Female Genital Mutilation: Policies To Encourage
Female Genital Mutilation:Policies to EncourageAbandonmentMelissa ArnesonBemidji State UniversityPolitical Science Senior ThesisPatrick Donnay - AdvisorPowerpoint TemplatesPage 1
Introduction:Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) also known as Female Genital Cutting(FGC) is a severe violation of girl‟s and women‟s human rights.Waris Dirie – Desert Flower – “Female Mutilation has no cultural, notraditional and no religious aspect. It is a crime which seeks justice.”FGM is practiced in many countries in Africa, the Middle East, andaround the world. It is a barbaric practice that has no knownreligious significance and is incredibly harmful to children andwomen.Health Consequences: Mental, physical and emotional.Powerpoint TemplatesPage 2
History of CultureOriginated around 3000BCE in Egypt.Misconception that it is anIslamic tradition.Performed by women in thevillages with handmadetools.Why this tradition continues.Powerpoint TemplatesPage 3
Types of FGM - ClassificationsFGM is classified into four main types as defined by theWorld Health Organization.Type I: Clitoridectomy - Partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or theprepuce.Type II: Excision - Partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labiaminora, with or without excision of the labia majora.Type III: Infibulation - Narrowing of the vaginal orifice with creation of acovering seal by cutting and appositioning the labia minora and/or thelabia majora, with or without excision of the clitoris.Type IV or “Normal”: All other harmful procedures to the female genitaliafor non-medical purposes, for example: pricking, piercing, incising,scraping and cauterization.(World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, 2008)Powerpoint TemplatesPage 4
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IncidenceThe World Health Organization estimates between 100 and 140 milliongirls and women in the world have undergone FGM procedures, and3 million girls are at risk every year.Among countries with representative data, Egypt and Guinea have thehighest prevalence of FGM on the African continent with 97% - 99%of ever married females stating they are circumcised. (Yount, 2002).Other countries with extremely high prevalence are Mali at 92%,northern Sudan at 90% and Eritrea at 89%. Ethiopia, Burkina Fasoand Mauritania follow with rates in the 70-80% range. (Unicef,2005). More than likely due to caravan routes of trade.Powerpoint TemplatesPage 6
Map of IncidencePowerpoint TemplatesPage 7
Health ConsequencesThe removal of, or damage to, healthy, normal genital tissue interfereswith the natural functioning of the body and causes severalimmediate and long-term health consequences.Women who have undergone FGM suffer a higher rate of neonataldeath compared with women who have not undergone theprocedure.Health consequences are not only physical but cause deep emotionalscarring including impaired cognition, nightmares, panic attacks andpost traumatic stress syndrome.(World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, 2008)Powerpoint TemplatesPage 8
Health ConsequencesImmediate complications can include severe pain, shock,hemorrhage (bleeding), tetanus or sepsis (bacterial infection),urine retention, open sores in the genital region and injury tonearby genital tissue.Long-term physical health consequences of FGM can includekeloids, fistulas, cysts, infertility, persistent infections such asurinary or bladder and increased risk of childbirth complicationsincluding increased risk of death for both baby and mother.In some extreme forms of Type III FGM, women must be openedand then reclosed after intercourse and childbirth. This isusually done with a knife or sharp piece of glass.Powerpoint TemplatesPage 9
Why Choose Egypt?FGM has been illegalizedtwice yet still continues.Egyabandonment programswith pt has tested multiplesuccessful results.Centre for Development and PopulationActivities (CEDPA) initiated: Positive Deviance Approach Toward New Horizons FGM-Free Village ModelPowerpoint TemplatesPage 10
Statement of HypothesesThe higher level of education of the Respondent, the less likely she isto circumcise her daughter(s).The higher level of education of the Respondent‟s husband, the lesslikely she is to circumcise her daughter(s).Urban Respondent is less likely to circumcise her daughter(s) thanRural Respondent.Level at which the entire community is educated on the negative healthconsequences of the procedure and given alternate options forcoming of age rituals or traditions, the more likely they will be toquestion the necessity of the procedure.Powerpoint TemplatesPage 11
Methods and AnalysisData is from the Measure DHS – Department of Health Surveys‟website, which is funded through USAID (United StatesAgency of International Development).Data was collected by the Ministry of Health and Population / ElZanaty and Associates from March to June 2008 by surveying16,527 Egyptian “ever married women” ages 15 – 49.Of the 16,527 women surveyed, 15,605 admit to beingcircumcised, 918 say they are not and four are missing.(Demographic and Health Surveys)(http://www.measuredhs.com)Powerpoint TemplatesPage 12
Methods and AnalysisUnit of AnalysisRespondent (Mother)Dependent Variable:Intent to Circumcise DaughterIndependent Variables Include:Respondent RegionHighest Level of Education of Respondent (mother)Highest Level of Education of HusbandPercent of Wealth Index of RespondentPowerpoint TemplatesPage 13
Methods and AnalysisPowerpoint TemplatesPage 14
Methods and Analysis Phi .295, p .000Cramer‟s V .209, p .000Chi 690, p .000Powerpoint TemplatesPage 15
Egyptian RegionsPowerpoint TemplatesPage 16
Methods and AnalysisPhi .285, p .000Cramer‟s V .202, p .000Chi Square 643.9, p .000Powerpoint TemplatesPage 17
Methods and AnalysisPhi .229, p .000Cramer‟s V .162, p .000Chi Square 413.8, p .000Powerpoint TemplatesPage 18
Methods and AnalysisPhi .346, p .000Cramer‟s V .245, p .000Chi Square 950.0 p .000Powerpoint TemplatesPage 19
Methods and AnalysisPhi .273, p .000Cramer‟s V .212, p .000Chi Square 1488.5, p .000Powerpoint TemplatesPage 20
ConclusionAbandonment of FGM will not be an easy task. However, mydata shows that mothers are less likely to circumcise theirdaughters at a fairly high statistically significant level for:Higher levels of education of both mother and father (bothformal schooling and community education on awareness ofthe dangers of FGM).By Region with mothers in urban areas less likely tocircumcise their daughters than rural mothers.Respondents with a higher wealth index.Powerpoint TemplatesPage 21
Conclusion “We need to raise the status of women and childrenworldwide. FGM is no longer just a problem of third worldcountries. It has „reached the shores of the UnitedStates,‟ and we can no longer say that we are not awareof this practice. The world has the tools and resources toend this form of torture and mutilation against women,and it must end today.” (Broussard, 2008) We must continue to fight female genital mutilation untilevery mother knows that she has the right to say “I willnot circumcise my daughter.”Powerpoint TemplatesPage 22
Questions?Comments?Powerpoint TemplatesPage 23
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) also known as Female Genital Cutting (FGC) is a severe violation of girl‟s and women‟s human rights. Waris Dirie –Desert Flower –“Female Mutilation has no cultural, no traditional and no religious aspect. It is a crime which seeks justice.” FGM is p
Ritual female genital mutilation: management of women during the reproductive years Introduction The term female genital mutilation (FGM), also called female genital cutting or female circumcision, includes all procedures . modifications were incorporated in order to avoid ambiguities
Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is an umbrella term for any procedure of modification, partial or total removal or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons [1]. In 1990 the Inter-African Com-mittee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children adopted the term 'female genital mutilation'.
20 ‘‘(41) FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION.—The 21 terms ‘female genital mutilation’, ‘female genital 22 cutting’, ‘FGM/C’, or ‘female circumcision’ mean the 23 intentional removal or infibulation (or both) of either 24 the whole or part of the external female genitalia for 25 non-medical reasons. External female
Female genital mutilation is a violation of human rights 8 Female genital mutilation has harmful consequences 11 . modifications to accommodate concerns and shortcomings, while maintaining the .
Female Genital Mutilation in gypt: ecent trends and projections 03 Female genital mutilation in the global development agenda FGM is a violation of human rights. Every girl and woman has the right to be protected from this harmful practice, a manifestation of entrenched gender inequality with devastating consequences. FGM is now firmly on the .
Promoting genital autonomy by exploring commonalities between male, female, intersex, and cosmetic female genital cutting J. Steven Svoboda*1 Attorneys for the Rights of the Child, Berkeley, CA, USA All forms of genital cutting – female genital cutting (FGC), intersex genital cutting,
Female Genital Surgeries in Africa By THE PuBlIC POlICy ADVISORy NETwORK ON FEMAlE GENITAl SuRGERIES IN AFRICA western media coverage of female genital modifications in Africa has been hyperbolic and one-sided, presenting them uniformly as mutilation and ignoring the cultural complexities that underlie these practices.
ACCOUNTING 0452/12 Paper 1 October/November 2019 1 hour 45 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction .
