01 White Sharks - Bonnier Corp
We admit it: We’re impressed by size, from state-fair-winning watermelons andMark Zuckerberg’s bank account to the formidable dimensions of the Grand Canyon and Mount Everest. But nothing on terra firma gets our pulse racing as fastas a big animal coming out of the blue depths, sometimes at terrifying speeds.Skip this article if you suffer from megalophobia (fear of large things), but ifyou’re a fan of the truly colossal, you’ll love this gallery of the most e lectrifying big-animal e ncounters in the ocean, from the Arctic to the South Pacific.BY TERRY WARD01 GreatWhiteSharksISLA GUADALUPE, MEXICOTEXPERIENCE LEVELTRAVELROUNDUPCONDITIONS 70 F WATER TEMPERATURE,125 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW SOLMAR V, SOLMARV.COML E AV E YO U R M AC R O L E N S O N L A N D F O RTHESE WIDE-ANGLE ANIMAL WONDERSscubadiving.comJULY 2016 / 34scubadiving.comJULY 2016 / 35DAVIDE LOPRESTIGOSouth Africa and A ustraliaare among a handful ofplaces in the world whereyou can reliably get in thewater for a cage match withgreat white sharks. When itcomes to water clarity andinsane topside views, however, there’s no place likeIsla Guadalupe. Save for afew scientists, this volcanic island about 150 milesoff Baja’s west coast is asunpopulated as it is exotic.Clouds cascade waterfallstyle down rust-red cliffsinto an ocean the color ofmouthwash, where thegreat whites lurk. Migratory animals, the sharkstraverse these waters from August through Novemberto feed on elephant sealsand other pinnipeds. Andthis is when divers descendon liveaboards (the onlyway to dive here) to observe the animals up closefrom the relative comfort of aluminum cages. You’ll bebreathing hookah air fromthe surface, so if you forgetto breathe for a bit — andyou might — no worries.
GOBIG0602Nerpa SealsDolphins SOUTH AFRICACatching the legendary Sardine Run when it’s doingits thing is like witnessingan underwater Serengeti.From May through Julyoff South Africa’s eastcoast, billions of northbound sardines are fodderfor an all-out frenzy thatlures whales, sharks, diving g annets and dolphins. Common and bottlenosedolphins are the primaryherders, working in teamsto corral the sardines. Withan estimated 18,000 dolphins following the SardineRun, this is one of the mostreliable places in the worldto see them.LAKE BAIKAL, RUSSIATRAVEL ROUNDUPEXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 54 F WATER TEMPERATUREIN SUMMER, 130 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW BAIKAL DIVING,BAIKALDIVING.RU03Mola MolasBALI, INDONESIABecause they spend muchof their time lollygaggingnear the ocean’s surface,soaking up the sun’s heat,mola molas are often referred to as ocean sunfish.Known for their unusualbody shape, they can growup to 10 feet long and tipthe scales at 5,000 pounds,making them the heaviestbony fish in the world. FromJuly to October, the clearwaters around Nusa Penidaoff Bali’s southeast coast areEXPERIENCE LEVELa magnet for mola molas.Settle in near the cleaningstations where they tend togather. Nothing lowers yourheart rate like watching amola mola do its cool andcasual thing.EXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 80 F WATER TEMPERATURE,65 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW ARENUI, THEARENUI.COMsharks on our dives are not indiscriminate man-eatersbut majestic, powerful animals to be respected,”says Michelle Cove, of tripswith Stuart Cove’s DiveBahamas. Most are in the6-foot range, but you mightspot a few up to 8 feet longas you kneel on the sandybottom in the feeding arenaand take in the frenzy.EXPERIENCE LEVEL04CaribbeanReef SharksNEW PROVIDENCE,BAHAMASNo place has sharks like theBahamas. And for all thebulls, tigers and hammersthat await in this enormousarchipelago, accessibledives with graceful Caribbean reef sharks off Nassaudeliver some of the headiestthrills. “Divers realizethat these Caribbean reefscubadiving.comCONDITIONS 80 F WATER TEMPERATURE,80 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW STUART COVE’S DIVE BAHAMAS,STUARTCOVE.COM05Humboldt SquidSEA OF CORTEZ,MEXICOIn-water encounters withaggressive Humboldt andgiant squids are very rareand only for very serious(or crazy) adventurers. ButJULY 2016 / 36just seeing the creaturejigged up on deck duringliveaboard trips in the Seaof Cortez is a thrill. “Our clients say it’s the most alienthing they’ve witnessed —like seeing a creature fromouter space,” says Rocio delMar owner Dora Sandoval. At night, dive guidesjig up the squid — some specimens up to 6 feet long— using lights to attractthem in the deep waterswhere sperm whales, whichare the squids’ main predator, are seen during the day.“They get pretty aggressiveand excited,” says Sandovalof the squid, which are voracious eaters and oftenengage in cannibalizationas they’re being reeled in.EXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 65 F-85 F WATER TEMPERATURE, 60 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW ROCIO DEL MAR,ROCIODELMARLIVEABOARD.COMCONDITIONS 62 F WATER TEMPERATURE,20 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITY, STRONGCURRENTS POSSIBLEGO NOW BLUE OCEAN DIVE RESORT,BLUEOCEANDIVE.CO.ZA07Tiger SharksBEQA LAGOON, FIJIGREG LECOEUR. OPPOSITE: GERALD NOWAKTNo one says getting toS iberia is easy. But R ussia’sremote World Heritagelisted Lake Baikal is theonly place in the worldwhere you can dive withnerpa seals. Endemic to thisone particular lake, they arean earless species related toArctic ring seals and amongthe only freshwater sealsin the world. Nerpas canweigh up to 260 pounds,and like other seals are underwater acrobats, diving to depths of more than1,000 feet. They spend mostof the winter under the iceor in snowy lairs topside.And while ice diving isone way to see them, we advise waiting for the summer thaw to enjoy Siberia’s fabulous hiking too.“Set your lens and strobeswide, and don’t turn into adribbling pile of sissy,” saysunderwater photographerJeffrey Millisen of photographing tiger sharks. AtTiger Shark Cathedral, offBeqa, Fiji, the striped beauties are lured by a feedingbox near a wall that dropsto 70 feet. As many as seventigers show up on a single frenetic dive.EXPERIENCE LEVEL(MUST HAVE AT LEAST 30 LOGGED DIVES)CONDITIONS 79 F WATER TEMPERATURE,90 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW BEQA LAGOON RESORT, BEQALAGOONRESORT.COMscubadiving.comJULY 2016 / 37
GOBIG08AtlanticSailfishISLA MUJERES,MEXICOEvery year from January toMarch, shoals of sardinesattract huge numbers ofsailfish for one of the Caribbean’s greatest feeding frenzies. Keeping up with thefish as they use their bills,sails and color flashes toherd sardines will test eventhe fittest diver. But the rewards are worth it. “To be inthe water with the ocean’sfastest fish is as excitingas it gets,” says Swedish underwater photographerMagnus Lundgren. “Theyare the Ferraris of the sea.You realize how controlledand deliberate their hunt forthe sardines is.”TTRAVEL ROUNDUPEXPERIENCE LEVEL11CONDITIONS 79 F WATER TEMPERATURE, 65-100 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW PRO DIVE MEXICO,PRODIVEMEX.COM09ScallopedHammerheadsGREG LECOEUR. OPPOSITE: PETER G. ALLINSON, M.D.GA L A PAG O S , E C UA D O Rscubadiving.comJULY 2016 / 38Of the endless Darwinianreasons to visit the Galapagos in the easternPacific Ocean, the chanceto fin among schooling scalloped hammerheads is nearthe top of every diver’s list.Though hammers can bespotted throughout thearchipelago, Darwin andWolf islands — accessibleonly by liveaboard — arethe best spots to encounterthem. June brings massivemigrations, with the animals often numbering inthe thousands. Wayne B.Brown, CEO of AggressorFleet, remembers his firsttime in the water with theseunique sharks: “There wasa virtual wall of them, fromas far deep and as high as Icould see,” he says. “To seethem in person — what Ihad previously seen only onTV and in magazines — wasthe ultimate justification ofwhy I started diving.”EXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 79 F WATER TEMPERATURE,90 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW GALAPAGOS AGGRESSOR III,AGGRESSOR.COM10Whale SharksTOFO, MOZAMBIQUEThere’s no better s urprisefor visitors on a dive thanwhale sharks, which often disappear into the blueas quickly as they appear.It’s practically a religiousexperience: With a tendency to eclipse the sunwhen they cruise overhead, the bus-size spottedbeauties can stop divers intheir tracks and leave themscubadiving.comopen-mouthed with amazement. To all but guaranteeencounters with the largest fish in the sea, head to Africa’s Tofo Beach, a tinytravelers’ and scuba divingmecca roughly 250 milesnorth of Mozambique’sbustling capital, Maputo.From October to March,a nonstop s upply train of plankton from the IndianOcean attracts the filter- feeding sharks, whichsometimes roll up to50 animals deep. But encountering whale sharksare a quality over quantity experience — seeingjust one is enough to makeyour day. Operators offer snorkel-only encounters.MantaRaysKONA, HAWAIIUnderwater lights placedin the sand near GardenEel Cove set the stage forone of the world’s greatest night dives. S warmingplankton arrive first, andthey are followed by hugemanta rays that immediately start loop-the-loopfeeding somersaults. “Thisis the only dive where theanimals are performersand the divers are boththe audience and the stagelighting,” says Byron Kayof Kona Honu Divers. “Themantas are like gracefulalien ships dancing in anunderwater rave.”EXPERIENCE LEVELEXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 80 F WATER TEMPERATURE,80 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW TOFO SCUBA, TOFOSCUBA.COMCONDITIONS 78 F WATER TEMPERATURE, NIGHT DIVEGO NOW KONA HONU DIVERS, KONAHONUDIVERS.COMJULY 2016 / 39
GOBIG12Humpback WhalesTONGATRAVEL ROUNDUPEXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 77 F WATER TEMPERATURE,80 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW TONGAN EXPEDITIONS,TONGANEXPEDITIONS.COM13Fur SealsNEW SOUTH WALES,AUSTRALIAClearer waters make the antipodal winter months (Mayto October) prime time todive or snorkel with thriving colonies of Australianfur seals that frequent thewaters around Jervis Bay,south of Sydney in southeastern Australia. “They’replayful and curious andcome right up to your face,then veer off and do somersaults,” says Bill M ountford,owner of Dive Jervis Bay.And the fur seals’ habitats here — including acave on the side of a cliff —VANESSA MIGNONT“Getting to Vava’u is a bitof an ordeal,” underwaterphotographer Brandon Colesays of the remote T onganisland group, “but thehumpbacks are so worth it.”From late June to November,the whales make this tropical stop on their way northfrom Antarctic feedinggrounds. Most of the whalesare mellow mothers withyoung calves. But you mightfind yourself in the waterwith feistier males too. “Forhot drops into the chaos of atestosterone-charged ‘heatrun’ — with multiple maleschasing a female — I switchmy camera [from manualmetering] to shutter-priority metering,” says Cole.scubadiving.comJULY 2016 / 40scubadiving.comJULY 2016 / 41
BIGOceanic MantasR A J A A M P A T, I N D O N E S I AA mask, flippers and snorkelare all you’re permitted touse when encounteringsperm whales off Sri Lankain the Indian Ocean. Oneof Earth’s deepest-diving animals, capable of plunging more than a mile to feedon giant squid, local operators find them when theysurface to breathe.The West Papuan archipelago of Raja Ampat has morethan 1,500 islands, cays andshoals to lure divers, andsits smack in the triangleof biodiversity. Gill-rakingpractices prevail in many ofthe world’s oceans, but bothreef mantas and oceanicmantas are protected in thewaters around Raja Ampat,where they appear in largenumbers. The largest of allrays, oceanic mantas canweigh as much as 2,900pounds. But most of theones you’ll see in Raja aresmaller, with a wingspanof around 15 feet. “They’reas big as a blanket whenthey move over you, andwith so much grace and elegance,” says Seth Setiada,a J akarta-based diver.EXPERIENCE LEVELEXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 80 F WATER TEMPERATURE,30-80 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW SRI LANKA AGGRESSOR,AGGRESSOR.COMCONDITIONS 84 F WATER TEMPERATURE,80 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW S/Y INDO SIREN,SIRENFLEET.COMEXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 63 F WATER TEMPERATURE,30-50 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW DIVE JERVIS BAY,DIVEJERVISBAY.COM14Sperm WhalesSRI LANKAT 15of the darkness and hangright near you and scarethe bejeezus out of you,”says Janine Lucas of MikeBall Dive Expeditions.1716BelugaWhales are spectacularly scenic,with beautiful sponge gardens and soft corals, and frequent appearances bygray nurse sharks too.S VA L B A R D, N O RWAYTRAVEL ROUNDUPNothing can prepare youfor an encounter withthese whales that are aswhite as snow. Liveaboardtrips in Svalbard — an archipelago in the NorwegianArctic — cruise the coastalfjords and even enter thepack ice to look for belugas.They tend to hug the coastin numbers anywhere fromfive up to several hundred,says Sven Gust of Northern Explorers, who runstrips here under the midnight sun, in June and July.Entering with snorkel gearand seeing how the animalsreact is standard protocol.EXPERIENCE LEVELNapoleon WrassePA L AUAlso known as humpheadand Maori wrasse — a reference to the intricate patterning aroundtheir heads that r esemblestribal tattoos — Napoleonwrasse are one of the most outgoing and friendly creatures you’ll encounter inthe I ndo-Pacific region.The largest of wrasses areamong the world’s biggestreef fish too; they weigh upto 400 pounds and couldeasily blanket your car’swindshield. Napoleonshave a curious streak thatendears them to divers.At iconic Palau sites suchas Blue Corner and Peleliu Express, divers are approached by puppylikeNapoleons that seem to besoliciting a pat on the flank.EXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 80 F WATER TEMPERATURE,50-70 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW MIKE BALL DIVE EXPEDITIONS,MIKEBALL.COM19 GiantPacificOctopusVANCOUVER ISLAND,BRITISH COLUMBIA,CANADAForget all you know aboutmini Caribbean octopuses.The bracing waters off Vancouver Island setthe stage for an octopus encounter on an entirelydifferent scale. The intelligent giant Pacific octopus is the largest ofall octopuses, averaging16 feet across and weighingaround 110 pounds. Theyblend with their surroundings and live in large densor caves, but they can bespotted in open areas too.Color changes give insightinto their moods. “Whiteindicates fright, bright redis anger, and a dull brickred octopus is tired as wellas angry,” says Washington diver Mike Reynolds,who was once approachedfrom behind by a bright-redspecimen (he managed tofree himself thanks to looserocks preventing the octopus from gaining a hold).EXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 37 F-42 F WATERTEMPERATURE, 20 FEET AVERAGEVISIBILITYGO NOW NORTHERN EXPLORERS,NORTHERN-EXPLORERS.COMCONDITIONS 82 F WATER TEMPERATURE,82 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW SAM’S TOURS PALAU,SAMSTOURS.COM18Potato CodG R E AT B A R R I E R R E E F,AUSTRALIAAnother enormous fishwith puppy-dog tendenciesis the potato cod, thoughtto be named for their dark,spudlike markings. Butdon’t let the oft-mellow demeanor of this fish — oftenseen lying in the sand orcalmly cruising — fool you.On shark-feeding dives inAustralia’s Coral Sea, potatocod are often seen zippingin and out of the action withimmense power, scrappingfor scraps. They’ve beenknown to appear out of nowhere, even popping upbetween a diver’s legs. “Onnight dives at Cod Hole,they love to cruise up outscubadiving.comJULY 2016 / 42FRANCO BANFI. OPPOSITE: DAVID B. FLEETHAM/SEAPICSGOEXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 57 F WATER TEMPERATURE, 35 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW GOD’S POCKET RESORT,GODSPOCKET.COMscubadiving.comJULY 2016 / 43
BIGBlueSharksEXPERIENCE LEVELAZORESOperators use pulverizedsardine and mackerel toattract blue sharks in theAtlantic waters off the remote Azores. Back-rolloff the Zodiac and dropdown a line to wait forthe show. Most of theblues are in the 6-footrange, but their attitudemakes up for what theylack in size. “Showingno signs of stress, theyroam the water aroundthe boat and the bait box,and come over to thelines for a closer look atthe bubbling visitors,”says German photographer Daniel Brinckmann.“Don’t be surprised if onegives your strobes a littletoothy treatment.”EXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 71 F WATER TEMPERATURE, 60 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW NORBERTO DIVER,NORBERTODIVER.PTCONDITIONS 74 F WATER TEMPERATURE,100 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW RED SEA AGGRESSOR,AGGRESSOR.COM24Basking SharksUNITED KINGDOM21NarwhalsN U N A V U T, C A N A D AOften called the unicornof the sea, the narwhalis known for a spiraling,swordlike protuberancefrom its head that’s actually an erupted tooth ratherthan a horn. Entering thewater in Arctic Canada withthese fantastical creaturesis inspiring. During Mayand June, you’ll gear up inyour drysuit atop landfastice miles out to sea, thenplunge in at the floe edge.“You can hear them loudand clear as they vocalize,”scubadiving.comsays Jason Hillier of ArcticKingdom. “They are likeunderwater acrobats, andthe younger whales seem to truly enjoy checking us out.”EXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 29 F WATER TEMPERATURE,80 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW ARCTIC KINGDOM,ARCTICKINGDOM.COM22Thresher SharksM A L A PA S C UA ,PHILIPPINESYou likely won’t mistake athresher shark for a nythingJULY 2016 / 44else. The scythelike tail thatcommands almost half ofits torpedolike body andcan alone weigh more than700 pounds gives this animal an unmistakable look.That they use those tailsS&M-style to stun or killprey makes them all themore fascinating and intimidating. Threshers existin all of the world’s tropicaloceans. But for the mostreliable sightings, Malapascua — a tiny island offthe northern tip of Cebuin the P hilippines — is thespot. Cleaning stations atthe dive site called MonadShoal are magnets forone of the toothiest and tailsome shows of your life.When most people thinkabout snorkeling, they daydream about warm, tropicalwaters and coral reefs thatThere are operators whowill take you scuba diving with orcas in Andenesand Senja in northernNorway. But s norkel-only encounters are the bestway to a ppreciate thesedolphins as they enter Andfjord from Decemberto early February to feaston massive schools of herring. ( Bubble-blowingdivers scare the herringaway, and when they leave,so do the orcas.) F eedingsituations are the mostthrilling, with several orcasherding herring in s hallowwater. Float above or free-dive down for a look asthey slap the fish with theirtails to stun them, sendingscales flying everywhere.As if orcas weren’t enoughof a thrill, there are usuallyhumpbacks feeding in thearea, and sometimes evenfin whales too.EXPERIENCE LEVELEXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 60 F WATER TEMPERATURE,40 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW ATLANTIC DIVER,ATLANTICDIVER.CO.UKCONDITIONS 41 F WATER TEMPERATURE, 20 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITYGO NOW LOFOTEN OPPLEVELSER,LOFOTEN-OPPLEVELSER.COMEXPERIENCE LEVELCONDITIONS 84 F WATER TEMPERATURE, 65 FEET AVERAGE VISIBILITY,STRONG CURRENTS POSSIBLEGO NOW SEA EXPLORERS, SEA-EXPLORERS.COM23Oceanic WhitetipSharksRED SEA, EGYPTWith aquariumlike visibility and some of the mostbeautiful soft coral gardensin the world, the Redscubadiving.comJULY 2016 / 4525OrcasN O R T H E R N N O RWAYTTRAVEL ROUNDUP20are packed with colorfulfish. Heading to Englandto snorkel in the north Atlantic Ocean might seem counterintuitive. But it’sworth beelining it to thechilly waters off Cornwallfrom May to July to swimalongside basking sharks,the second-largest fish inthe ocean. There is perhapsno more prehistoric-looking fish than these widemouthed, slow-moving behemoths that can growup to 40 feet long. The long,sunny days of summerbring plankton to the surface, which in turn lures thebasking sharks. While theyare spotted elsewhere alongthe U.K. coastline, they arrive here first. Cornwall’swaters are also markedlyclearer than elsewhere,and since all the action is atthe surface, you won’t evenmiss your tank. If you wantto photograph one, “thetrick is to spot the fin abovethe surface, swim into position, float on the surface,and wait,” says underwaterphotographer Alex Mustard. Sea’s dive sites are a worldapart. Trips on the Red Sea Aggressor that depart fromsouthern Egypt are a safeway to visit the area to getup close with some of themost exciting sharks in theocean. Oceanic whitetipsare reliably seen aroundthe pelagic-magnet pinnacles of Daedalus Reef,Brother Islands and Elphinstone from Octoberthrough December. “Thesharks gather in 15 to 20feet of water under the liveaboards and make repeatedpasses at any divers luckyenough to share the water,”says Sport Diver EMEAeditor Mark Evans. “Theycan become rather frisky,but shark aficionados and underwater photographerswill be in their element.”FROM TOP: JORDI CHIAS; GREG LECOEURGO
GO NOW BLUE OCEAN DIVE RESORT, BLUEOCEANDIVE.CO.ZA 07 Tiger Sharks BEQA LAGOON, FIJI “Set your lens and strobes wide, and don’t turn into a dribbling pile of sissy,” says underwater photographer Jeffrey Millisen of photo-graphing tiger sharks. At Tiger Shark Cathedral, off
national waters in accordance with the Regional Plan of Action on Sharks (PI RPOA-Sharks). The NPOA-Sharks also fulfills management measures adopted by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) and the broader objectives of the International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (IOPA-Sharks).
Table 3: Sharks and rays occurrences in the windward and leeward Dutch Caribbean (Based on van Beek et al., 2014; Davies & Piontek, 2017) Yarari Marine Mammal and Shark Sanctuary - Content Family: Dogfish sharks - Squalidae Family: Kitefin sharks - Dalatiidae Family: Squaliform sharks - Centrophoridae Family: Lantern sharks - Etmopteridae
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6. Whale sharks, the largest species of shark, are voracious predators. 7. The great white shark is a common, abundant species found off most beaches visited by humans. 8. Sharks are not found in freshwater. 9. Most sharks cruise at high speed when they swim. 10. Shark meat is
As top predators, sharks play a vital role in marine environments by regulating ecosystem structure and function. Sharks are long-lived animals that are slow to mature and have few offspring. For example, white sharks (commonly known as great whites) can live up to 70 years and females do not start producing offspring until around age 15.
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of tiger sharks captured near high-use ocean recreation sites around Maui and Oahu, and compared shark spatial behavior in Maui and Oahu waters with behavior observed elsewhere in Hawaii. Between October 2013 and December 2014, we captured and electronically-tagged 26 tiger sharks at sites around Maui, and an additional 15 tiger sharks around Oahu.
These codes appear in Checkpoint feedback reports. Problem solving is not assessed separately and so does not have a reporting code. Introduction Welcome to the Cambridge Secondary 1 Mathematics curriculum framework. This framework provides a comprehensive set of progressive learning objectives for mathematics. The objectives detail what the learner should know or what they should be able to .
