Introduction Nomenclature Of Surface Texture
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SURFACE QUALITY & MACHINIG SYMBOLS Introduction Types of surfaces Nomenclature of surface texture Surface roughness value Machining symbols Roughness grades and symbols Surface roughness indication Direction of lay Roughness symbol on drawing Surface roughness for variousmachining processes2
INTRODUCTION Engineering components are manufactured bycasting, forging, welding etc These components are then subjected to variousmachining operations for getting requiredgeometrical surfaces It is not practically possible to produce acomponent having a geometrically ideal surface The surface finish after machining depends uponthe material, vibration, deflection, speed, feedand other working conditions The surface finish requirements depend upon thefunctional requirements of the components to beassembled3
INTRODUCTION For high class of accuracy, surface finishrequirements are high and hence it is moreexpensive Surface quality or surface texture or surfacefinish is the amount of geometric irregularityproduced on the surface Surface texture notes on a drawing refer therequired finish that must be machined on anyparticular surface4
TYPES OF SUFRACES Surfaceofabodyisitsboundarywhichseparates it from another body. Surface may be;(i) Normal surface(ii) Rough surface(iii) Wavy surface and(iv) Wavy surface roughness superimposed5
NOMENCLATURE OF SURFACE TEXTURE(1) Profile: It is the contour of a surface in a planewhich is perpendicular to the surface itself.(2) Surface roughness: It is the micro oduction process. It is also called primarytexture roughness.6
NOMENCLATURE OF SURFACE TEXTURE(3) Roughness height: It is the arithmetic averageof the roughness deviation and is measured inmicrometers(4) Roughness width: It is the distance parallel tonominal surface between the adjacent peaks orridges which constitute the predominant patternof the roughness7
NOMENCLATURE OF SURFACE TEXTURE(5) Roughness-width cut off: It is a particular length ofthe profile decided to evaluate the arithmeticaverage deviation. It is also called sampling length It is the greatest spacing of repetitive surfaceirregularities to be included in the measurement ofaverage roughness height It must be greater than roughness width It may be taken as 0.8mm if not specified8
NOMENCLATURE OF SURFACE TEXTURE(6) Waviness: It is the irregularities in a surfacehaving wider spacing than the n,vibrations, heat treatment, warping etc (7) Waviness height: It is the distance from thepeak to the valley of the wave and is measuredin millimetres9
NOMENCLATURE OF SURFACE TEXTURE(8) Waviness width: It is the distance between theadjacent peak or valley of the wave and ismeasured in milimetres.(9) Lay: It is the predominant direction of tool thatmakes the surface pattern on the machinedsurface.10
NOMENCLATURE OF SURFACE TEXTURE(10) Flaw: It is an irregularity that occurs in asurfaceduetocracks,blowholes,ridges,scratches etc There are no finish symbols for flaws Special note should be included on the drawingwhere no flaw is permitted11
SURFACE ROUGHNESS VALUEFigure shows hypothetical profile of a surfaceCentre line is a line about which the roughnessis measured The roughness may be calculated by;(1) Centre Line Average (C.L.A.) method and(2) Root Mean Square (R.M.S.) method In both methods, surface roughness is measuredas average deviation from the nominal surface 12
SURFACE ROUGHNESS VALUEIn Centre Line Average (C.L.A.) method;y1 y2 y3 . ynCentre Line Average n In Root Mean Square(R.M.S.) method; Root Mean Square y12 y 22 y 32 . . . . . y n2nAs per BIS, the surface roughness is assessed interms of C.L.A. value and is denoted by Ra13
MACHINIG SYMBOL
Introduction Types of surfaces Nomenclature of surface texture Surface roughness value Machining symbols Roughness grades and symbols Surface roughness indication Direction of lay Roughness symbol on drawing Surface roughness for various machining processes SURFACE QUALITY & MACHINIG SYMBOLS 2 Engineering components are manufactured by
4.3 More complex nomenclature systems, 49 4.4 Coordination nomenclature, an additive nomenclature, 51 4.5 Substitutive nomenclature, 70 4.6 Functional class nomenclature, 96 5 ASPECTS OF THE NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS, 98 5.1 General, 98 5.2 Derivatives of Main Group elements, 98 5.3 Organometallic derivatives of transition .
Nomenclature and the Nomenclature Committee of IUBMB. He was involved with the work of these two bodies from their inception and made many valued contributions to biochemical nomenclature. Nomenclature, just like chemistry, is a subject that develops continually. New classes of compound require new adaptations of nomenclature and
Index Terms— texture transfer, texture matting 1. INTRODUCTION Previous approaches to image-based texture synthesis often treat a texture as a single-layer image consisting of a regu-lar pattern or some less regular but repeated image features [2, 5, 9, 12]. Algorithms for image-based texture
Standard quilting texture synthesis Input image Quilting texture synthesis with texture transfer Correspondence map. 11 Texture Transfer from Efros & Freeman One last example Example texture Correspondence map courtesy of A. Efros.
using some of the latest work in texture synthesis. Texture Synthesis is the process of taking a small sample of a texture and generating more of it. For example, in Figure 1, given the input image A, a good texture synthesis algorithm should be able to generate more of the texture to create an image lik
Image Quilting [Efros & Freeman] Observation: neighbor pixels are highly correlated . Texture Transfer Try to explain one object with bits and pieces of another object: Texture Transfer . Texture Transfer. Same as texture synthesis, except an additional constraint: 1. Consistency of texture
The main aim of texture analysis is texture recognition and texture-based shape analysis. People usually describe texture as fine, coarse, grained, smooth, etc., implying that some more precise features must be defined to make machine recognition possible. Such features can be found in the tone and structure of a texture. Tone is based
Hydrostatic Tank Gauging API MPMS Chapter 21.2, Electronic Liquid Volume Measurement Using Positive Displacement and Turbine Meters API MPMS Chapter 22.2, Testing Protocols–Differential Pressure Flow Measurement Devices 3 Definitions For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply. 3.1 Automatic Tank Gauge (ATG) An instrument that automatically measures and displays liquid .
