LAYLA 3G GINA 3G - American Musical Supply
LAYLA 3G GINA 3GOwner’s Manual Version 1.0 for Macintosh
Important Safety Instructions1. Read Instructions - Be sure to read all of the safety and operating instructionsbefore operating this product.2. Retain Instructions - The safety instructions and owner's manual should beretained for future reference.3. Heed Warnings - All warnings on your Echo product and in the Owner'sManual should be followed.4. Follow Instructions - All operating and use instructions should be followed.5. Moisture - Water and moisture are detrimental to the continued good health ofyour Echo product. Do not install or operate your Echo product near sources ofwater or moisture such as sinks, damp basements, leaky roofs, etc.6. Heat – Your Echo product should be situated away from sources of heat such asheaters or radiators.7. Servicing - Do not attempt to service this unit yourself, as opening the case willexpose you to hazardous voltage or other dangers. All servicing should be referredto qualified service personnel.8. Damage Requiring Service - Unplug this unit and refer it to a qualified servicetechnician when any of the following occur:a) Objects have fallen or liquid has spilled into the unitb) The product has been exposed to rain or waterc) The product does not operate normally or when a marked change inperformance is noticedd) The product has been dropped or damaged in any way
Registering your product online at http://www.echoaudio.com/support/register.php allows us to register keyinformation so that we may handle problems faster and inform you of advance information on upgrades and othernews. Thank you in advance for registering. We hope you enjoy your Echo product.Limited WarrantyEcho Digital Audio Corporation warrants this product, when purchased at an Authorized Echo Dealer in the UnitedStates of America, to be free of defects in materials and manufacturing workmanship for a period of one year fromthe date of original purchase. During the warranty period Echo shall, at its option, either repair or replace anyproduct that proves to be defective upon inspection by Echo. Final determination of warranty coverage lies solelywith Echo. Echo reserves the right to update any unit returned for repair, and reserves the right to change orimprove the design of the product at any time without notice.This is your sole warranty. Echo does not authorize any third party, including any dealer or sales representative, toassume any liability on behalf of Echo or to make any warranty for Echo.Service and repairs of Echo products are to be performed only at the factory (see below) unless otherwiseauthorized in advance by the Echo Service Department. Unauthorized service, repair or modification will void thiswarranty.To obtain factory service:Contact Echo Digital Audio Corporation at (805) 684-4593, 9AM to 4PM Monday through Friday (Pacific Time).If necessary, you will be given a return authorization number. Products returned without an RA number will berefused. Echo may, at its option, require proof of the original date of purchase in the form of a dated copy of theoriginal authorized dealer’s invoice or sales receipt. Pack the product in its original shipping carton and attach adescription of the problem along with your name and a phone number where Echo can contact you if necessary.Ship the product insured and freight prepaid to:Echo Digital Audio Corporation6309 Carpinteria Ave.Carpinteria, CA 93013DISCLAIMER AND LIMITATION OF WARRANTYEcho makes no other warranties, express, implied, or otherwise, regarding Echo products, and specifically disclaimsany warranty for merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The exclusion of implied warranties is notpermitted in some states and the exclusions specified herein may not apply to you. This warranty provides you withspecific legal rights. There may be other rights that you have which vary from state to state.In no event will Echo be liable for any lost profits, or for any consequential, direct or indirect damages, howevercaused and on any theory of liability, arising from this warranty and sale.
2004 by Echo Digital Audio Corporation6309 Carpinteria Ave.Carpinteria, CA 93013Echo , Layla , and Gina are trademarks of Echo Digital Audio Corporation.ADAT is a registered trademark of Alesis Corporation.Tracktion is a trademark of LOUD Technologies Inc.Apple , iTunes , iMovie , iDVD , Mac , Macintosh , Mac OS , Power Mac , QuickTime , and GarageBand are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.
INTRODUCTION. 6WHAT YOU SHOULD HAVE RECEIVED IN THE BOX . 6SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS . 7INSTALLATION . 8LOG IN AS ADMINISTRATOR . 8RUN SOFTWARE UPDATE . 8INSTALLING THE PCI CARD . 9CONNECTING TO THE AUDIO INTERFACE . 11SOFTWARE INSTALLATION . 17SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION . 20INSTALLING TRACKTION . 23LAUNCHING TRACKTION AND ASSIGNING INPUTS & OUTPUTS . 24ECHO3G CONSOLE . 26CONSOLE WINDOW . 27OUTPUT BUS SELECT . 27MASTER OUTPUT BUS CONTROL. 28ANALOG INPUTS . 29DIGITAL INPUTS . 31PLAYBACK STRIPS . 32ADJUSTING PLAYBACK VOLUME . 32INPUT CLOCK AND DIGITAL MODE SETTINGS . 33SYNCHRONIZING MULTIPLE DEVICES . 34CONSOLE SETTINGS . 36CONTACTING ECHO CUSTOMER SERVICE . 38CONTACTING MACKIE CUSTOMER SERVICE . 38APPENDIX A: GENERAL TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE . 39APPENDIX B: INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL RECORDING. 43APPENDIX C: SPECIFICATIONS. 50
IntroductionIntroductionThank you for choosing Echo Digital Audio. We think you’ll find your Echoproduct to be an extremely flexible, high-performance tool for your computerbased hard disk recording system.What You Should Have Received in the BoxWhen you opened the box, you should have found the following: A PCI card wrapped in an anti-static coverAn audio interface boxFour mounting screws with collars (Layla3G only)Two removable rack-mount brackets (Layla3G only)An interface cablePlease note: The cable included with your Echo3G system is a shieldeddata cable that has been custom manufactured to exacting standards. Useof any other cable will substantially reduce the system’s overall audioquality and could damage the system. A CD-ROM containing: Mac OS X DriversWindows Me/2000/XP DriversPDF Owner’s ManualTracktion multitrack recording, MIDI, editing, and samplingsoftware for Mac OS X (10.2 or later) & Windows ME/2000/XP Quick Start Guide6Introduction
IntroductionSystem RequirementsIn order to use Layla3G or Gina3G you’ll need the following:An Apple brand Power Mac with: An empty PCI expansion slotA G4 or better processor (Power Mac G5 recommended)A minimum 256MB RAM (512MB highly recommended)Mac OS X (10.2 or later)A fast, high-capacity IDE, SCSI or firewire hard disk drive.Peripheral audio equipment, such as a mixer, microphones, studio monitors,musical instruments, etc.Note: Your Echo product may not work properly if you have a processorupgrade card installed. Echo will not be able to supply technical support ifyou have a processor upgrade card installed.7Introduction
InstallationInstallationTo properly install your Echo product you will need to: log in as an administrator,run software update, install the PCI card, install the software, and install Tracktion.The following steps will guide you through installing your Echo product.Log In as AdministratorIn order to properly install your Echo product you need to make sure that you login to your Mac with an account that has administrative privileges. To verify thatyour account has administrative privileges, open “System Preferences” from theDock or from the Apple menu, select “Show All”, and then select “Accounts” inthe “System” section. Now, select your account from the list on the left and clickon the “Security” tab. Make sure that the checkbox at the bottom labeled “Allowuser to administer this computer” is checked. If your account does not haveadministrative access, then you will need to log out and log in with an account thatdoes.Run Software UpdateBefore you install anything, you should make sure that you have the most recentupdates for Mac OS X installed. This is especially important. If Mac OS X is outof date, you may not be able to use your Echo product at all. To do this, open“Software Update” from the Apple menu. Download and install all of the updates,including updates for software like iTunes, iDVD, iMovie, QuickTime,GarageBand, etc.8Installation
InstallationInstalling the PCI CardOnce you have logged in as an administrator, and installed the latest softwareupdates, it is time to install the Echo hardware into your computer. Please refer tothe section in your Power Mac manual for installing a PCI card.IMPORTANT - Unplug your computer and detach all peripherals beforeproceeding with the following steps.1. Open up your Power Mac. Make sure that you have shut down and turned offthe power to your computer before opening the case. Refer to your computer’smanual for a further explanation of this step if necessary.2. Select the PCI slot into which you will install the card. You may use any of theavailable PCI slots in your computer for the card. Remove the bracket coveringthe expansion slot where you would like to install your Echo product. If therewas a screw for the bracket, put it in a safe place, as you will need it later tocomplete the installation.3. Insure that you have fully discharged all static electricity from your bodybefore handling the card. This can be done through the use of a grounding strapor, more simply, by touching your bare hand to the metal casing of thecomputer’s power supply. (For this latter method to work, the computer must beplugged in, though not turned on.) After you’ve discharged your static, unplugthe computer before proceeding to the next step.4. Remove the card from its protective anti-static bag. Handle the card carefullyby its edges, and insert it into the selected expansion slot. Insure that thecard’s edge connector (the protruding edge with the gold leads) is seated firmlyinto the slot. Centering the card over the slot and using a gentle rocking motionwhile pushing downward into the slot generally works well. Be careful not toforce the card into the slot, or bend or twist it while it is being inserted, as thiscould result in the card being damaged.5. Now use the screw that you removed earlier, from the protective back plate, toattach the metal bracket on the card to the computer’s rear panel.9Installation
Installation6. Close up your Power Mac’s case, and secure it. Reattach its power supply cordand reconnect any peripherals that you may have removed prior to beginning theinstallation.7. Locate the audio interface box and the interface cable. Securely mount theinterface into your equipment rack (Layla3G only). If you will not be mountingthe box in a rack, then be sure to place the interface box in a secure location.Plug one end of the cable into the connector on the Echo PCI card that nowprotrudes through the back panel of your computer, and secure the cable usingthe built-in screws located on both sides of the connector. Attach the other endof the cable to the connector on the rear of the interface labeled “computer” andfasten the cable securely with the screws.Caution: Never connect the audio interface box to (or disconnect from) thecomputer while the computer is turned on. This could damage the interface boxor PCI card.8. You can now attach external audio devices to the connectors on the audiointerface box. Information on attaching external devices to the audio interfacebox may be found in the following section: “Connecting to the Audio Interface”.9. Turn on your Power Mac. As a general rule, you should make sure that thevolume to your speakers or headphones is turned all the way down when youpower up the computer.10Installation
Connecting to the Audio InterfaceConnecting to the Audio InterfaceThe Layla3G and Gina3G audio interfaces contain a wide variety of connectionsthat allow great flexibility in operation. For optimal performance, it is critical touse the appropriate cabling and connectors.Analog Inputs and Outputs – Layla3GLayla3G’s front panel has two universal inputs (#s 1 – 2) with meters and trimknobs, a phantom power switch and light ( 48v), and an amber power indicatorlight. There is also a ¼” headphone output jack, with a corresponding volumeknob, which monitors analog outputs 1 and 2.Layla3G has six analog line inputs (#s 3 – 8) and eight analog line outputs on therear panel. These analog inputs (#s 3 – 8) operate with an input impedance of10Kohms. The input and output connections can be used with balanced orunbalanced cables via the ¼” connectors. By default, the inputs and outputs are setto receive or send a 4dBu signal. You can switch between 4dBu and –10dBVfor each individual input and output via the console software (see section below).There are also two channel inserts on the rear panel where you can connect a serialeffects device (compressor, EQ, etc.) for the universal inputs (#s 1 – 2).11Connecting to the Audio Interface
Connecting to the Audio InterfaceAnalog Inputs and Outputs – Gina3GGina3G’s front panel has two universal inputs (#s 1 – 2) with meters and trimknobs, a green phantom power light ( 48v), and an amber power indicator light.There is also a ¼” headphone output jack, with a corresponding volume knob,which monitors analog outputs 1 and 2.Gina3G has six analog line outputs on the rear panel. The input and outputconnections can be used with balanced or unbalanced cables via the ¼” connectors.By default, the outputs are set to send a 4dBu signal. You can switch between 4dBu and –10dBV for each individual output via the console software (seesection below).Universal InputsThe universal input connections can accept balanced or unbalanced signals via ¼”or XLR connectors. Since Layla3G and Gina3G have built-in preamps, you canjust plug your microphone or guitar cable right into the universal input. Noexternal preamp, direct box, or mixer is needed!!12Connecting to the Audio Interface
Connecting to the Audio InterfaceTo use a microphone, plug the microphone’s XLR cable into any of the universalinputs. Whenever an XLR cable is connected to a universal input, the microphonepreamp is enabled and the gain range of the trim knob is set to range from 10 to 58dB. The input impedance of each microphone preamp is 1.5Kohms. Full-scaleinput is 9dBu with the trim set to minimum gain.Layla3G and Gina3G provide 48 volts of phantom power for microphones thatrequire it. To enable phantom power for Layla3G, press the button labeled 48v(the LED next to it will light up) and phantom power will be provided to allmicrophone inputs. Gina3G has a switch in the console software for this purpose.Note: Phantom power will not be applied to any line level equipment orguitars plugged in using cables with ¼” connectors.To record a guitar or line level signal, just plug a cable with a ¼” connector intoone of the universal inputs. Whenever a ¼” cable is connected to a universal input,the guitar/line preamp is enabled and the gain range of the trim knob is set to rangefrom 0 to 45dB. The guitar/line preamp can support both guitar & line levelsignals. The input impedance of each guitar/line preamp is 102Kohms. Full-scaleinput is 18dBu with the trim set to minimum gain.If you want to adjust the input level of a universal input, just turn the trim knob andwatch the corresponding level meter. The red light at the top will light anytime theinput signal is greater than –6.5dBFS (or within 6.5dB of clipping). The yellowlight represents a signal greater than –12.5dBFS and the green light represents asignal greater than –24.5dBFS.For optimal audio quality, you should adjust the input trim knob so that yourloudest recorded signal lights up the yellow light, but not the red. When the redmeter light shines extra bright – you’ve clipped! If the signal level ever exceeds0dBFS the signal will be “clipped” and you will hear a “pop” or “tick” in therecording. This is a very bad thing, and clipping should be avoided at all costs!There is enough headroom so that you can be conservative in this area, and there isno need to push the input levels right up to the edge of clipping.13Connecting to the Audio Interface
Connecting to the Audio InterfaceThe Computer ConnectorOn the rear panel of the interface box is a connector labeled COMPUTER. It isthe point at which the audio interface connects to the Echo3G PCI card inside yourcomputer.An Echo3G connector cable was supplied to you for this purpose. This custommade cable is manufactured to certain specifications; if you need to replace it, youshould only use a replacement cable from Echo.ADAT / S/PDIF Optical I/ONext to the COMPUTER connector is a pair of connectors labeled OPTICAL, INand OUT. These connectors are used to transmit digital audio data via an opticalsignal using special digital optical cables with Toslink connectors.You can use this port for ADAT (8 channels) or for optical S/PDIF (stereo) I/O.Note: Your Echo3G product is only capable of transmitting or receiving onetype of digital signal at a time. You must choose either ADAT optical orS/PDIF (optical or RCA); you cannot use both simultaneously. This is setusing the Digital Mode Switch, which can be found in the Echo Console.For more information, refer to the section of this manual that discusses theconsole software.14Connecting to the Audio Interface
Connecting to the Audio InterfaceS/PDIFNext to the Optical connectors is a pair of connectors labeled S/PDIF, IN andOUT. These S/PDIF connectors are used to transmit digital audio data betweendigital audio devices via an electrical signal.When connecting devices to the S/PDIF jacks, the use of standard analog RCAaudio cables is not recommended. For reliable S/PDIF operation, 75-ohm coaxial(RG59) video cables are recommended.MIDIBoth Layla3G and Gina3G are equipped with MIDI I/O connectors. The MIDIports can be used for receiving MIDI time code (MTC), or sending and receivingMIDI signals between your digital audio/MIDI sequencing software and externalsound modules, keyboards, MIDI controllers, etc.MIDI cabling is highly standardized and widely available.15Connecting to the Audio Interface
Connecting to the Audio InterfaceWord Clock (Layla3G only)Next to the S/PDIF ports on Layla3G’s back panel are the Word Clockconnectors. These connectors allow you to synchronize one Layla3G to anotherLayla3G, or to other digital audio devices equipped with a Word Clock connector.The Word Clock I/O uses a BNC connector. As with the S/PDIF I/O, a shielded75-ohm (RG-59) coaxial video cable should be used. BNC connectors have beenwidely used in the electronics industry for both video and computer networking.However, computer networks use 50-ohm (RG-58) coaxial cables and not the 75ohm (RG-59) cable used by video. For reliable word clock operation, use onlyvideo grade cables with Layla3G.16Connecting to the Audio Interface
Software installationSoftware InstallationNow that your hardware is installed, you need to install the software. Note that thefollowing instructions and examples are for Panther (Mac OS X 10.3). Theinstallation for Jaguar (Mac OS X 10.2) will be similar.1. Power up. Turn on your Power Mac.2. Insert the Echo3G Install CDROM into your CD-ROM drive. A CDROMicon will appear on your desktop called “Echo3G”. Open it, and then openthe “Echo Installer” folder.3. Install the console. Just drag the icon labeled “Echo3G Console” to yourApplications folder; the easiest way to do this is to drag it to the“Applications” icon in the Finder window.4. Start the installer. Double-click the installer icon labeled “InstallEcho3G”, and follow the on-screen instructions.17Software installation
Software installation5. Enter your password. Once the installer has started, you’ll need to reassurethe Mac that you are allowed to install hardware drivers. You will beprompted to enter your password. If your account doesn’t haveadministrative privileges, you’ll have to close the installer and start over. Forinformation on administrative privileges, return to the earlier section in thismanual called “Log In as Administrator”.Once you’ve entered your name and password, follow the on-screenprompts. The installer will load the CoreAudio and CoreMIDI drivers.18Software installation
Software installation6. Click Restart. You should see this window when the installer is done. Youwill have to restart your computer to finish the installation.19Software installation
Software ConfigurationSoftware ConfigurationNow that you have installed the driver software, you can verify that everything isworking properly.Open “System Preferences” from the Dock or Apple menu, select “Show All”, andselect the “Sound” panel. Under the “Output” tab, you should see your Echoproduct listed as a sound output device. If you want to use your Echo product withiTunes, iDVD, iMovie, QuickTime, etc. you will need to select it as the soundoutput device.20Software Configuration
Software ConfigurationYou can also check out your hardware with the “Audio MIDI Setup” application.Go to your Applications folder on your hard disk and from there to the Utilitiesfolder. Open “Audio MIDI Setup.”In addition to listing all the audio devices in the system, Audio MIDI Setup letsyou examine the various audio formats supported by the hardware in your Mac.21Software Configuration
Software ConfigurationBy clicking on the “MIDI Devices” tab, you will display the available CoreMIDIdevices. You should see your Layla3G or Gina3G hardware shown as an iconhere.Next, you’ll want to install Tracktion and learn about the Echo console software.Both are covered in the following sections of this manual.22Software Configuration
Installing TracktionInstalling TracktionBoth Layla3G and Gina3G come bundled with the full version of Tracktion, audiomultitrack recording, MIDI, editing, and sampling software.Install Tracktion from the Echo3G CDROMTo install the software:1. Insert the Echo3G Install CDROM into your CD-ROM drive. A CDROM iconwill appear on your desktop called “Echo3G”. Open it, and then open the“Tracktion” folder.2. Drag the Tracktion icon to the “Applications” folder.Tracktion comes with an HTML “Quick-start Guide” and help files that you canopen from the “Help” button inside Tracktion. So, you’ll be able to get up andrunning with a minimum of hassles (hopefully none at all!). You can also accessthe Tracktion “Quick-start Guide” and help files with the F12 key on yourkeyboard.Authorize your copy of TracktionYour copy of Tracktion will run in demo mode until you authorize it. YourEcho3G install CDROM came with a sticker that has an authorization code and awebsite address printed on it. Go to that website and follow the instructions toauthorize your copy of Tracktion.NOTE: DO NOT LOSE YOUR CODE!! Echo Digital Audio Corporation willnot be responsible for lost Tracktion authorization codes.23Installing Tracktion
Launching Tracktion and Assigning Inputs & OutputsLaunching Tracktion and Assigning Inputs & OutputsNow it’s time to launch the actual program and set a few options: Locate and double-click the Tracktion icon in the “Applications” folder orwherever you copied it to earlier. You may also want to put it in the Dockfor easy access.When Tracktion first runs, it takes you to the Projects page. Move the mousepointer over various objects on the screen and you will notice that Tracktion usespop-up help to tell you about the interface.Note that whenever you click on something you will see any available details,controls or settings for it in the information windows at the bottom middle of thescreen. You can learn a lot just by clicking on things and reading the pop-up help.You can also access a quick start guide and a more detailed help document byclicking on the “help!” button in the bottom left corner and selecting “show theTracktion help pages ” or by pressing the F12 key on your keyboard. The firstthing you’ll want to do is set up Tracktion to play and record with your Echoproduct.24Launching Tracktion and Assigning Inputs & Outputs
Launching Tracktion and Assigning Inputs & OutputsAudio Settings1. Click the “Settings” tab at the top of the screen.2. Select “Audio Devices” on the left.3. Where it says “Wave device:” click on the drop down menu and select yourEcho product from the list.4. Now you should be able to see a list of the available audio devices for yourEcho product. Go ahead and enable the inputs and outputs you want to use withTracktion by clicking on the red X and waiting for it turn into a greencheckmark.5. Make sure one of your Echo product’s outputs is the “default wave output”, andthat it is hooked up to some speakers or headphones. You can check this settingon the right side of the “Settings – Audio devices” screen of Tracktion.6. Now you’re ready to play some music. Click on the “Projects” tab at the top ofthe screen and select one of the sample projects that come with Tracktion.7. You will see a listing of all the files for that project in the large area to the right.Double-click on the file with the same name as the project. This will open theproject.8. Now click on the play button in the bottom right section of the screen and you’llhear the sample project with your new Echo product.9. Enjoy the music!!There are more detailed instructions for Tracktion in the HTML “Quick-startGuide” and help files, which are available by hitting the F12 key while inTracktion. You can also find hints and tips in the Tracktion user’s forums availablethrough the Tracktion webpage here: http://www.mackie.com/products/tracktion/This completes the installation of the hardware and software for Layla3G andGina3G.25Launching Tracktion and Assigning Inputs & Outputs
Console SoftwareEcho3G ConsoleIf you followed the instructions in Step 3 of the “Software Installation” section ofthis manual, then you installed a “virtual control surface” application called theEcho3G Console. The console allows you to control the audio I/O and clockingfunctions of your Echo product, and it brings these controls to a single easy-to-uselocation. From the console you can control the output levels, select synchronizationclocks, select the digital mode, and adjust input monitoring. The examples in thissection are for the Layla3G console, but the Gina3G console operates similarly.You can open the Echo3G console by going to the “Applications” folder anddouble-clicking on the icon. Alternately, you can drag the icon to the Dock foreasier access and just open it from there. If you have more than one Echo3Gproduct, a console window will open for the first one found in your Power Mac.To switch to the console for another Echo3G product, just select it from the“Active Card” menu.26Console Software
Console SoftwareConsole WindowThe basic metaphor for the console interface is a digital mixing board, and it worksin terms of output busses. An output bus is a stereo pair of outputs on yourhardware. For example, analog outputs 1 and 2 are an output bus. The consolewindow allows you to select an output bus and control what is mixed and sent tothat output bus. Audio played through the selected channels by an application, anyanalog input, and any digital input may be mixed to an output bus.Output Bus SelectThe output bus select panel is on the middle right of the console window.Eight different output busses are shown here: four analog busses in the top row andfour digital busses on the bottom row. Each bus has its own button marked witheither an A or D (Analog or Digital) and a channel number pair. The green buttonis the currently active bus. In this case Analog 1-2 (A1-2) is the active bus.Clicking on an output bus button simply selects the settings that are displayed.This means all input monitor parameters such as volume, pan, and mute onlyapply to the audio coming out Analog outputs 1 and 2 of Layla3G. To select,view and change the input monitoring and playback settings for another set ofoutputs you must select a differ
Important Safety Instructions 1. Read Instructions - Be sure to read all of the safety and operating instructions before operating this product. 2. Retain Instructions - The safety instructions and owner's manual should be retained for future reference. 3. Heed Warnings - All warnings on your Echo
LAYLA 24 LAYLA LapTop MONA MONA LapTop GINA 24 MIA Owner’s Manual Version 3.0 for Windows Designed and Manufactured in the U.S. by Echo CorporationFile Size: 631KB
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Echo Digital Audio Corporation warrants this product, when purchased at an Authorized Echo Dealer in the United States of America, to be free of defects in materials and manufacturing workmanship for a period of one year from . Echo , Layla 24, Layla LapTop .
Layla and Majnun is a classic story of forbidden love most notably expressed by the great Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi. Cal Performances is proud to serve as the lead commissioner for Layla and Majnun, and as Mark Morris Dance Group’s longtime West Coast home—this production ma
El informe de la GINA ("Estrategia Global para el Manejo y la Prevención del Asma") ha sido actualizado anualmente desde 2002, y las publicaciones basadas en los informes de la GINA se han traducido a muchos idiomas. En 2001, la GINA instauró el Día Mundial del Asma, para aumentar la concienciación sobre la carga
PHYSICAL REVIEW B 85, 235105 (2012) Ab initio complex band structure of conjugated polymers: Effects of hydrid density functional theory and GW schemes Andrea Ferretti,1 ,* Giuseppe Mallia,2 Layla Martin-Samos, 3Giovanni Bussi, 4 Alice Ruini,1,5 Barbara Montanari,6 and Nicholas M. Harrison2,7 1Centro S3, CNR–Istituto Nanoscienze, I-41125 Modena, Italy 2Department of Chemistry, Imperial .Cited by: 24Publish Year: 2012Author: Andrea Ferretti, Giuseppe Mallia, Layla Martin-Samos, Giovanni Bussi,
7.) My twin sisters, Laura and Layla, just celebrated their birthday. At our family celebration, one set of grandparents gave them each a gift card. The other set of grandparents gave them each a 50 check. Laura and Layla would not tell me how much was on their gift cards, j
7.) My twin sisters, Laura and Layla, just celebrated their birthday. At our family celebration, one set of grandparents gave them each a gift card. The other set of grandparents gave them each a 50 check. Laura and Layla would not tell me how much was on their gift cards, j
