2. Hydraulic Cylinder 20 Pages
PISTON RODWIPER SEALGLAND BUSHROD SEAL (GLAND SEAL)SLEEVE GUIDE / COLLAR GUIDEGUIDE BUSHOIL PORT FOR RETURNSTROKE OF CYLINDER (B)WELDED FRONT FLANGE O' RINGSTOPPER TUBEBLEED OFF PORTMAIN SHELLSEAL PLATEPISTON SEALPISTONGuide Ring O' RINGPISTON SEALSEAL PLATELOCK NUTTAPPER END OF PISTONROD (FOR CUSHIONING)CHECK VALVE (FOR CUSHIONING)THROTTLE VALVE (FOR CUSHIONING)END PLUGSTROKE OF CYLINDER (A)Cross Section of a Doudle ActionFront Tube Flange Mounted Hydroulic Cylinder
DESIGN OFHYDRAULICCYLINDERQ.S. KhanTANVEER PUBLICATIONSHYDRO-ELECTRIC MACHINERY PREMISES12-A, Ram-Rahim Uduog Nagar, Bus Stop Lane,L.B.S. Marg, Sonapur, Bhandup (west),Mumbai - 400 078 (India)E-mail: hydelect@vsnl.com
Hydraulic Cylinder(3)Chapter-1Introduction to Hydraulic CylinderINDEX1.1.11.21.3Introduction to Hydraulic CylinderDefinitionTypes of Hydraulic CylindersComponents of Hydraulic Cylinder44452.2.12.2Classification of Hydraulic CylindersClassification based on body Construction of Hydraulic CylinderClassification based on Operating Features of Hydraulic .123.133.143.153.163.173.183.193.203.213.22Design of Hydraulic CylinderImportance of Safe DesignDesign of Cylinder TubeCapacity of Hydraulic CylinderWorking PressureTheoretical Design of Main Shell or Cylinder TubeDesign of Thin CylinderDesign of Thick CylinderDesign of Cylinder End-Plug (Cover Plate)Practical way of Selection of Cylinder TubeInside Diameter of Cylinder as per ISI StandardID of Cylinder as per Preferred NumberID of Cylinder as per availability of Seamless PipeID of Cylinder as per SealManufacturing of Cylinder TubePiston RodPistonGuide-BushGland-BushEnd-PlugFlanges Welded to Cylinder-TubeSeal PlatesCylinder 4852
Chapter-1Introduction to Hydraulic Cylinder(4)Hydraulic CylinderChapter - 1Introduction to Hydraulic CylinderHydraulic cylinder is most importantpart of a hydraulic press. It develops thenecessary force require to carry out apressing operation. As cylinder is one of themost important parts of a press, hence wewill discuss it in detail in this chapter.1.1 Definition: The hydraulic cylinder is a positivedisplacement reciprocating hydraulicmotor, which convert the energy of a fluidinto the kinetic energy of the moving piston.In other word we can say a hydrauliccylinder is a device which converts theenergy of fluid which is in a pressure form into linear mechanical force and motion.1.2 Type of Hydraulic Cylinders:Hydraulic cylinders could be classifiedinto two broad categories.i. Single action cylinders.ii. Double action cylinders.Single action cylinder can be defined as"Cylinder in which displacement in onedirection is by working fluid pressure and inthe other direction by external force.Single action cylinder can takepower-stroke only in single direction. Thatis either it can develop necessary force inforward stroke of cylinder or return stroke ofcylinder, depending on its construction. Thenon-productive direction of cylinder strokeis achieved by various meanssuch as self-weight (gravity), spring,auxiliary cylinder etc.Double action cylinders are those inwhich forward as well as reverse strokesare actuated by fluid pressure.Double action cylinder can developpower-stroke in both forward and reversedirection.In figure 1.1 when oil supplied in portA, cylinder will develop force in forwarddirection. Return stroke is achieved bygravity and spring. While in figure 1.2, whenoil is supplied in port A, cylinder will takeforward power stroke and when oil issupplied in B-port, then cylinder will takepower stroke in reverse direction.B-Port of cylinderA-Port of cylinderSpring Return Single Action CylinderFigure No. 1.1
Hydraulic CylinderChapter-1Introduction to Hydraulic Cylinder(5)1.3 Components of Hydraulic CylinderPISTON RODWIPER SEALGLAND BUSHROD SEAL (GLAND SEAL)SLEEVE GUIDE / COLLAR GUIDEGUIDE BUSHOIL PORT FOR RETURNSTROKE OF CYLINDER (B)WELDED FRONT FLANGE O' RINGSTOPPER TUBEBLEED OFF PORTMAIN SHELLSEAL PLATEPISTON SEALPISTONGuide Ring O' RINGPISTON SEALSEAL PLATELOCK NUTTAPPER END OF PISTONROD (FOR CUSHIONING)CHECK VALVE (FOR CUSHIONING)THROTTLE VALVE (FOR CUSHIONING)END PLUGOIL PORT FOR FORWARDSTROKE OF CYLINDER (A)Figure No.4.2 Cross Section of a Double ActionFront Tube Flange Mounted Hydraulic Cylinder1.3.1 Piston Rod: When diameter of piston rod is almostequal to piston diameter then generally it iscalled as RAM. But in general all large size ofpiston rods are called "RAM". Piston rod is amechanical member, which transmit kineticenergy, which got developed at piston, tothe work-piece. It is circular in cross-sectionin case of double action cylinder,ashydraulic sealing is required between pistonrod and guide bush. In ram type of singleaction cylinder, piston rod is also circularin cross action, while in piston type singleaction cylinder in which sealing is notrequired between piston rod and guide bush,piston rod may be of any type of cross section.For example in case of lock nut type of singleaction jack, piston rod has thread on its entirelength. Piston-rod is also called as plunger. Itcould extend from both the end of cylinder,and it could be hollow also. Piston-rod couldbe attached to other component by means ofthreading, eye bolt type arrangement, orgroove and split coupling arrangement etc.
Hydraulic Cylinder1.3.2. Wiper Seal: These are used to avoid entry of dustparticle in cylinder. When these seal softlywipe the rod then it is called wiper seal andwhen they are stiffly and forcefully rub thepiston rod to avoid entry of dust particle incylinder then they are called “scraper”.1.3.3. Gland-Bush: Gland-bush is used to retain gland seal,accommodate wiper seal, and provideguide to piston rod. It is an optionalcomponent; it could be merged with Guidebush. That means guide-bush can alsoaccommodate rod seal, wiper seal and canprovide guide to piston rod. We providedseparate gland-bush for convenience inmanufacturing, controlling dimensionaccurately, and stronger design.Making grove in Guide-bush andmaintaining tolerance and surface finish istoo difficult, so by using gland bush wemake an open step for accommodating sealand solve this problem.Guide-bush is made from mild steel,while guiding piston rod requires bearingmaterial. So instead of making completeguide bush of bearing material we makegland-bush of bearing material, Which issmaller in size as compare to guide-bush,and hence we save money.Strips and bush could be used to provideguide to piston-rod in Guide bush, insteadof making separate gland bush. But longguides provide by gland-bush which aremade from bearing material are muchstronger and give long life as compare tothin and short bushes and strips Filled inguide-bush.1.3.4. Rod Seals: These are also called as Gland seals. It isa device which used to avoid the leakage ofworking fluid or air from the periphery ofpiston-rod, Generally it is used to stopleakage between piston rod and guide-bushof cylinder.(6)Chapter-1Introduction to Hydraulic Cylinder1.3.5. Removable Guide Bush(Sleeve Guide): This is inserted in guide-bush beforeseals. This gives additional guide to Piston Rod. It is also called sleeve guide or collarguide.1.3.6. Guide-Bush: It is also called as “Head End”, “Rodend”, “front-end:, or “front-Face” (ofcylinder). This is a cylinder end enclosure,which covers the annular area or thedifferential area between the cylinder borearea and piston rod area.In addition to functioning as end-closer,it also could be used for mounting cylinder,providing oil-port, accommodatingbleeding and cushion arrangement, andproviding guide to piston rod.1.3.7. Oil Port: - A port is an internalor external terminus of air or fluid passagein hydraulic or pneumatic component.In hydraulic cylinder, oil ports areprovided to feed pressurised oil. It may bethreaded or bolted type, and its size dependson the flow of oil thought these oil ports andinside diameter of cylinder1.3.8. Cylinder-Tube-Flanges: These are circular or rectangular rings,threaded and welded to the outside diameterof cylinder tube. When this is fixed at frontend of cylinder then it is called Front-TubeFlange. It may be used for bolting of guidebush and cylinder mounting, in case ofFront-Tube-Flange mounted type ofcylinder.When it is fixed to the rear-end ofcylinder (end-plug side), then it is called“Rear-Tube-Flange” of cylinder. It may beused for bolting of End-Plug and cylindermounting in case of Rear-Tube-Flangemounted cylinder.1.3.9. 'O' Ring:it is a ring with round cross-section, andused to stop leakage between matingcomponents.
Hydraulic Cylinder1.3.10. Stopper Tube: When cylinder has long stroke, and infully extended condition of Piston-rod, ifthere is a chance of buckling of piston-rodor any damage to cylinder, then piston-rodis always kept sufficiently inside cylinder,so that the gland-bush and piston, whichprovide guide to piston-rod are sufficientlyapart from each other, and provide goodcantilever support against bending andbuckling.A piece of pipe, which floats freelybetween piston and guide-bush, and stopram from taking its full stroke, is calledstopper-tube.1.3.11. Air-Bleed-Off-Port:Air may get trapped in cylinder. This airmay be due to cavitations and de-aeration inoil, or air present while assembling andcommissioning of cylinder. Trapped airgives spongy operation, jerks, and loss ofcontrol on cylinder movement. To removetrapped air small tapped holes are providedin end-plug and guide-bush, which alwaysremains plugged. To release air these plugsare loosened allowing air to escape toatmospheres. When air is completelyremoved then oil started leaking-out fromthese plugs, then plugs are tighten again.This process of removing air till oilstarts coming out is called bleeding and theport provided for this purpose is called “airbleed-off-port”.1.3.12. Main Shell: It is also called “cylinder-tube”, or“cylinder-pipe”, or “cylinder-body”. It hascircular inside cross-sectional area. Itreceives, confines, and direct the fluidunder pressure to piston or ram so that thepressure energy in fluid get converted intokinetic energy of the moving piston or ram.The cross-section area of cylinder-tubewithstands radial as well as longitudinalstress developed due to the fluid-underpressure. It also provides guide to ram orpiston.(7)Chapter-1Introduction to Hydraulic Cylinder1.3.13. Seal Plates: These are round rings or plates, used toretain piston-seal on piston.1.3.14. Piston Seal: These are hydraulic seals used to avoidleakage between piston and inside diameterof cylinder tube.1.3.15. Piston: Piston is circular in cross-section. Itslides in main shell, and provides guide topiston rod at one-end (piston-end). Pistonhas provision and means to avoid leakagebetween cylinder and piston, and because ofthis feature, when fluid-under-pressurewhen enters in main shell in one direction,piston get pushing force in other direction.Hence it assists in conversion of pressureenergy in fluid to kinetic energy1.3.16. Lock Nut:To avoid losing of piston from pistonrod these lock nut are provided.1.3.17. Guide-Ring: These are flat rings of plastomericmaterial. And used in piston, guide-bush,and gland-bush to avoid metal to metalcontact, and act as guide. All mechanicalproperty of guide-rings are similar tobearing material.1.3.18. Cushioning:As per the requirement of hydraulicsystem piston-rod may travel at extremelyhigh speed in its stroke range. Oncompleting its stroke if piston hit guidebush or end-plug with same high speed thenit will damage the whole cylinder. Hencespecial arrangements are made in pistonand end-covers to reduce the speed ofpiston-rod as it completes its stroke. Thisprocess of deceleration of piston or pistonrod is called cushioning.Cushioning is achieved by throttling therate of exhaust or return of oil, fromcylinder. Cushioning may be fixed type orvariable type; Detail about arrangement ofcushioning will be discussed in design of
Hydraulic Cylindercylinder.1.3.19. End-Plug: It is also called as “Cap-End” “Cover End” or “Rear - End” (of cylinder) this is acylinder-end enclosure which completelycover the cylinder-bore-area. In addition toproviding end enclosure, end plug alsocould be used for mounting of cylinder,providing oil port, making arrangement forbleeding, and cushion etc.(8)Chapter-1Introduction to Hydraulic CylinderFor more knowledge about terms usedfor hydraulic cylinder, and other itemskindly refer IS:10416:1982 whichdescribes about 855 terms related to oilhydraulic.
Chapter-2Classification of Hydraulic Cylinder(9)Hydraulic CylinderChapter-2Classification of Hydraulic CylindersBasically there are only two types ofhydraulic cylinder, namely single actioncylinder and double action cylinder.These two principal types of hydrauliccylinders have been modified in so manyways as per requirement of industry,convenience in manufacturing, economyand duty cycle. Some of them are described asfollow.2.1 Classification Based On BodyConstruction Of Hydraulic Cylinder: On construction basis hydrauliccylinders could be divided in to fivecategories.1. Tie - Rod Construction.2. Threaded Construction.3. Bolted Construction.4. One Piece welded construction.5. Costume Build Cylinder withcombination of above mentionedconstructions.2.1.1 Tie - Rod Construction: This type of construction is most widelyused in industry. ISI standard also generallyrefers to one of this type of construction. Asall the components are only machined andassembled together and not welded. Henceplanning manufacturing, quality control,assembly, and maintenance are moreconvenient then other types of construction.As long tie rods are used to hold all thecomponent together hence special carerequired to tighten them, and safe guardagainst loosening in operation.Like standard valves and pumps, thesetypes of cylinders are also manufactured asstandard hydraulic component, and used forlow to medium pressure and low to mediumduty operation for general purpose, andmachine tool industry.End-Tie RodsShellOilRetaining Nutsguide-PistoOilTie - Rod CylinderFigure No. 2.1
Hydraulic CylinderChapter-2Classification of Hydraulic Cylinder(10)2.1.2 Threaded Construction: This construction is similar to tie - rod construction, but more compact, stronger, andrequire more accuracy and care in manufacturing and quality control. In this design both ends areassembled with cylinder tube by threading, as shown in following design.These are used for medium to heavy-duty operation, and widely used in earth movingOil PortOil PortThreaded - Head CylinderFigure No. 2.22.1.3 Bolted Construction: This type of construction involves welding of flanges to cylinder tube, and boltingof end cover to the welded flange. Similar to tie rod construction these are also designedand manufactured as standard hydraulic component and widely used in industry.Bolted ConstructionFigure No. 2.3
Hydraulic Cylinder(11)Chapter-2Classification of Hydraulic Cylinder2.1.4 One Piece - Welded Cylinder: Similar to shock - absorber, in this design the end covers and cylinder tube arewelded together. These are economical but can not be repaired. There are used forlow pressure; agriculture machinery application.One Piece - Welded CylinderFigure No. 2.45.1.5 Custom - Build Cylinder: In this type of cylinder, various type of construction are mix together to suit the requirement.One of the most widely used combination is welded cap-end cover, bolted head-end cover. Withfront tube flange mounting.In case of high capacity cylinder when it is steel cast or machined from solid steel forging,then end cover and front flange may be integral part of cylinder tube. Cylinder with this type ofconstruction widely used in hydraulic press.Custom - build CylinderFigure No.2.5
(12)Hydraulic Cylinder2.2Chapter-2Classification of Hydraulic CylinderClassification based on operating features of Hydraulic cylinder2.2.1 Single Action Cylinder: This is the simplest type of cylinder and used since introduction of water hydraulic. Inthis type of cylinder, ram or piston-rod have such construction that their displacement in onedirection is by fluid force and in other direction by external force.Piston-Rcd/RamWiper SealRod SealMain SheelOil PortGravity return single action cylinderFigure No. 2.62.2.2 Double Action Cylinder: This type is most widely used cylinder in industry. In this type of design thestroke of piston rod in forward as well as in reversed direction is due to fluid pressure, asshown in figure 2.22.2.3 Differential Cylinder: When cross - section area of Piston-rod ( Ram ) is half the cross - sectional areaof cylinder bore of double action cylinder, then such cylinders are called DifferentialCylinder.When differential cylinders are connected to regenerative hydraulic circuit then itgives same ( equal ) forward and return speed.
(13)Hydraulic CylinderChapter-2Classification of Hydraulic Cylinder2.2.4 Double - End Rod Cylinder: In this type of cylinder piston rod extends from both the ends of cylinder. Asannular area on both ends are same, hence it moves with same speed in its forward andreturn stroke. Sometime piston is made hollow to pass the work-piece or anotherWiper sealOil portDouble - end rod cylinder(With hollow ram)Figure No. 2.7Oil port2.2.5 Telescopic Cylinder: This type of cylinder provides long stroke from short body. Total stroke lengthmay be as much as four to six times longer than collapsed length of the cylinder.Telescopic cylinders are single as well as double action. The force out-put varies withstroke. We get maximum force on first stage when full piston area is used, whileminimum force at the end of stroke.These types of cylinders are used in dumper-truck, hydraulic mobile crane, andlift etc.Oil portTelescopic Cylinder ( Single action )Figure No. 2.8
Chapter-2Classification of Hydraulic Cylinder(14)Hydraulic Cylinder2.2.6 Multi position Cylinder: These type of cylinders provide special motion by moving two or more pistonsinside the cylinders. For example, in three-position cylinder as shown in followingdiagram, on pressurizing the cap-end-oil port the cap-end piston-rod forces againstthe head- end-piston, and moves it to some portion of its stroke (generally about half ofits total travel).Middle OilPortCap-end-pistonHead-end Oil portHead-end-pistonCap endOil PortMulti-position cylinderFigure No.2.9By Pressurizing the middle oil port, oil pressure separates the head-end-pistonfrom the cap-end rod, and force the head-end-piston to full extension. Three-positioncylinders are often used to actuate multi position valves or to shift gears in machinetools.2.2.7 Diaphragm Cylinder: Diaphragm cylinders are used in either hydraulic or pneumatic service for applicationsthat require low friction, no leakage across the piston, or extremely sensitive response to smallpressure variations. They are frequently used as pneumatic actuators in food and drug industriesbecause they require no lubrication and do not exhaust a contaminating oil dust. Spring- returnmodels shown in figure should not be pressurized in the reverse direction because reversals canpleat the diaphragm and shorten its life. Double-acting actuators with twin diaphragm areavailable for application requires pressure in both directions.DiaphDiaphragm CylinderFigure No.2.10
Chapter-2Classification of Hydraulic Cylinder(15)Hydraulic Cylinder2.2.8 Rotating cylinder: Rotating cylinders impart linear motion to a rotating device. They are often used toactuate rotating chucks on turret lathe.In this type of cylinder, complete cylinder assembly may rotate along with matingcomponents. Special journals, thrust bearing etc. are used to guide piston - rod and toreduce friction while rotating. Fluid is supplied through special stationary distributor.( like rotary joints )Generally relative rotary motion between cylinder and piston areavoided as high pressure seal would then be subjected to both rotary and linear wearforce. But with low RPM they can have relative rotary motion.Hydraulic rotating cylinder and hydraulic torque motor are two different units.Hydraulic rotating cylinder only imparts liner motion to a rotating device. While torquemotor impart rotary motion to a device to be rotated.Rotating bodyStationarydistributorFluidRotating CylinderFigure No.2.11SLOTTED CYLINDER (Rod less):In slotted cylinder, piston extends through a slot in the side of the cylinder. The slot issealed with a spring-steel strip that is threaded through the piston assembly. So farsloteded cylinders are available for pneumatic system but not hydraulic system.Out putmemberSteel stripMouldedsealPiston assemblySlotted CylinderFigure No. 2.12Slot
(16)Hydraulic CylinderChapter-2Classification of Hydraulic Cylinder2.2.10 Compound Cylinder: Compound cylinder consists of a secondary cylinder inside the main primarycylinder to improve the performance of main primary cylinder.Cross - section a simple of compound cylinder is shown in following figure. In thiscylinder we can have three forward speeds and pressing force.1) We get Maximum speed and minimum force when pump is connected to only Bport, and A & C is connected to tank.2) Medium speed and force is achieved when A is connected to pump and B & C isconnected to tank.3) Minimum speed and maximum force is achieved by connecting A & B to pumpand C to tank.4) Single speed return speed is achieved by connecting C to pump & A & B to tank.Oil port Oil port(a)Oil port(b)COMPOUND CYLINDERFigure No. 2.142.2.11 Intensifier: This is a type of compound cylinder. Which is used to boost the pressure of workingfluids. Intensifier may be a part of hydraulic circuit, in which pump initially supplieshydraulic fluid at low to medium pressure to carry out all the operation and function of ahydraulic system and when high pressure required then with the help of mediumpressure hydraulic fluid and intensifier, high pressure is developed. (fig. )Now-a-days readily available and economical. Piston pump can develop up to630 Bar. Some sophisticated pump can also develop up to 1000 Bar. But when oil at1500 Bar or 2000 bar pressure is continuously required then such type of intensifier isused.In following example using low pressure pump very high pressure oil can besupplied to cylinder
Chapter-2Classification of Hydraulic Cylinder(17)Hydraulic Cylinder1Intensifier cylinder2PlungerUpright3Direction control valveA4BDouble action cylinderCheckValve5Relif valve6MIntensifierFigure No. 2.15E] Operation Principle: I) When direction control valve Actuated to (A) piston, oil from pump passes toreturn side of cylinder. Spring of check valve No.(5) is so strong that it does not allow oilto enter forward port of cylinder and upright (3) unless. Cylinder gets fully retracted.II) After full retraction of cylinder , oil passes from check valve (5) and enter inupright (3), which cause plunger (2) to retract.III) In fully retracted condition of cylinder and plunger ( 2) system is ready for forwardstroke cylinder.IV) When solenoid is activated to B-position. Oil from pump is directed to forwardport of intensifier cylinder. This cause plunger (2) to more down and transfer oil in upright(3) to port for forward stroke ofV) If area of intensifier cylinder (1) in A1 and pump pressure is P1, Area of upright (3)is A2 , them pressure P2 got developed in up-right will be
Chapter-2Classification of Hydraulic Cylinder(18)Hydraulic CylinderP1 A 1P2 A2By this simple method method very high pressure could be developed by usingsimple low pressure2.2.12 Hydro-Pneumatic Reciprocating Pump: This is also a type of compound cylinder, it consist of a double acting pneumaticcylinder and a single action hydraulic cylinder with common piston rod. Pneumaticcylinder is completely made from non-magnetic material such as aluminum, brass ornon-magnetic stainless steel. Piston ring of pneumatic cylinder consists of anadditional magnetic ring. Out side cylinder tube two "Proximity switches" are provided atboth ends of cylinder tube. When piston with magnetic ring passes near the proximityswitch, it actuate. Proximity switch closes the electrical circuit and supply of current tothe coil of pneumatic direction control valve to actuate it. Pneumatic direction controlvalve is detention type, that is once it get energized it changes its position, and evenafter its coil gets de-energised, it remain in same position, and do not changes itsposition, unless other side of coil is energised to changes it's direction.In operation, pressurized air is supplied to four-way-two-position pneumaticdirection control, which operates cylinder, as cylinder takes its stroke, and piston withmagnetic ring moves across the "Proximity switch" it temporarily energies coils ofdirection control valve for the reverse direction of cylinder. As reverse stroke progress,even though direction control valve get de-energized but do remain in same positiondue to its detention characteristic. When reverse stroke reaches its end, piston passesthrough the other "Proximity switch", it get operated for a very short period of time. Butin that short period it energies coil of direction control valve for forward stroke andagain change the direction of cylinder. That is how it changes direction of stroke andcylinder keep on reciprocating. This reciprocating pneumatic cylinder connected to asingle action type of hydraulic cylinder, with two-check valve, which on its retractionstroke suck oil, and on its forward stroke deliver oil under pressure.The simple system we have described is by using magnetic ring, Proximity switchand detention type Direction control valve. Reciprocating pumps are also availablewhich are with out Proximity switch, and use only special pneumatic direction controlvalve. In one such system, pneumatic cylinder has cushion like arrangement at its bothend. When piston reaches the end of its stroke the pressure of air trapped betweenpiston and end-cover increases slightly more than supplied air pressure. This extrapressure is used to change the direction of detention type direction control valve. Inoperation spool of direction control valve get equal air pressure at its both end andremain in balance, but at the end of stroke increase in pressure of the air-trapped inActuating CylinderIntensifer CylinderDelivery of highpressure fluidCheck-valveOil portOil portSuctionIntensifer Cylinder AssemblyFigure no. 2.16
Hydraulic CylinderChapter-2Classification of Hydraulic Cylinder(19)2.2.13 Bred Bury Speed Ram: This is also a type of compound cylinder, in which ram of secondary cylinder is afree-floating tube. Refer figure.Primary cylinder is similar to convention at double action cylinder, but with hollowram. A tube freely float in this hollow ram, and held freely at some distance from inlet oilport. Oil is injected through a nozzle at high velocity in the tube. When oil come outfrom other end of tube inside hollow ram at high velocity, as velocity decreases,pressure increases. This pressure forces tubes out of hollow ram, and presses it firmlyon the opening of nozzle. This allows all the oil injected by nozzle to pass on to hollowram and force it out at high speed. As ram take its stroke at high speed the volume of capend cylinder is filled by oil through a large size of pre-fill valve, to avoid cavitations.As main ram (hollow ram) reaches its full stroke, some arrangement is made to leakthe pressurized oil getting injected in hollow ram to main cap-end area of cylinder, todevelop full pressure and force. This may be achieved by providing a side hole in tube ormaking it taper at the end and increase the clearance.This cylinder gives very high speed with very small capacity pump and motor. Speedram is developed by Mr. Farel bred bury, and m/s. Broughton Redman EngineeringLtd. Birmingham is Licensees to manufacture these cylinder commercially.Floating tubePre-filliag byCarend oil-portBred bury speed ramFigure No. 2.172.2.14 Non - Rotating Cylinder: Cylinder, piston, piston - rod, guide-bush, gland-bush all these components havecircular guide. When piston and piston rod take their stroke more, they are free to rotate.Hence alongwith a desired linear motion, there is also an undesired rotary motion ofpiston rod along its central axis.When a cylinder is assembled in hydraulic press and piston - rod is coupled tomoving platen, this rotary motion gets arrested. But when cylinder is not assembled inhydraulic press, and is required to perform independently in various operations such asmarking, punching, indexing etc. and rotary motion of piston-rod not desired thenpiston-rod is guided externally. But this additional and external guide takes lots of spaceand is a costly affair.Hence non-rotating type of cylinders has been developed. It is similar toconventional double action cylinder with three piston rods. All the three piston rod arecoupled to same piston, and passes through guide-bush, gland-bush etc. Whilemanufacturing such cylinders, too much precaution has to be taken regarding quality
Chapter-2Classification of Hydraulic Cylinder(20)Hydraulic Cylinderoil portoil portNon - Rotating CylinderFigure No.2.182.5.15 Hydro - Pneumatic Cylinder: These are very important type of cylinders used extensive in industry for suchoperations which require high production, very short production cycle, They requiresmall stroke of cylinder under load, such as punching reverting, marking etc.Hydro-pneumatic cylinder is a compound cylinder in which a pneumatic cylinder andhydraulic cylinder are assembled together in a special way.Following figure and description will explain it various component andA Air-chamberfor return strokecheck-valve forfree return strokeB Air-chamber forfast forward strokeSequencecheck-valveFDECHGABOil reservoireAir-chamberfor increasingpressure in oilOil chamber forpressure intensificationFigure No. 2.191] System start with revetting plunger at retracted position, and valve in switch-offcondition.c
lock nut seal plate piston seal piston seal piston o' ring oil port for return stroke of cylinder (b) welded front flange stopper tube main shell bleed off port o' ring sleeve guide / collar guide rod seal (gland seal) gland bush guide bush wiper seal
Hydraulic Cylinder Diagnostics 10 1 AG,HX00517,18 -19-06AUG99-1/1 Hydraulic Cylinder Diagnostics - - -1/1 Hydraulic Cylinder Drift Diagnostics - - -1/1 1 Cylinder Identification Is the cylinder you are working with a rephasing cylinder? YES: GO TO 4 NO: GO TO 2 - - -1/1 2 Preparing Cylinder for Testing
RRH-series double-acting hollow purpose hydraulic cylinder CLS-series single-acting high tonnage hydraulic cylinder CLL-series single-acting lock nut hydraulic cylinder CLR-series double-acting high tonnage hydraulic cylinder CLP-series single-acting pancake lock nut hydraulic cylinder SMC-serie
The scheme of the hydraulic cylinder is shown in Fig. 1a. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on each end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap end) and by the cylinder head where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder.
70T-2 Series Double-acting 2 Stages Telesscopic Cylinder - TTC-1 Series Single-acting Uniform Type 2 Stage Telescopic Cylinder-Position Detecting Hydraulic Cylinder Hydraulic Cylinder witd high accuracy positioning detecting sensor. Telesscopic Hydraulic Cylinder Telescopic cylinder w
Hydraulic Systems - Components and more Page 7 Contents Chapter 1: The hydraulic system 11 Hydraulic elements 12 Hydraulic fluid 13 Materials 14 Physical design 14 Chapter 2: The hydraulic cylinder 15 Classification of hydraulic cylinders 15 Type of effect 15 Working area 16 Series and working pressure 18 What's important? 21 Cylinder construction 25 Design 26
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A hydraulic cylinder converts hydraulic energy into a linear movement. The driving force is determined by the hydraulic pressure inside the cylinder chamber on the piston surfaces and cylinder ring Fig.1 Cylinder ISM - ISO 6022 main components: 1 Rod 2 Flange 3 Oil connections 4 Cylinder front head 5 Mounting elements (ex. rear clevis)
Hydraulic Cylinders 2 2- HYDRAULIC CYLINDER OPERATING FEATURES Single-Acting Hydraulic Cylinder The Simplest Type of Hydraulic Cylinder is the Single-Acting Design. It consists of a Piston inside a Cylindrical Housing called a Barrel. Attached to One End of the Pistonis a Rod, which Extends Outside One Endof the Cylinder (Rod End).
