LINK Planning Factors That Determine Your PTP Solution
Motorola SolutionsPTPLINK PlanningFactors that determine your PTP Solution
Agenda Motorola PTP SolutionsKey QuestionsPropagation EffectsFreespace LossAtmospheric AbsorptionRain FadeClear Air Fading PTP LINKPlannerMotorola PTP Products2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
WIDE RANGE OF MOTOROLA PTP OPTIONSLicense-Exempt andDefined-Use Licensed SolutionsPTP 100 and 200PTP 300, 500, 6002.4 to 5.9 GHz3MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.LicensedSolutionsPTP 8006 to 38 GHz
How do I decide? What is the range? What is the throughput at that range? What is the availability?The answers to all these questions depend on a number of factors, andchange depending where the link is deployed.4MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Propagation EffectsAtmospheric multipathfading due toabnormal refractionAttenuation due to rain /snow / dustLine-of-sight (LOS), freespaceattenuation atmospheric gas(Oxygen, water vapour)Distortion due tofrequencyselective fadingFading due to Multipath fromsurface reflectionDiffraction Fadingdue to obstruction ofpath by terrainModelled according to ITU-R P.5305MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
Microwave link planningAs in [ITU-R P.530], propagation loss consists of: Freespace lossGaseous absorptionRainClear-air fading (multipath)LfsLgLrLmLoss (dB) Lfs Lg Lm Lr6MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
Freespace Pathlossd distance (km)f frequency (MHz)L fs 32.4 20 log(d ) 20 log( f )“Perfect” Omni antennaHigh-gain antennas at high freqs26 GHz900 MHz26 GHz32dB5 GHz5 GHz15dB0dB900 MHz7MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
Atmospheric AbsorptionP 1013 hPaT 20 oCρ 7.5 g/m3Atmospheric Attenuation Factor o (dB/km)Dry gasWater vapourTotal100.00060GHz Oxygenabsorption peakAttenuation factor .01080.0010.009611MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other productor serviceFrequency(GHz)names are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.233880
Key propagation effects above 6 GHz1. Rain : can be severe2. Clear-air fading (includes ducting) : can be severe3. Obstacles and multipath : Unlicensed only for non-LOSFresnel zone should be clearfor LicensedLicenced Mircrowave (PTP800) is designed forclear LOS operation only !!!9MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
Rain FadeH2O is a polarmolecule with aseparation ofcharge, so it isaffected bymicrowavesWater dropFreq (GHz)¼ wavelength5.812.9 mm116.8 mm184.2 mm233.3 mm382.0 mmWater dropon a leafWhen raindropsize gets closeto wavelengthyou get powerabsorptionRaindrop fallingthrough air 2 mmAir resistancecauses bottomof raindrop toflattenPhoto: M.SellarsSurface tension forms“pendant” shape10Photo: M.SellarsSphere is the shape withsmallest surface areaMOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.Horizontaldimension isbiggest, soHorizontalpolarisationinteracts moreLargestraindropsabout 9 mm 2 mm5 mm
Rain rate 42 mm/hourRain fade for V & H PolarisationHorizontal polarisation is more attenuated by rain100.023 GHzLarge gap betweenV and H polarisation90.099.99% Rain fade depth (dB)80.070.0Vertical, 5 GHz60.0Horizontal, 5GHzVertical, 18 GHz50.018 GHzVertical, 23 GHz40.0Horizontal, 23 GHz30.020.010.05 GHz0.00.011Horizontal, 18 GHz20.040.060.080.0Distance (km)MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.100.0120.0
Rain FadingFor a 99.99% link need to know max rain ratenot exceeded for 99.99% of the time thencalculate path loss due to this amount of rainLattitudeLongitudeRainfall rateR0.01 0.01%CambridgeU.K.JohannesburgSouth AfricaKualaLumpurMalaysiaBombayIndiaDar esSalaamTanzaniaSydneyAustralia52.2 N26.1 S3.2 N18.6 N6.5 S33.9 S0.1 E28.0 E101.7 E74.4 E39.2 E151.2 E22 mm/hr51 mm/hr116 mm/hr74mm/hr95.5 mm/hr45.9 mm/hr12MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
99.99% Rain fade (Morocco 29mm/hour)5.88.011.018.023.026.038.0160.0140.0Rain fade nk length (km)13MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.80.0100.0120.0
99.99% Rain fade (Malaysia 98mm/hour)5.88.011.018.023.026.038.0160.0140.0Rain fade nk length (km)14MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.80.0100.0120.0
Clear-air fadingFading NOT due to rain, particles, obstacles (trees, buildings) “CLEAR AIR fading”Caused by extremely refractive layers of airin the atmosphereAccording to ITU-R P.530-12, clear-air fading mechanisms include : Beam spreading (commonly referred to as defocusing)Antenna decouplingSurface multipathAtmospheric multipathThese mechanisms can occur by themselves or in combination15MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
“Duct” Extremely refractive layer of airTop of ductEarth surface Ducts in atmosphere due to changing refractive index Cause radio waves to bend back towards the earth surface Primarily due to water vapour, worst above coastal areasGradient of refractive index dN/dh -39 units/km (linear)Change in temperature - ducts change - refractive index changesEquivalent earth(standard atmosphere)True Earth000-39Flat Earthlinear-157-39-15716MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.Rays return to earth-39-157
Clear air fadingITU combines all typesof clear-air fadingNot correlated with rain, so fading effects consideredindependentBased on data of refractive index - Can vary dependingon the season – eg worst in summer months in UKUse refractivity gradient to estimate probability of ductingas in ITU-R P.453Refractivity indexdN1Geoclimatic factor KCambridge U.K.JohannesburgSouth AfricaAbu-DhabiUAEBombayIndiaDar es -4682.6e-43.6e-40.1895.8e-43.3e-41.4e-317MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
Clear-air fading depends on: LatitudeDucts broken-up AltitudeSurface roughnessInclination angleFrequency– worse at equator– worse at sea-level– worse over flat ground– worse on flat path– worse at high frequencyTransmission pathcuts across ducts, little refractionTransmission pathlies inside a ductDucts form easilyand persistMountains - Low fading18MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.Flat coastal - High fading
99.99% Clear-air fade (Ashburton, U.K. vs Abu-Dhabi)5.88.011.018.023.026.038.0Abu-Dhabi 5.8Abu-Dhabi 8.0Abu-Dhabi 11Abu-Dhabi 18Abu-Dhabi 23Abu-Dhabi 26Abu-Dhabi 38100.0Abu-Dhabi90.080.070.0Fade (dB)60.050.040.030.0Ashburton, U.K.20.010.00.00.020.040.060.0Link length (km)19MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.80.0100.0120.0
RSLRSLU.K. Clear-air fadingAbu-Dhabi Clear-air fadingmeanmean24dB61dB0.01% fadetimetime0.01% fade99.99% Clear-air fade (Ashburton, U.K. vs. Abu-Dhabi)U.K. 8 GHzAbu-Dhabi 8 GHzAbu-Dhabi, at 40km, 8GHzsignal will fade by 61dB for0.01% of time80.070.0Fade (dB)60.050.0U.K., at 40km, 8GHz signal willfade by 24dB for 0.01% of .0Link length (km)20MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.LINKPlanner calculates this automatically
Winnipeg, Canada: 99.99% Fading (Rain and Clear-air)Rain 5.8Rain 8Rain 11Rain 18Rain 23Rain 26Rain 38CA 5.8CA 8CA 11CA 18CA 23CA 26CA 38140.0120.0Fade (dB)100.080.0Rain 23GHz60.040.0Rain 18GHzClear-air fading20.00.00.020.040.060.0Link length (km)21MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.80.0100.0120.0
Geographical variationsSometimes rain dominates (usually at higher frequencies),whereas clear-air fading may dominate near the coastRain(mm/hr)GeoclimaticFactor K( x 0.001 )Salt Lake City210.055San Diego250.190Phoenix330.130Dodge 0.091Charlottesville510.090Dallas550.245Lake Mary810.330GeorgeTown, Gr.Cayman840.250CityDepends onintensity of heaviestrainstormNOTfrequent drizzleSeattleBostonSchaumburgSalt Lake CityDodge CityCharlottesvilleSan DiegoPhoenixDallasLake MaryGeorgeTownGrand CaymanHigh values above 0.2mean high ducting22MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fading calculations for USA - RAINRain fade worstin areas of heavystorms (Florida)70.0USA Rain FadeBoston 6GHzBoston 11GHz18GHzBoston 18GHz60.099.99% Rain fade depthDallas 6GHzDallas 11GHz50.0Dallas 18GHzDodge City 6GHz40.0Dodge City 11GHzDodge City 18GHz30.0Lake Mary 6GHzLake Mary 11GHz11GHz20.0Lake Mary 18GHzPhoenix 6GHz10.0Phoenix 11GHz6GHzPhoenix 18GHzSalt Lake City 6GHz0.00.020.040.060.080.0100.0Link distance (km)Lower frequencies notaffected much by rainMOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service23names are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.120.0Salt Lake City 11GHzSalt Lake City 18GHz
Fading calculations for USA – Clear-airUSA Clear-air fade60.0Boston 6GHzClear-air fadingworst on coast(Boston, Cayman Isl)50.0Boston 11GHzBoston 18GHz99.99% Fade depthGT Cayman Is. 6GHzGT Cayman Is. 11GHz40.0GT Cayman Is. 18GHzSeattle 6GHz30.0Seattle 11GHzSeattle 18GHzPhoenix 6GHz20.0Phoenix 11GHzPhoenix 18GHzBest in Salt Lake City(high altitude, mountains, inland)10.0Salt Lake City 6GHzSalt Lake City 11GHzSalt Lake City 18GHz0.00.02420.040.060.080.0Link distance (km)MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.100.0120.0
Fading calculations for USA – Rain and Ducting combinedLink Distances for 99.99% Availability, 256-QAM, 6-foot dishSalt Lake CityPhoenixGeorgeTown, G.CaymanBostonLake MaryFrequency (GHz)Dominated byrain fading,worst in stormy areas(GeorgeTown)18GHz18 GHz inSalt Lake Citytravels further than6 or 11 GHz in mostother places !Salt Lake City has lowest rainfallso high frequencies travel quite farFCC Rules for 11 GHz:Smallest antenna 2.6ftShortest path 5 km11GHzDominated byclear-air fading,worst on coast (Lake Mary)6 GHz0251020304050Distance (km)MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.6070FCC Rules for 6 GHz:Smallest antenna 6ftShortest path 17 km80Salt Lake City is in the mountainsso clear-air fading is low
Simple Questions?What is the range?What is the throughput at that range?What is the availability?There is no “quick answer” to these questions, a lot depends on yourlocation and a number of factors for your linkCalculating these factors manually would be very time consuming!26MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
27MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
MOTOROLA LINKPlanner softwareLink planning should be carried out BEFORE equipment purchase / installDownload the FREE tool from http://www.motorola.com/ptp/softwareStart the PTP LINKPlanner tool Create sitesCreate linksRequest path data from MotorolaFree 3 metre Terrain Data (US Only, 10 metre world wide)Aerial Photography (free from Google Earth)Load obstruction data into link tools Obstructions estimated from aerial photography and local knowledgeEstimate antenna heightsEstimate appropriate antenna sizesEstimate environmental noiseConfigure link for customer needs28MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
Long link, 112km29MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
30MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fresnel zone – clear if possiblePTP 800 is designed for clear LOS operation only !!!Width of First Fresnel zone (n 1)28GHz, d 10km, Fn 5mFnd1d2Curvature of EarthRadius of Earth 6371km‘Effective Earth Radius’ factor – typically 4/3‘bulge’ 1.5m for d 10kmITU-R P.526 model for irregular terrain31MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.nλd1d2Fn d1 d2
Guidance for PTP 800 link distancesDistances calculated for various frequencies assuming:128QAM, 99.99%, 4-foot dishes, “medium” fading (rain 58 mm/hr, refractive index dN1 -219)Frequency (GHz)Short, high-capacity links38Minimum linkdist 0.5kmShort, high-capacity links26Short, high-capacity links23Medium links18Medium links15Long trunks11Regulator may not license 5km or 17km (FCC)Long trunks6Unlicensed4.9 - 5.832 0 0.551015202530MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.3540455055Distance (km)
PRODUCTS AND KEY FEATURESPTPFeaturePTP 100RF bands(GHz)2.4, 5.2,5.4, 5.8PTP 200PTP 300PTP 500PTP 600PTP 8006 – 384.9, 5.45.4, 5.85.4, 5.82.5, 4.5, 4.8,4.9, 5.4, 5.8,5.9105 Mbps300 Mbps368 Mbps(full duplex)Max.Throughput14 Mbps21 Mbps25 Mbps –50 Mbps LOSoptionMax. LOSRange35 mi(56 km) withreflector5 mi (8 km)Integratedantenna155 mi(250 km)155 mi(250 km)124 mi(200 km)NAMax. NLOSRangeNANA6 mi (10 km)6 mi (10 km)5 mi (8 km)NASecurity56-bit DES128-bit AES56-bit DES128-bit AES128/256-bitAES128/256-bitAES128/256-bitAES;FIPS 140-2128/256-bitAESWind SpeedSurvival118 mph(190 kph)118 mph(190 kph)202 mph(325 kph)202 mph(325 kph)202 mph(325 kph)150 mph(242 kph)OperatingTemperature-40º 131º F(-40º 55º C)-40º 131º F(-40º 55º C)-40º 140º F(-40º 60º C)-40º 140º F(-40º 60º C)-40º 140º F(-40º 60º C)-27º 131º F(-33º 55º C)33MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
SummeryWhy use Lower frequencies ?Unlicensed – No Licence FeesUnlicensed – Quick and Easy to deploy – No Frequency Co-ordinationLong DistanceNon Line of Site possible34MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
SummeryWhy use higher frequencies ?Bandwidth – much more available 10GHzEasier to make Narrow-beam antennas (e.g. point-to-point links)Better frequency re-use (e.g. 38GHz, 60GHz)Always use LINKPlanner!!35MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or servicenames are the property of their respective owners. 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
Q&A
WIDE RANGE OF MOTOROLA PTP OPTIONS 2.4 to 5.9 GHz PTP 100 and 200 PTP 300, 500, 600 License-Exempt and Defined-Use Licensed Solutions Licensed Solutions PTP 800 6 to 38 GHz. MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Pa
IAS 36 – LỖ TỔN THẤT TÀI SẢN. xxx KHÔNG áp dụngcho Ápdụngcho x Hàng tồnkho (IAS 2) x . Tài sản tài chính (IFRS 9) x . Quyền lợi người lao động (IAS 19) x . Tài sản thuế hoãn lại (IAS 12) x . Hợp đồng xây dựng (IAS 11) x . Bất động s
jpeg/png/wmf/ti /. Four major graphic environments Low-level infrastructure R Base Graphics (low- and high-level) grid: Manual Link, Book Link High-level infrastructure lattice: Manual Link, Intro Link, Book Link ggplot2: Manual Link, Intro Link, Book Link Graphics and Data Visualization in R
11 I Blue Link User’s Manual Blue Link User’s Manual I 12 Using Blue Link in Your Car Standard Rearview Mirror Controls for Blue Link in-vehicle voice-response use are located on the rearview mirror. Press the Blue Link button for access to the voice-response menu of services: Service Link Roadside Assistance Blue Link Account Assistance
presents the rudiments of a satellite link design in a tutorial form with numerical examples. Index Term—Satellite communications, Link analysis, Link design, EIRP, SNR, CNR. I. INTRODUCTION The satellite link is essentially a radio relay link, much like the terrestrial microwave radio relay link with the singular
mechanism) o Crank rocker (drive link rotates 360 and drag link oscillates) o Double crank (both drive link and drag link rotate 360 ) o Double rocker (neither drive link or drag link can rotate 360 ) –If the inequality is not satisfied then no link can rotate
USB-Link IDSC Holdings LLC retains all ownership rights to the USB-Link and its documentati on. The USB-Link source code is a confidential trade secret of ID SC Holdings LLC. You may not decipher or decompile USB-Link software, develop source code for the USB-Link, or know ingly allow others to do so. The USB- Link and its documentation may .
TP-Link TC-7610 Setup and Admin Login Guide TP-Link TC-7610 Setup and Admin Login Guide . TP-Link RE450 AC1750 Wi-Fi Range Extender Manual TP-Link RE450 AC1750 Wi-Fi Range Extender Manual TP-Link Technologies Co.,. 5. tp-link TL-WR90N 450Mbps Wireless N Router U
transmitted through IO-Link (IO-Link master). The IO-Link modules can be connected to any IO-Link master and thus enable a set-up of distributed I/O module units that are field-bus-independent. IO-Link modules Software IO-Link software tools and functional modules ensure standardised and efficient engineering and visualisation of diagnostic
