CHAPTER 16: DRYING – GRAIN DRYING, TYPES OF DRYING,

CHAPTER 16: DRYING – GRAIN DRYING, TYPES OF DRYING, TYPES OF DRYERS,IMPORTANCE OF DRYING Permits long time storage of grain without deterioration Permits continuous supply of product thro’ out the year Permits early harvest which reduces field damage and shattering loss Permits the farmers to have better quality product Makes products available during off seasonDrying theory Convection process in which moisture from a product is removed The water content of agricultural product is given in terms of moisture content They gain or loose moisture as per the atmospheric conditions Moisture migration into or from a product is dependent on the difference of vapour pressurebetween atmosphere and product If the vapour pressure of grain is greater than atmospheric vapour pressure, transfer ofmoisture from grain to atmosphere takes place If the atmospheric vapour pressure is greater than grain vapour pressure, grain absorbsmoisture from atmosphereDrying rate periodsDivided into 3 periods Constant rate period First Falling rate period Second falling rate periodConstant rate period Moisture migration rate from inside of product to its surface is equal to the rate ofevaporation of water from surface This period continues till critical moisture content is reached Critical moisture content: Moisture content of a product where constant rate drying ceasesand falling rate starts This period is very short for agricultural products Drying of sand and washed seeds takes place in constant rate periodFalling rate period Most of the agricultural products are dried in falling rate drying period Movement and diffusion of moisture in interior of grains controls the entire drying process

Controlled by Migration of moisture from interior of grains to upper surface due to water vapour diffusion Removal of moisture from the surface Divided into two periods First falling rate period Second falling rate periodFirst falling rate Unsaturated surface drying Drying rate decreases because of the decrease in wet surface area Fraction of wet surface decreases to zero, where first falling rate endsSecond falling rate Sub surface evaporation takes place & it continues until the equilibrium moisture content isreachedMechanism of drying process Movement of moisture takes place due to Capillary flow – Liquid movement due to surface forces Liquid diffusion – Liquid movement due to difference in moisture concentration Surface diffusion - Liquid movement due to moisture diffusion of the pore spaces Vapour diffusion – vapour movement due to moisture concentration difference Thermal diffusion - vapour movement due to temperature difference Hydro dynamic flow – water and vapour movement due to total pressure differenceThin layer drying Process in which all grains are fully exposed to the drying air under constant dryingconditions i.e. at constant air temp. & humidity. Up to 20 cm thickness of grain bed is taken as thin layer All commercial dryers are designed based on thin layer drying principles Represented by Newton’s law by replacing moisture content in place of temperatureM-Me/Mo-Me e -KθM – Moisture content at any time θ, % dbMe- EMC, %dbMo – Initial moisture content, %dbK – drying constantθ - time, hour

Deep bed drying All grains are not fully exposed to the same condition of drying air Condition of drying air changes with time and depth of grain bed Rate of airflow per unit mass of grain is small Drying of grain in deep bin can be taken as sum of several thin layers Humidity & temperature of air entering & leaving each layer vary with time Volume of drying zone varies with temp & humidity of entering air, moisture content of grain& velocity of air Deep bed drying characteristics at different depthsContinuous flow dryer Columnar type dryer in which wet grains flow from top to the bottom of the dryer Two types Mixing Non-mixingMixing Grains are diverted in the dryer by providing baffles Use low air flow rates of 50-95 m3/min/tonne Zig-zag columns enclosed by screens are used to achieve mixing High drying air temperature of 65 C is used

1. Feedhopper2. Exit air3. Plenumchamber4. DrymaterialoutletContinuous flow dryer (Mixing type)Baffle dryer Continuous flow mixing type dryer Consists of receiving bin, drying chamber fitted with baffles, plenum fitted with hot air inlet Baffles are fitted to divert the flow & also for mixing Grain fed at the top & move downward in a zig-zag path where it encounters a cross flow ofhot air Bucket elevator is used to recirculate the grain till the grain is dried to desired moisture level Uniformly dried product is obtainedMixing type baffle dryerNon-mixing Grains flow in a straight path Baffles are not provided anddryingtakesplacebetweentwoparallel screens High airflow rates can be used Drying air temp. of 54 C is used

1. Feed hopper2. Plenum chamber3. Exit air4. Dry grain outlet5. Screened grain columnContinuous flow dryer (Non-mixing)Recirculatory Batch dryer Continuous flow non mixing type Consists of 2 concentric circular cylinders, set 15-20 cm apartBucket elevator is used to feed & recirculated the grainCentrifugal blower blows the hot air into the inner cylinder, acts as a plenumGrain is fed at the top of the inside cylinder; comes in contact with a cross flow of hot airThe exhaust air comes out through perforations of the outer cylinderGrain is recirculated till it is dried to desired moisture contentDrying is not uniform as compared to mixing type

Recirculating batch dryerLSU dryer Developed at Louisiana state university (LSU) Continuous mixing type dryer Developed specifically for rice to ensure gentle treatment, good mixing & good air to graincontact Consists of rectangular chamber, holding bin, blower with duct, grain dischargingmechanism and air heating system Layers of inverted V shaped channels are installed in the drying chamber; heated air isintroduced through these channels at many points Alternate layers are air inlet & outlet channels; arranged one below the other in an offsetpattern Inlet port consists of few full size ports & two half size ports; all ports are of same sizearranged in equal spacing Ribbed rollers are provided at the bottom of drying chamber for the discharge of grain Capacity varies from 2-12 tonnes

Recommended air flow rate is 60-70 m3/min/tonne Air temp. are 60 &85 C for raw & parboiled paddy Uniformly dried product can be obtained Can be used for different types of grain High capital investmentLSU Dryer

1. Garner2. Duct3. Dry material outlet4. Hopper5. Continuous flow6. Door7. RoofLSU DryerTray driers In tray dryers, the food is spread out, generally quite thinly, on trays in whichthedryingtakes place. Heating may be by an air current sweeping across the trays, or heated shelves on which thetrays lie, or by radiation from heated surfaces. Most tray dryers are heated by air, which also removes the moist vapours.

Fluidized Bed DryersIn a fluidized bed dryer, the food material is maintained suspended against gravity in an upwardflowing air stream.Heat is transferred from the air to the food material, mostly by convectionPneumatic Dryers In a pneumatic dryer, the solid food particles are conveyed rapidly in an air stream, thevelocity and turbulence of the stream maintaining the particles in suspension. Heated air accomplishes the drying and often some form of classifying device is included inthe equipment. In the classifier, the dried material is separated, the dry material passes out as product andthe moist remainder is recirculated for further drying

Rotary Dryers The foodstuff is contained in a horizontal inclined cylinder through which it travels, beingheated either by air flow through the cylinder, or by conduction of heat from the cylinder walls. In some cases, the cylinder rotates and in others the cylinder is stationary and a paddle orscrew rotates within the cylinder conveying the material through.

Me- EMC, %db . Mo – Initial moisture content, %db . K – drying constant . θ - time, hour . Deep bed drying All grains are not fully exposed to the same condition of drying air . Grain fed at the top & move downward in a zig-zag path where it encounters a cross flow of hot air