 14 233 32 16 294 36 18 372
Steel sheet piles in a "Z", arched or, flat cross section are other steel piles in common use. Sheet Piles are unique in that they are designed to be joined with adjacent piles by the use of integral interlocks. Galvanized light gauge steel and Aluminum sheet piles are gaining acceptance for lightly loaded sheeting applications and offer the
DRIVEN COMPOSITE PILES 1 GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE This Specification sets out the requirements for the manufacture and driving of composite piles. The Specification covers only composite piles comprising a precast prestressed concrete upper segment spliced onto an H-sectio
The special shape of the W-Fenders offer savings in weight and installation advantages - reduce both the initial purchase and installation cost. 6 Refer to sectional view Refer to cross sectional view Minimum Bending Radius (R) M Fender M-Fenders are supported by three "feet" and are primarily designed as large thrust fenders for the bow .
Typical composite foundations include cushions and long-short piles. Short piles are applied to improve the bearing capacity of shallow soil, and long piles are placed into deep soil to control settlement [1-7]. The cushion between the raft and piles adjusts the load-sharing ratio among piles and mobilizes the bearing capacity of the soil.
The cast-in-place piles included in this study were installed using both conventional continuous flight auger (CFA) and drilled displacement (specifically the Omega pile tool) platforms. Conventional CFA piles (also known as augered cast-in-place piles, augered pressure-grouted piles, and auger cast piles) are installed by the
3.3 DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK 51 3.4 PLATE LOADING TEST 52 3.5 RAFT FOUNDATIONS 53 4. TYPES OF PILE 55 4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES 55 4.2 LARGE-DISPLACEMENT PILES 56 4.2.1 General 56 4.2.2 Precast Reinforced Concrete Piles 56 4.2.3 Precast Prestressed Spun Concrete Piles 57 4.2.4 Closed-ended Steel Tubular Piles 57. 7 Page No. 4.2.5 Driven Cast-in-place Concrete Piles 58 4.3 SMALL .
A-Level Business Studies Question and Answers 2020/2021 All copyright and publishing rights are owned by S-cool. First created in 2000 and updated in 2013, 2015 & 2020. 2 Contents People in the Workplace (Questions) . 3 People in the Workplace (Answers) . 4 Budgeting, Costing and Investment (Questions). 6 Budgeting, Costing and Investment (Answers) . 7 Business Objectives and .
