Infection

1Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

Infection: is an invasion of bodytissue by microorganisms and theirproliferation there A symptomatic or sub clinical: theinfection produces no clinicalevidence of disease Virulence: the microorganism abilityto produce disease2Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

Communicable disease: the infectiousagent can be transmuted to anindividual by direct or indirectcontact through a vector or vehicleor as an airborne infection Pathogens: is the ability to producedisease Asepsis: is the freedom fromdisease causing microorganisms3Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

Medical asepsis: -include all practice intended to confinespecific microorganism to specific area - limiting the number growth andtransmission of microorganism -refers to as a clean (mean the absencemost all the microorganism), dirty (solid,contaminated)4Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

Surgical asepsis (or steriletechnique): 5Refer to those practices that keepan area free of microorganism,include practices that destroy allmicroorganisms or sporesRa'eda Al-mashaqba

Type of microorganism causinginfection: 6BacteriaVirusesFungiParasitesRa'eda Al-mashaqba

Type of infection Colonization: is the process by which strain ofmicroorganisms become resident flora,Microorganisms. Grow and multiply but don’tcause disease Local infection: is limited to the specific partof the boy Systemic infection: if the microorganisms.Speared and damage different part of thebody7Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

Bacterimia: microorganism in blood Septicemia: bacterimia result in systemicinfection Acute infection: appear suddenly in shorttime Chronic infection: occur slowly, over verylong period Nosocomial infection: associated withthe delivery health care services(endogenous, exogenous)8Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

Chain of infection etiologic agent(microorganism) reservoir (source) portal of exit from reservoir (e.g.respiratory tract .urinary tract etc method of transmission: direct andindirect transmission . portal of entry to the susceptible host susceptible host9Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

10Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

INFECTIOUS AGENTA microbial organism with the ability tocause disease.Infectious agents are: 11bacteriavirusesfungiparasites.Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

RESERVOIR A place within which microorganisms canthrive and reproduce. For example:– microorganisms thrive in human beings– animals,– inanimate objects such as water, tabletops, and doorknobs.12Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

PORTAL OF EXIT A place of exit providing a way for amicroorganism to leave the reservoir. For example– the microorganism may leave the reservoirthrough the nose or mouth when someonesneezes or coughs.– Microorganisms, carried away from thebody by feces, may also leave the reservoirof an infected bowel.13Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

MODE OF TRANSMISSION Method of transfer by which the organism moves or is carriedfrom one place to another.1. Direct transmission : e.g. –touching , biting, kissing, sexualintercourse .)2. Indirect transmission :14–vehicle-born transmission: ( any substances that serves as anintermediate means to transport and introduce an infection agentinto susceptible host ). e.g. toys, clothes, coking .)–vector -born transmission: ( animal or flying or cowling insect–Air –born transmission: may involve droplets and dust. E.g.(tuberculosis can remain in the air for long period )Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

PORTAL OF ENTRY An opening allowing the microorganismto enter the host. Portals include body orifices, mucusmembranes, or breaks in the skin. Portals also result from tubes placed inbody cavities, such as urinary catheters,or from punctures produced by invasiveprocedures such as intravenous fluidreplacement.15Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST A person who cannot resist amicroorganism invading the body,multiplying, and resulting in infection. The host is susceptible to the disease,lacking immunity or physical resistanceto overcome the invasion by thepathogenic microorganism.16Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

Body defense against infection: Nonspecific deafness: protect theperson against all microorganisms. Specific defense (immunity) againstidentifiable microorganisms.17Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

Nonspecific defenses: anatomic and physiologic barrier( skin.phagocytes ,tear etc . ) inflammatory process: inflammation islocal and non specific defense responseof the tissue to an injuries or infectingagent.18Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

Specific defense Antibody-mediated defenses(immunity):– active immunity: the host producesantibody response to natural antigen(infection) or artificial antigen (vaccine)– Passive immunity: (acquired) the hostreceives natural from the host mother orartificial from ingestion of immune serum. cell mediated defenses (T- cell systemin the lymphatic system).19Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

Factor increase susceptibilityto infection––––––20agehereditarylevel of stressnutritional statuscurrent medical therebypreexisting disease processRa'eda Al-mashaqba

Nursing process:Assessment: - Nursing history -physical assessment:Local infection: 21localized swellinglocalized rednessPain or tenderness with palpationHeat at the infected areaRa'eda Al-mashaqba

systematic infection: Fever increased plus and respiratory rate malaise and loss of energy anorexia nausea vomiting enlargement and tenderness of lymphnode Laboratory data: increase in WBC22Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

Diagnoses: Potential complication of infection Risk for infectionPlanning: maintain or restore defenses avoid of speared of infectors organism reduce problem associated withinfection23Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

Implementation preventing Nosocomial infection hand washing supporting defenses of susceptible host by:–––––Hygienenutritionrest and sleepStress managementImmunization cleaning disinfectant and sterilizationEvaluation24Ra'eda Al-mashaqba

Medical asepsis: -include all practice intended to confine specific microorganism to specific area -limiting the number growth and transmission of microorganism -refers to as a clean (mean the absence