Carbon Compounds Ch 2
Carbon CompoundsCh 2.31
2.3 Carbon CompoundsA. The Chemistry of CarbonOrganic any substance that contains carbon exceptCO2 and CO.Carbon is very important to living things1. Carbon has 4 Valence electronsMakes it very versatileWill easily bond withH, O, N, P, S.all importantfor living things2. Carbon has the ability to form bonds with itselfa. makes long chainsb. complex structuresSteroids.TestosteroneFORM DICTATES FUNCTIONFORM Shape or Its structureFunction Job it Performs2
B. Hydrocarbons and Functional Groups1. Hydrocarbons: Made of Hydrogen and Carbon OnlyRepresent our Fossil Fuelsa. Alkanes: Hydrocarbon chains containing only single bondsEthaneMethaneButanePropaneOctaneb. Alkenes: Hydrocarbon chains containing at least one DOUBLE bondPropeneEthenePentene3
c. Alkynes: Hydrocarbon chains containing at least one TRIPLE bondPropyned. Aromatic: Hydrocarbon chains in a ring structureBenzeneToluene4
2. Functional Groups: atoms and ions added to our hydrocarbons to alter their functionImportant for ourUnderstanding5
C. Macromolecules of LifeMacromoleculesMacro LargeLarge Molecules made up of smaller piecesAlso known as PolymersA Polymer is made up of many Monomers small units thatcombine to form larger onesacrMany MonomersMonomerPolymer(Macromolecule)Many MonomersMonomerPolymer6
SugarFatProteinNucleic Acids(DNA)Are all Polymers made up of smaller Monomers!7
Carbohydrates8
1. Carbohydrates (Sugars and Starches)a. Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen onlyb. These elements always occur in a 1:2:1 Ratio (C:H:O)This is important for identifying themGlucoseC6H12O6SucroseC12H24O11Sucralosec. Structure Can be Simple or Complex1. Simple Sugarsa. Monosaccharides Single SugarGlucose and Fructoseb. Disaccharides Double SugarMade from joining two monosachharides togetherDehydration Synthesis building by removing waterGlycosidic Linkage specific type ofdehydration synthesis which joins saccharidesSucrosec. Polysaccharide 3 or more single sugars joined together2. Complex Carbohydratesa. Starch Thousands of monosaccharides joined togetherCellulose/Fiber from plantsGlycogen from cose9
D. Function:1. Most Carbs are readily available sources of energyEnergy is stored in the bonds between Carbon AtomsIt is released by the breaking of bonds betweenmonosaccharide through a process calledHYDROLYSIS breaking apart by adding waterOnce broken down into monosaccharides they aredismantled by RespirationHYDROLYSIS2. Some Starches are Structural ComponentsChitin is made of Cellulose and is found in cell wallsof plants and the exoskeleton of insects10
LIPIDS11
2. Lipids (Fats, Oils, and Waxes)a. Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (Same as Carbs)b. Ratio is different from Carbs (Ca lotHa lotOnot so much)FAT akaTriglycerideOH OH c. Structure:Monomers are Glycerol and Fatty AcidsLipids are made when a glycerol moleculebonds with fatty acidsHLose the OH from FattyAcids and the Hfrom theglycerolOHCHOHCHOH CHHFatty AcidGlycerolJoined together by Dehydration Synthesis known asESTER LINKAGE12
1. Fats/Oils (Triglycerides):1 Glycerol Molecule and 3 Fatty Acid ChainsFat is solid at Room TemperatureOil is a liquid at Room TempFats can be Saturated orUnsaturatedSaturatedUnsaturated (MONO)Unsaturated (POLY)13
Unsaturated Fats can be CIS or TRANS fatsThe bend makes it easier to digest and less likely to congest arteries 14
2. Functional Lipids1 Glycerol Molecule attached to two Fatty Acids andsomething else that alters its functionEX: PhoshpholipidCreate a membrane thatprotects a cell from theoutside environment15
3. Waxes and Cholesterol (Steroids)a. Waxes: One fatty acid chain linked to an alcoholb. Steroids: a carbon skeleton with a 4 ring structureCholesterol: LipoproteinsHDL: High Density Lipoproteinaka: Good Cholesterol: increasesthe transport of saturated fats fordigestion: prevents clogging ofarteriesLDL: Low Density Lipoproteinaka: Bad Cholesterol: Decreases thetransport of triglycerides causing themto accumulate as plaque in arterialwalls16
Steroids: have the same shape as cholesterol but generally serve as hormones inthe bodyAndrogen: aka. male hormoneresponsible for development of maleprimary and secondary sexualcharacteristics and tissue buildingFemale Sex hormones: Responsible for thedevelopment of primary and secondary sexualcharacteristics and regulation of menstruationModern birth control pills (YAZ) introducesynthetic progesterone to trick the body intothinking it is pregnant. Progesterone preventsfurther ovulation during pregnancy17
Anabolic Steriods: Synthetic versionsof male hormones that promoteaccelerated tissue growth18
d. Functions1. Act as Energy Storage2. Serve as a membrane to protect the cell from the outside environment3. Serve as chemical messengers (hormones) in the body19
Nucleic Acids20
3. Nucleic Acidsa. Very large Macromoleculesb. Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen and Phosphorousc. Function:Information Carrying Molecules: DNA and RNACarry instructions for Building Proteinsd. Structure: Monomers are called nucleotidesThey contain one of each of the followinga. 5 Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose)b. Phosphate Groupc. Nitrogenous Basea. Adenineb. Guaninec. Cytosined. Thymine/Uracil (Different in DNA and RNA)The Sequence of Nitrogenous Bases makes up thegenetic code instructions for building proteins21
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Proteins26
4. Proteinsa. Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogenb. StructureMonomers are Amino AcidsAll Amino Acids have thesame Amino group(NH3) Amino means Nitrogenand Carboxyl group(COO) This makes it an acidThe R Group is for the restof the molecule.There are20 different Rgroups.meaning thereare 20 different aminoacids27
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When two Amino Acids are joined together water isremoved.This is known as .In Proteins it is known as a Peptide Bond!Water OutFour Levels of Structure:1. Primary Sequence of Amino Acids (Polypeptide)2. Secondary Polypeptide bends3. Tertiary Folds into a 3 Dimensional Polypeptide4. Quaternary different Polypeptides come together tomake a functional proteinPolypeptideAlpha HelicesProteinBeta Pleated Sheets30
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c. Functions (7)1. Proteins are structural components of tissue2. Enzymes carry out all of the bodies chemicalreactions3. Transport materials4. Contract to create movement5. Act as Hormones chemical messengers6. Store materials7. Antibodies for the immune system defenseHemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells32
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2 2.3 Carbon Compounds A. The Chemistry of Carbon Organic any substance that contains carbon except CO and CO.2 Carbon is very important to living things 1. Carbon has 4 Valence electrons Makes it very versatile Will easily
Chapter 2-3 Carbon Compounds. A. Organic compounds- originally thought to be compounds produced by living organism, now it refers to compounds containing carbon. 6 C Carbon 12.011. a. Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons 1. The carbon atom is unique and carbon compounds are
2.3 Carbon Compounds. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds THINK ABOUT IT In the early 1800s, many chemists called the compounds created by organisms “organic,” believing they were fundamentally different from compounds in nonliving things. We now underst
All organic compounds contain carbon atoms, but not all carbon-containing compounds are classified as organic. examples: Na 2 CO 3, CO, and CO 2 are considered inorganic. Organic compounds can be defined as covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides. Chapter 22
All the compounds that exist on Earth are built from elements 118 elements are on the periodic table; only 80 commonly form compounds 10 million known compounds; billions of possible compounds Figure 2.22: Hydrogen and carbon alone can be combined in millions of ways to make compounds with very different properties.
Section2-3 Carbon Compounds (pages44-48) Key Concept What are the functions of each group of organic compounds? TheChemistry of Carbon (page44) 1. How many valence electrons does each carbon atom have? 2. What gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimit
Binary compounds are those that are composed of only two elements. There are three types of binary compounds: binary covalent compounds, binary ionic compounds and binary acids. Examples of binary covalent compounds include water (H 2O), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide CO 2. The naming convention for bina
Organic Chemistry Many compounds are built around the carbon atom – Organic Chemistry focuses on these compounds Contain carbon and other atoms such as H, O, N, S, P 10 million compounds – Natural or “synthetic” – Huge variety due to many bonding possibilities for carbon Approaches for representing organic compounds
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02. 3 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 4 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard. 1 .
