A Review On Therapeutic Effect Of Kirtan Kriya Yoga - IJHSR
International Journal of Health Sciences and ResearchVol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021Website: www.ijhsr.orgISSN: 2249-9571Review ArticleA Review on Therapeutic Effect of Kirtan KriyaYogaMaddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari1,Herath Kumara Bandarage Minrupa Suramraji Karunaratne21Temporary Demonstrator, Kumari M.G.W.R., Department of Ayurveda Basic Principles, GampahaWickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute, University of Kelaniya, Yakkala , Sri Lanka.2Senior Lecturer, Karunaratne H.K.B.M.S, Department of Cikitsa, Gampaha Wickramarachchi AyurvedaInstitute, University of Kelaniya, Yakkala, Sri Lanka.Corresponding Author: Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya KumariABSTRACTKirtan Kriya is a meditation method which was mentioned in the Kundalini yoga. The main focus ofpaper was on previous research on Kirtan Kriya. The main objective was to identify the therapeuticeffects of Kirtan Kriya. Sixteen research articles were found in google scholar. Improving cognition,reducing Alzheimer’s disease, reducing dementia, changing cerebral blood flow, improving sleep,improving memory, reducing stress, lowering anxiety, decreasing depression ,improvingpsychological well-being, down regulate inflammatory genes, up regulate immune system genes,improving insulin and glucose regulatory genes, increasing telomerase, reducing pain, help in PTSD(Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome) patients, help in Mild Cognitive Impairment patients, improvingquality of life and improving concentration were the therapeutic effects which found in this study.Improving cognition is the best therapeutic action of Kirtan Kriya according to the findings.Key words: Cognition, Meditation.INTRODUCTIONYoga is a holistic philosophyoriginated in ancient India. The word“yoga” was derived from Sanskrit root “yuj”which means to connect, union or balance.Yoga helps to endure happiness, sorrow,victory and defeat equally in life. [1]History of yoga can be divided intofour main periods. [2]systematic treatise of yoga which waswritten around the third century. Patanjali isconsidered as the father of yoga. Raja yogawas described in patanjali’s yoga sutras. [2]Pre-classical yoga periodYoga was developed in NorthernIndia with Indus- Sarasvati civilization. Inthis period, Bhagavad-Gita is the mostfamous yogic scripture. Karma yoga andJnana yoga were mentioned in Upanishad.Modern yoga periodSwamiVivekananda,T.Krishnamacharya, Swami Sivananda andIndra Devi are some of the popular yogateachers in India. Because of these teachers,yoga philosophy was spread all over theworld. Hatha yoga is popular in this era. [2]There are several types of yoga suchas hatha yoga, raja yoga, karma yoga,bhakthi yoga, jnana yoga and tantra yoga.[2]Classical Yoga periodPatanjali’s yoga sutras wereprominent in this period. It was the firstPost-Classical yoga periodVarious yoga masters developedTantra yoga. The purpose of this tantrayoga was to cleanse body and mind. [2][3]International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org)Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021240
Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari et.al. A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya yoga.Yoga consists of eight maincomponents called as ashtanga yoga. Theyare Yama, Niyama, Aasana, Pranayama,Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana, andSamadhi. The first four of these are relatedto Sharira (Physical body), next three arerelated to Manas (Mind) and last one relatedto Athma. Samadhi is the ultimate goal ofyoga. [4]Yama[4]The first limb of ashtanga yoga isdealing with our behavior and ethics.There are five yamas mentioned inthe Patanjali yoga sutra.Ahimsa-nonviolenceSatya- TruthfulnessAsteya-Non-stealingBrahmachaya- ContinenceAparigraha- non-possessivenessNiyama [4]Niyama is associated with selfdiscipline and spiritual well-being. Niyamarelated with koshas (sheath/ layers) and itleads ourselves to the deep truth.PadmasanaThere are five niyamas.Saucha- purity of body, mind and speechSantosa – contentmentTapas- self disciplineSvadhyaya- study of self, study of mokshaIshvarapanidhana- contemplation of godishvaraAsanaAsana is the physical aspect of yoga.The steady and comfortable postures arecalled as asanas.Asana should be hold for a period oftime, relaxed and motionless. If any posturethat causes pain, restlessness, it is not a yogaasana.Ancient yoga masters have outlinedvarious number of yoga asana.Patanjali twelve seated meditationpostures.Hathayogapradipikahadmentioned 84 asanas.There are twelve asanas in SwamiWishnu devanada tradition.In Babaaji method, eighteen postureshad taught. [4]SiddhasanaSukhasanaPranayama [4]Nadi shodana pranayamaKapala bhahati pranayamaBhramari pranayamaInternational Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org)Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021241
Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari et.al. A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya yoga.“Prana” means breath.” Ayama”means restraint or control. Prana also refersto energy, life. The control of inhalation andexhalation called as pranayama. Pranayamashould do in a calm, peaceful place, in aproper time, and after doing shad karma.There are for steps of pranayama called asPurvaka (inhalation), Kumbhaka (pause thebreathing), Rechaka (Exhalation) andthuriya (pause breathing with no air in thelungs). Various types of pranayama weretaught by yoga acharyas such as Nadishodana,Surya bhedana, Chandra bhedana,Kapala bahathi and Bhramari.Pratyahara [4]“Pratya” means to withdraw or drawback and “ahara” stand for anything we takein by ourselves. Pratyahara is thewithdrawal of senses. It a process ofretracting the sensory awareness fromexternal objects. It is a step of consciouslyclosing of mind to the sensory world.Pratyahara helps to seek self-knowledgeand freedom of inner world.Dharana [4]The root of dharana is “dhar”. Themeaning of the root is to hold, maintain,concentration, to keep. Dharana meansconcentration. In this state, person can holdhis mind onto a particular inner state orsubject without jumping from one topic toanother. The mind is fixed on the objectwhichwantstoobserve.Tratak,visualization and focusing on breath arepractices of dharana.Dhyana [4]Dhayana means meditation. Itincludes Well train of thought, cognitionand flow of awareness. Dharana anddhyana are related to each other. Patanjaliwas taught that dhyana is the mind process.Samadhi [4]Samadhi is the ultimate goal ofyoga. It means bliss, enlighten ortranscendence. In this state, no differencebetween the actor of meditation, the act ofmeditation and the subject of meditation.There is a concept called Panchakosha in yoga. It was originated fromTaittiriya Upanishad. Pancha kosha meansfive sheath. There are five layers ofawareness which all experience is filtered.Atman or true self is in the center of thesefive sheaths. When these all five sheath areconsolidate each other and balanced, it iscalled as wellbeing. [5]Annamaya kosha, Pranamaya kosha,Manomaya kosha, Vijnanamaya kosha andAnandamaya kosha are the five panchakosha.Annamaya kosha (the food sheath)The outermost sheath, related to thephysical body which acquire the energyfrom foods and nourishment. To the wellbalance of annamaya kosha, asana practice,dietary habits and lifestyle changes arehelped. [5]Pranamaya kosha (the sheath of vital lifeforce energy)Pranamaya kosha is associated withprana (energy). It is connected withannamaya kosha and this sheath isresponsible for liveliness of physical body.Pranayama helps in well-being ofpranamaya kosha. [5]Manomaya kosha (psychological sheath)The mind called as Manomayakosha and helps to control the perception ofthe world. Thinking pattern of human isrelated to this sheath. Mindfulness helps forthe influencing the manomaya kosha [5]Vijnanamaya kosha (The intellect sheath)This sheath is connected to innerwisdom and consciousness. [5]Anandamaya kosha (the bliss sheath)This sheath is connected with Atmanand universal consciousness. If someonedaily practice the meditation, he can attainanandamaya kosha. [5]International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org)Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021242
Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari et.al. A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya yoga.According to the yoga acharyasthere are about 70000 nadis in thepranayamakosha.Ida,PingalaandSushumna nadi are the basic nadi in humanbody. Ida is the nerve channel which is thevital air passes on the left side of thesushumna and through left nostril. Idarepresents cool, white, feminine and moon.Ida also called as Chandra nadi. Pingala isthe nerve channel which run on the left sideof sushumna and right nostril. Pingalarepresent yellow, red, masculine, active, sunand rajasic quality of human. Sushumnanadi which is called as brahma nadi, is theneutral energy flow which started frommuladhara chakra. Sushumna nadi helps inbalancing ida and pingala and awakeningKundalini Shakti. [6]According to the internationalAssociation of Yoga Therapists, yogatherapy is the process of empoweringindividuals to progress toward improvedhealth and well-being through theapplication of the teachings and practices ofyoga [7]Yoga is related with body and mind.In ashtanga yoga, yama and niyama helps tokeep healthy body and mind and pranayamaand asana can be used in therapeuticpurpose for physical and mental diseases.Examples for physical health conditions areobesity, arthritis, insomnia, Alzheimer’sdisease, asthma, osteoporosis, back ivepulmonary disease, heart diseases, multiplesclerosis, diabetes mellitus and Parkinson’sdisease. Mental health conditions such asanxiety, stress, depression, Post traumaticstress diseases, schizophrenia, Addictioncan be treated with yoga techniques. [7]Surya namaskar helps in obesity,depression, and improve flexibility, musclestrength and balance, Hamsasana (Swanpose), Mayurasana (peacock pose), Agnisarasana is helped in abdominal weightreduction, Bhujangasna helps in backache,slipped disk and abdominal fat reduction,Naukasana can be used in reducing waistfat, Dhanurasana can be used in obesity andwellbeing of kidney pancreas, liver andintestines, Trikonasana is used in reducingside waist fat, Tadasana is effective inincreasing height and spine, ustrasana canbe used in asthma and beneficial forimproving flexibility of spinal cord,marjariasana helps in menstrual cycleproblems and reproductive diseases.Halasana helps in treating diabetes andconstipation. [8]Yoga nidra is a relaxation therapywhich can be used in relaxation of physical,mental and emotional system. Yoga nidra isgained peace and wellbeing and helps inreducing stress, diabetes mellitus. [9]There are several yoga Meditationmethods such as Sudarshan kriya yoga,Kirtan kriya yoga and Vihangam yoga.Kundalini yoga is dealing with kundalinienergy which is transformation andexpansion of consciousness. In this yogamethod,kundalini energy which issymbolized as a coiled sleeping serpent, liesat the base of spine is raising along the spinethrough chakras which are the energycenters in body. [10]Kirtan Kriya (KK) is a meditationmethod mentioned in the Kundalini yoga. Italso called as a singing exercise, because itinvolves singing the sounds. Kirtan Kriyauses the five primal sounds- S T N M A.The meaning of the words in Kirtan Kriyais, SAA- Beginning, infinity, TAA- Life,NAA-Death and MAA- Rebirth. Mudra isvery important in this meditation type.While chanting this Mantra (words), eachInternational Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org)Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021243
Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari et.al. A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya yoga.finger should be touched the tip of thumbwith a firm and gentle pressure. [11]Procedure of Kirtan Kriya can bedescribed as follows;Eyes should be closed while sittingcomfortable position with spine straight.Arms should be relax and place on thighs orknees. Saa Taa Naa Maa sounds (Mantra)should be repeated. The sound flowing inthrough the top of head and out the middleof forehead should be imagined. [11]for first 2 minutes, chant in normal voice,chant in whisper for next 2 minutes, chantsilently for next 4 minutes, then again, chantin whisper for 2 minutes, chant loud for last2 minutes. At the end, take a deep breathand stretch arms up, exhale and relax. [11]JustificationBenefits of practicing Kirtan Kriyaare improving memory power and reducingstress according to the common opinion byYoga Acharyas at present. The therapeuticeffects of Kirtan Kriya must be identified bythe physicians who are practicing yogatherapeutics.Objective:To identify the therapeutic effects ofKirtan Kriya.For SAA- index finger touchesthumb, for TAA- middle finger touchesthumb, for NAA- ring finger touches thumb,for MAA-small finger touches thumb andMETHODOLOGYLiterature searches were carried outusing the words Kirtan Kriya, typed in topopular search engines including Googleand Google scholar to find out thetherapeutic effects of Kirtan Kriya withinthe period of 06 months.RESULTS AND DATA ANALYZINGSixteen research articles found in this research. They were analyzed as follows;ResearchersKhalsa D.SNewberg A,2011Research TopicKirtan Kriya Meditation: A promising techniquefor enhancing cognition in memory- impairedolder adults [12]Khalsa D.S,2015Stress, meditation and Alzheimer’sprevention: where the evidence stands[13]Moss A.SWintering NRoggenkamp HKhalsa D.SWaldman M.RMonti DNewburg A.B,2012Effects of an 8-weeks meditation program onmood and anxiety in patients with memory loss[14]diseaseTherapeutic effects of Kirtan KriyaLowering anxietyLowering stressImprove cognitionImprove psychological well-beingreducing Dementiareducing Alzheimer’s DiseaseImprove sleepDecrease depressionReduce anxietyDown regulate inflammatory genesUp regulate immune system genesImprove insulin and glucose regulatory genesIncrease telomeraseImproves psycho-spiritual well-beingMaintenance of cognitive functionPrevent of Alzheimer’s diseasePositive changes in mood, anxiety and otherneuropsychological parameters in memory losspatientsPositive changes in cerebral blood flowInternational Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org)Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021244
Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari et.al. A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya yoga.Newburg A.BWintering NKhalsa D.SRoggenkamp HWaldman M.R,2010Poti KUpadhye J.A,2020Table continued Meditation effects on cognitive function andcerebral blood flow in subjects with memory loss: apreliminary study[15]Effect of meditation and callisthenic exercise onphysiological and psychological variables[16]Improve neuropsychological functions in memoryloss patientsPositive changes in cerebral blood flowImprove concentrationImprove memory in dementia patientsReducing stressHelp in age-related memory loss and memoryretention problemsEnhance subjective memory function in subjectivecognitive declined(SCD) patientsEnhance objective cognitive performance in SCDpatientsreducing pain in school-aged childrenrelaxation of school aged childrenInnes K.ESelfe T.KKhalsa D.SKandati S,2017Weekes D.M,2019Meditation and music improve memory andcognitive function in adults with subjectivecognitive decline: a pilot randomized controlledtrial[17]Mindfulness and meditation for pain control andstress relief in the school age children: an integrativereview[18]Black D.SCole S.WIrwin M.RBreen ESt.Cyr N.MNazarian NKhalsa D.SLavretsky H, 2013Innes K.ESelfe T.KBrundage KMontgomery CWen SKandati SBowles HKhalsa D.SHuysmans Z,2018Innes K.ESelfe T.KKhalsa D.SKandati S, 2016Canete TBoras GRamos SKhalsa D.S,2019Yogic meditation reverses NF-kB and IRF-relatedtranscriptome dynamics in leukocytes of familydementia caregivers in a randomized controlledtrial[19]Reducing activity of pro-inflammatory nuclearfactorEffects of meditation and music-listening on bloodbiomarkers of cellular aging and Alzheimer’sdisease in adults with subjective cognitive decline:an exploratory randomized clinical trial [20]Alter plasma ab levels, TL and TAImproving cognitive functionImproving sleepImproving moodImproving quality of lifeEffects of meditation versus music listening onperceived stress, mood, sleep, and quality of life inadults with early memory loss: A pilot randomizedcontrolled trial[21]Emotional and cognitive improvement with kirtankriya meditation: A pilot study for mild cognitiveimpairment patients in a catalan community[22]Improve well-beingImprove SleepImprove Quality of life with SCDDecreasing stress and moodDecreasing negative mood, tension, hostility,confusionImproving memoryImproving psycho-emotional and cognitive healthInnes K.ESelfe T.KKhalsa D.SKandati S,2016A randomized controlled trial of two simple mind –body programs, Kirtan Kriya meditation and musiclistening, for adults with subjective cognitivedecline: feasibility and acceptability[23]Sales EChou Y,2019Lavretsky HEpel E.SSiddarth PNazarian NSt.Cyr N.Khalsa D.SLin JBlackburn EIrwin M.R, 2013Boneu M.BCan TCastella JRamos SPimpinela NKhalsa D.S,2016Williams J.RJaroudi WPerich THoscheidt SHaj M.EMoustafa A.A,2018Yoga as advanced cognitive training : how KirtanKriya in kundalini yoga changes the PTSD brain[24]A pilot study of yogic meditation for familydementia caregivers with depressive symptoms:effects on mental health, cognition, and telomeraseactivity[25]Improving memory in dementia and ADDecreasing stressImproving well-beingImproving sleepImproving quality of life in adults with SCDHelp in PTSDReducing stress of family dementia caregiversImproving mental and cognitive functionsLowering depressive symptomsMild cognitive impairment : the effect of kirtankriya meditation on psychological and cognitivestatus[26]Help in Mild Cognitive Impairment patientsImproving quality of life, Improving cognitionImproving memoryMindfulness and meditation: treating cognitiveimpairment and reducing stress in dementia[27]Improving cognitionReducing stressIncreasing quality of lifePositive changes in cerebral blood flowInternational Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org)Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021245
Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari et.al. A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya yoga.Data analyzing was done accordingto the relevant percentages.Therapeutic effectImproving CognitionReducingAlzheimer’sdiseasereducing DementiaChanging Cerebral blood flowImproving sleepImproving memoryReducing stressLowering anxietyDecreasing depressionImproving psychological wellbeingDown regulate inflammatorygenesUp regulate immune systemgenesImproving insulin and glucoseregulatory genesIncreasing telomeraseReducing painHelp in PTSD patientsHelp in Mild CognitiveImpairment patientsImproving quality of lifeImproving 6.25%DISCUSSIONNineteen therapeutic effects werefound such as Improving Cognition (50%),reducing stress (37.5%), improving memory(31.25%), lowering anxiety (18.75%),improving sleep (18.75%) and improvingpsychological well-being (18.75%). KirtanKriya helps in various diseases connectedwith nervous system such as ssion Post traumatic stress syndromeand mild cognitive impairment. And also itcan be used in regulating genes. There wereonly few researches done on Kirtan KriyaYoga. Therefore more clinical studiesshould be done on this in future.CONCLUSIONImproving cognition is the besttherapeutic action of Kirtan Kriya accordingto this study. It has Therapeutic effect ofimproving memory and psychologicalwellbeing. Kirtan Kriya yoga also beneficialin treating patients with stress and anxiety.REFERENCES1. Yoga definition[internet][cited ion/2. Burgin T, History of Yoga [internet] .com/learn/historyof-yoga/3. Nichols H, How does yoga work?25.09.2018 [cited 2020/09/10] available #Philosophy4. Carrico M, Get to know the eight limbs ofyoga [internet] 28.Aug 2007 [updated 10 Jul2017;cited 21 Sep 2020] Available fromyogajournal.com/practice/the-eight-limbs5. Pancha kosha,[10 Sep 2020;cited 21 anchakosha6. Nadis convey the Life Force [cited 21 Sep2020] Available in hridaya-yoga.fr/3-mainnadis/7. What is Yoga Therapy.[cited 20.Sep erested-inyoga-therapy/what-is -yoga-therapy-2/8. Rani S, Obesity and its control throughyogic practices international journal ofphysical education, sports and health 2017;4(1): 82-849. Amita S, Prabhakar S et al, Effect of yoganidra on blood glucose level in diabeticpatients, Indian journal of physiology andpharmacology 2008, 53(1): 97-10110. Guru rattan, fundamentals of kundalini yoga[internet] 2020 [cited 2020 ndamentals11. Kirtan kriya(Sa Ta Na Ma Meditation),[cited 23 Sep 2020] Available iya-sa-ta-na-ma-meditation12. Khalsa DS, Newberg A. Kirtan KriyaMeditation: A Promising technique forenhancing cognition in memory-impairedolder adults, in book: Enhancing CognitiveFitness in Adults (pp419-431) June 201113. Khalsa DS, Stress, meditation andAlzheimer’s disease prevention: where theevidence stands. Journal of Alzheimer’sdisease 48 (2015) 1-1214. Moss.AS, Wintering N. et al, Effects of an8-week meditation program on mood andInternational Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org)Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021246
Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari et.al. A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya yoga.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.anxiety in patients with memory loss. Thejournal of alternative and complementarymedicine 18(1)(2012) 48-53Newberg AB, Wintering N et al, meditationeffects on cognitive function and cerebralblood flow in subjects with memory loss: apreliminary study. Journal of Alzheimer’sdisease. 2010:20(2):517-26Poti K, Upadhye JA, Effect of meditationand callisthenic exercise on physiologicalvariables. UGC care journal vol.40,69(March 2020):174-178Innes KE. Selfe TK et al, Meditation andmusic improve memory and cognitivefunction in adults with subjective cognitivedecline: A pilot randomized controlled trial.Journal of Alzheimer’s disease 2017;56(3):899-916Weekes DM. mindfulness and meditationfor pain control and stress relief in theschool-age children: an integrative review.(2019) Senior honors theses and onors/656Black DS, Cole SW et al, Yogic meditationreversesNF-kBandIRF-relatedtranscriptome dynamics in leukocytes offamily dementia caregivers in a randomizedcontrolled trial. s KE, Selfe TK et al, effects ofmeditation and music-listening on bloodbiomarkers of cellular aging andAlzheimer’s disease in adults withsubjective cognitive decline: An exploratoryrandomized clinical trial. Journal ofAlzheimer’s disease 2018;66(3);947-970Innes KE, Selfe TK et al, Effects ofmeditation versus music listening onperceived stress, mood, sleep and quality oflife in adults with early memory loss: Apilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of22.23.24.25.26.27.Alzheimer’s disease.2016 Apr 8;52(4):1277-98Canete T, Borras G et al, Emotinal andcognitive improvement with Kirtan Kriyameditation: A pilot study for mild cognitiveimpairment patients in a Catalancommunity.2019, 10.31231/osf.io/y6fku.Innes KE, Selfe TK, A randomizedcontrolled trail of two simple mind-bodyprograms, Kirtan Kriya meditation andmusic listening, for adults with lity. Complementary therapies inmedicine, March 2016Sales E, Chou Y.H, Yoga as AdvancedCognitive Training: How Kirtan Kriya inKundalini Yoga changes the PTSD Brain.Journal of Yoga and 9.07.555722Lavretsky H, Epel ES. et al, A pilot study ofyogic meditation for family dementiacaregivers with depressive symptoms:effects on mental health, cognition andtelomerase activity. International Journal ofGeriatric Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;28(1):57-65Boneu MB, Can T et al, Mild cognitiveimpairment: the effect of Kirtan Kriyameditation on psychological and cognitivestatus (P3-397), Alzheimer’s &dementia:the journal of the Alzheimer’s Association.July 2016Williams JR, Jaroudi W et al, nt and reducing stress in dementia.Rev Neurosci.2018 Sep 25;29(7): 791-804How to cite this article: Maddegoda GedaraWasantha Ramya Kumari, Herath KumaraBandarage Minrupa Suramraji Karunaratne. Areview on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriyayoga. Int J Health Sci Res. 2021; 11(1):240-247.******International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org)Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021247
Jnana yoga were mentioned in Upanishad. [2] Classical Yoga period Patanjali’s yoga sutras were prominent in this period. It was the first systematic treatise of yoga which was written around the third century. Patanjali is considered as the father of yoga. Raja yoga was described in patanjali’s yoga sutras. [2] Post-Classical yoga period
There is some degree of evidence of the use of therapeutic nursing interventions and general agreement on its meaning. Identified therapeutic instruments used by nurses in therapeutic interventions were: therapeutic letters, bathing and comforting care, humour, music, presence, mindfulness (cognitive therapy), therapeutic touch, .
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Define Therapeutic Alliance. Explain Self-Determination Theory using the 5-A framework and how it can improve therapeutic alliance. Evaluate patient situations and apply communication techniques which can facilitate improved therapeutic alliance. Analyze evidence that demonstrates a stronger Therapeutic Alliance
CLIENT FACTORS, THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE, AND TRAUMA 6 the dominant behavioural coping strategies of clients could be highly salient factors in the therapeutic alliance of clients with PTSD (Ackerman & Hilsenroth, 2003; Black, Curran, & Dyer, 2013). The effect of client attachment style on the therapeutic alliance has a strong research base.
Therapeutic presence (TP) has been proposed as being an essential therapeutic stance, a positive contributor to therapist effect as well as therapy outcome and a prerequisite for effective therapy all together. The Therapeutic Presence Inventory for therapists (TPI-T) has been developed to measure the level of TP amongst therapists.
therapeutic physical exercise programme on the functionality of patients suffering from ALS, measured with the ALSFRS-R scale. The secondary objective of this systematic review was to analyze the effect of therapeutic physical exercise on functional variables in patients with ALS in the short, medium and long term. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1.
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TREC 1008 Professional Issues and Trends 42 TREC 1003 Summer TREC 1009 Organizational Leadership: Therapeutic Recreation 42 n/a Summer TREC 1010 Facilitative Techniques in Therapeutic Recreation 42 TREC 1002, & 1003 Fall TREC 1011 Research in Therapeutic Recreation 42 TREC 1003 Winter
