WILLIAMS, OWEN D. James Fenimore Cooper's Bad Indians:
WILLIAMS, OWEN D.James Fenimore Cooper's "Bad" Indians:a Study of Magua, Mahtoree and Wyandotte'.(1969)Directedby: Dr. Donald G. Darnell.pp. 54Whereas James Fenimore Cooper's Natty Bumppo andmany of his "good" Indians have long received criticalattention, comparatively little interest has been shownhis so-called "bad" Indians.To date no critical essay orchapter of a book has been devoted to them,in spite oftheir prominent roles in his Indian novels.This studyfocuses on three of these characters: Magua of The Last ofthe Mohicans, Mahtoree of The Prairie, and Wyandotte, aleading character in the novel of that title.Generally critics have lumped Magua, Mahtoree andWyandotte together as if they were all of a kind.study shows,Indians.however,Carefulthat they are three quite differentTheir creation reflects both Cooper's continuingeffort to come to terms with what he thought about themoral worth of the Indian and his effort to decide uponthe right solution to the problem of Indian-white relations.With the creation of Magua, Cooper condemns the in-trusion of the white man and suggests that the wildernessshould be left to the Indian.With the creation of Mahtoree,he insists that the Indian share in the responsibility fora workable relationship and accept some responsibility forhis own evil.At this point the two worlds are distinctlyseparate, but with the creation of Wyandotte', an effort ismade to fuse the world of the Indian and the civilization
JAMES FENIMORE COOPER'S "BAD" INDIANS: A STUDYOF MAGUA, MAHTOREE AND WYANDOTTEbyOwen D. WilliamsA Thesis Submitted tothe Faculty of the Graduate School atThe University of North Carolina at Greensboroin Partial Fulfillmentof the Requirements for the DegreeMaster of ArtsGreensboroDecember, 1969Approved byfhesis Adviser
1APPROVAL SHEETThis thesis has been approved by the following committee of the Faculty of the Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.Thesis Adviser/Cc /PM Oral ExaminationComm ittee Members fJCj/ M IJ-2.Date of/ ExaminationiiO) / AJ(J ryf(/[0/1 J A-*If- f
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would especially like to acknowledge Dr. DonaldG. Darnell, under whose patient and helpful direction thisstudy has been undertaken.I would also like to expressappreciation to Dr. Robert 0. Stephens for his helpfulsuggest ions.iii
TABLE OF CONTENTSPa eChapterIIIIIIIVV8INTRODUCTIONVCRITICAL PERSPECTIVES1MAGUA, COOPER'S AMERICAN DEVIL8MAHTOREE OF THE PRAIRIE22WYANDOTTE, AN INDIAN WHO PROFITS 63
INTRODUCTIONWhereas Natty Bumppo and many of Cooper's "good"Indians havedeserve,long received the critical attention theylittle attention has been given that other char-acter type who frequently plays an important role in hisfiction,the so-called "bad" Indian.To date no criticalessay or chapter of a book has been devoted to him.Thisstudy is undertaken in the belief that a thorough exploration of at least the most prominent of these charactersis essentialto critical evaluation of a writer whose"conception of the AmericanIndian," according to one writer,has been generally recognized to be "of outstanding importance in the history of the red man in literature."Mahtoree and Wyandotte will be focused upon here.Magua,Almostinvariably critics have erroneously linked these threetogether asif they were all of a kind,and nowhere havethey received critical attention in proportion to theirprominence.The Last of the Mohicans, the first of Cooper'snovels that deals with the open conflict between whitesand Indians,contains his darkest, most malevolent savage.A contemporary of Cooper's,W. II. Gardiner, complainedin aGregory L. Paine, "The Indians of The Leather-Stocking Tales," Studies in Philology, XXIII (.January, 1926), 16.
review that Magua is "one of those licensed instruments ofromance,creation,which belong rather to the diabolical order ofthan to any tribe of human species,civilized."itis perplexing,Cooper as myth-maker,savage orin view of the interestinthat no Cooper critic seems to havenoticed the accuracy of Gardiner's observation.study reveals that Magua is in fact a devil.CarefulAs a symbolof an evil more pervasive and more sinister than is possible in a single human personality, he becomes a myth-likecharacter whose position of prominence in the novelthat of Hawkeye.In one sense,rivalseven more than llawkeye,Indian is the central character in the novel,reaction to him that the other characters act.for it isIttheinis clearthat he has been carefully developed and that he bears astrong resemblance to the mythical Satan of Judeo-Christianreligion--the Satan of Genesis and Milton's Paradise Lost.Yet,he is a New World creation,serving Cooper's ownunique purposes.Cooper's strong interestin the evilIndian he hadcreated in The Last of the Mohicans may have influenced hiscreation of Mahtoree in his next novel, The Prairie.Grossman claimsin Mahtoree.Jamesthat Cooper "mechanically" repeated MaguaBut some fundamental differences need to2"Review of The Pioneers; The Last of the Mohicans,"North American Review, XX111 H"8 26), 168.3.Iames Fenimore Cooper (New York,vi1949), p.48.
be explored.One is the fact that the two Indians pursuedifferent kinds of revenge.Mahtoree may be a "bad" Indianfrom a white man's viewpoint, but he is not a Magua-likeSatan figure.In 1843, sixteen years after writing The Prairie,and two years after he had completed The Leather-StockingTales, Cooper created one of his most interesting and memorable Indians.Wyandotte, a major character in the novelby that title, is frequently referred to as Nick and sometimes as Saucy Nick or Old Nick.He has generally beenconsidered to be one of Cooper's "bad" Indians, a Magua typeClose examination shows, however, that the differencebetween the two is of primary importance.Wyandotte hasstrong loyalties, while Magua has none; their revenge,although motivated in both cases by a flogging, reflects twoquite different kinds of anger and hate.Cooper himself,along with his major characters, condemns Magua, at onepoint calling him "the Prince of Darkness."But theauthor defends Wyandotte when the likable but rather lamentable Michael O'Hearn decides that he is a devil.In factCooper is careful at several points in the story to showthat Wyandotte is not intended as a Satanic figure, a verynecessary preparation if his conversion experience is tohave any significance.4James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans: ANarrative of 1757 (New York, 1859), p.359.VII
The fact that Cooper's "bad" Indians are stillgenerally lumped together as if they are all of a kindresults, perhaps, not so much from a lack of perceptionon the part of the critics as from a lack of convictionthat the "bad" Indian is worthy of careful attention.This study will question that assumption.It will attemptto show that Magua, Mahtoree and Wyandotte are three verydifferent Indians and that an accurate understanding ofeach provides insight into Cooper's view of the Indianand his concern over the problem of Indian-white relations.The creation of three distinctly different Indiansis the result of an exploration of the problem from threedifferent angles--from a changing rather than a staticviewpoint toward the Indian and his plight.vm
CHAPTER ICRITICAL PERSPECTIVESAs most recent students of Cooper's work have noted,early criticism of his Indians was generally unfavorable.He was accused of idealizing the Indian and of variousother inaccuracies in his delineation of his Indian characters.Far more notable figures than W. II. Gardiner wereamong his attackers."His Indians, with proper respect beit said,/ Are just Natty Bumppo daubed with red,"James Russel Lowell in 1849.wroteLater in the century MarkTwain was even more candid. Cooper "was almost always in2error about his Indians;" furthermore, "the difference between a Cooper Indian and the Indian that stands in frontof the cigar-shop is not spacious,"Twain said.It was not until after the turn of the century thatthis view was seriously challenged."The so-called 'noblered man' whom he is popularly supposed to have invented,"wrote W. C. Brownell in 1909, "does not exist in his booksat all."4"The truth is," Brownell points out, "that notlnA Fable for Critics," The American Tradition inLiterature, ed. Scully Bradley, et al . , 3rd. ed . (2 vols. ;New York, 1967) , I, 1641.2Literary Essays (New York, 1897), p. 87.3Ibid., p. 88.American Prose Masters (New York, 1909), pp. 20-21.4
only is Indian character not misrepresented by Cooper, atleast in being idealized, but his Indian characters are ascarefully studied and as successfully portrayed as hiswhite ones."Generally, Brownell swung the pendulum fromthe view that Cooper's Indians are "noble savages" to theview that they "are in the Main epitomized in Magua."His short chapter on Cooper has had considerable influenceupon subsequent criticism, as is evidenced by the manyfavorable references to his statement.The next important statement about Cooper's workand about his interest in the Indian was D. H. Lawrence'sstudy of American literature, published in 1923."In hisimmortal friendship of Chingachgook and Natty Bumppo hedreamed the nucleus of a new society.a new human relationship,"That is, he dreamedwrote Lawrence.As to whatSatanic Magua's place is in the dream, he has little tosay, except that he is "a 'wicked'evil."8. incarnation ofHe does not mention Mahtoree or Wyandotte.Inan article published during this period, Gregory L. Painemakes a convincing argument for the authenticity of Cooper'sIndians.He illustrates the fact that Cooper made a point5Ibid., p. 24.6Ibid., pp. 22-237Studies in Classic American Literature (New York,1923), p7 5"48Ibid., p. 58 1
of learning a great deal about the Indian.The thirties produced little of significance as faras Cooper's Indians are concerned, although two importantworks on Cooper were published during the period:RobertSpiller's Fenimore Cooper, Critic of His Time and HenryW. Boynton's James Fenimore Cooper.Ivor Winters concludedin his In Defense of Reason, published in 1937, that TheLast of the Mohicans "nowhere rises to a level of seriousness,"a notion that has been held by several writers.Neither did criticism in the forties show any sig-nificant understanding of Cooper's "bad" Indians.Carl VanDoren, in a chapter on Cooper, states only that Magua"plays the villain" and that Mahtoree "is another Magua."He refers briefly to the novel Wyandotte, but not to theIndian himself.James Grossman's attitude toward Cooper'sIndians is essentially the same as Brownell's."Brownell'sclaim that Magua is Cooper's typical Indian is extravagant,.12 Mahtoreely stated," he says, "but fundamentally true13he considers a mechanical repetition of Magua ' and "Wyan-9"The Indians of The Leather-Stocking Tales,"Studies in Philology, XXIII (January, 1926), 16-39.10Denver: Alan Swallow, 1937, p.186.nThe American Novel (New York, 1940), pp. 29-30.12 James Fenimore Cooper (New York, 1949), p. 46.13Ibid., p. 48.
dotte . a Magua with a moral problem."Grossman, how-ever, does point to a need for further study of Cooper's"bad" Indians.He notes that for the most part the "dis-cussion has been carried on in terms of the good Indians,Chingachgook and Uncas, and not of the wicked Magua."Little interest was shown in Cooper's Indians, particularly his "bad" Indians, during the 1950's.One essayis an attempt to prove the authenticity of Cooper's Indianspeech.Two books of considerable importance for thestudy of American literature and of Cooper generally werepublished during the period: Henry Nash Smith's Virgin Landand R. W. B. Lewis' The American Adam, but neither is ofmuch value to this study.The 1960's have seen a surge of interest in Cooper.Even his "bad" Indians have gotten some of the attention.Some of the most notable publications have been R.H. Zollner's "Conceptual Ambivalence in Cooper," American Literature, XXXI (January, 1960); David Noble's "Leather-Stockingand the Death of the American Adam," American Quarterly, XVI(Fall, 1964); Warren S. Walker's James Fenimore Cooper;James F. Beard's edition of The Letters and Journals ofJames Fenimore Cooper; Kay Seymore House's Cooper's Ameri-141516Ibid. , p. 176.Ibid. , p. 46.John T. Frederick, "Cooper's Eloquent Indians,"PMLA, LXXI (December, 1956), 1004-1017.
1cans; Robert E. Spiller's James Fenimore Cooper and DonaldA. Ringe's book of the same title.Ringe's study is,perhaps, the most significant of recent critical works.The theme of The Last of the Mohicans, like that of the othernovels of the series, he identifies as "the moral implications of the westward march of civilization."17Although he18does not see Magua as Satanic, but only as "evil,"he isaware that the nature of the invasion of the New Land--theunbalancing of natural forces--is the lever that setsMagua in motion.19Ringe agrees generally with previouscritics who claim that Mahtoree is a repetition of Magua,although he does not consider such a repetition a weaknessin The Prairie, since it promotes the general theme ofThe Leather-Stocking Tales.Ringe gives Wyandotte moreattention than any previous writer,Yet, his commentsabout the Indian taken together woi ild constitute littlemore than a couple of paragraphs, and most of that is anexplanation of the action w hich involves Wyandotte.what is most impor tant is what he does not sayPerhapsUnlikemo st critics who have me itioned Wyandotte up to this point21Ringe does not c on nect him with Magua17James Fenimore Cooper (New York,18 Ibid., pp. 42-4419Ibid4620 Ibid., pp. 101-10521 Ibid,1041962), p.43
Kay Seymour House has given more attention toCooper's Indians than any other writer, and, like Ringe,she succeeds in carrying the discussion somewhat beyondBrownell's statement.She sees Cooper's Indians as highlyvaried in that they occupy a wide spectrum from wise chiefTamenund at one extreme to the "demonic" type at the other.She does not distinguish between Magua, Mahtoree and Wyandotte, however, and echoes Brownell and Grossman by sayingthat "Wyandotte" . is "a development of the earliercharacter of Le Renard Subtil." 2 2In spite of the increased interest in Cooper and hisIndians during the 1960's, at least three very importantcharacters in his Indian novels remain essentially unexamined.Donald Ringe is correct when he notes that Magua isthe product of a process out of control, and David Nobleis accurate when he points out that Magua "hates the whiteman for destroying the Indian culture,"but the Indian ismore complex and more cynical than either suggests.It isbeyond his mere hate for the white man that a discussion ofMagua needs to begin, for he is anIndian who shows littlemore loyalty to his race than he does to the whites whobelieve they can trust him.Mahtoree also hates the white Cooper's Americans (Ohio State University Press,1965) , p. 49.23"Leatherstocking and the Death of the AmericanAdam," American Quarterly, XVI (Fall, 1964), 422.
man, and like Magua he is dangerous and deadly.But whereasMagua is evil and despicable, Mahtoree, like a violent stormor a wild animal,is attractive and in a sense admirable.A respected leader of his people, his primary concerns arenot revenge against the white man, but the maintenance ofhis position and the destruction of Hard-Heart, his Indianrival.Wyandotte is neither unleashed energy nor is he adevil.His actions, though perhaps lamentable at times, arecapable of generating understanding and sympathy.A carefulanalysis shows him to be quite unlike his predecessor, thedevil Indian, Magua.
CHAPTER IIMAGUA, COOPER'S AMERICAN DEVILOne of the most noticeable facts about Magua is hisposition of prominence, both as a character in The Last ofthe Mohicans and as a Cooper Indian.He is the first majorcharacter introduced in the novel, and as the story progresses it is he who proves to be the key to the chaseescape themeWhen he is finally vanqu ished the action ofthe s tory is completed.Twice as many chapter epigraphsrefer to him as to any other character.Those found at thebeginning o f chapters four, eight, eleven, twelve, twentyfour, twenty-seven, twenty-eight and thirty are all directreferences to him.No o ther Indian so controls the actionof a Cooper nove 1, and few are in troduced in such carefuldetailAnother fact equally appa rent is the effort Coopermade to emphasi ze Magua's evil, superhuman natureConsis-tently and frequently throughout the novel he and hisedcharacters re fer to Magua in language customarily reservis said to utterfor demonic, o ther-worldly figures. MaguaAmong the many'an unea rthly shout" as he stabs UncasJames Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans: A359. (Subsequent refNarrative of 1757 (New York,thetextbythe page number oferences will be indicated in LastoftheMohicans.)Tnethis edition oX
other derogatory epithets he directs at the Indian, Hawkeye calls him "that rampaging devil." (236)Duncan Heywardaccuses him of being a "malignant monster," (400) and Magua'sdeep guttural laugh sounds to him "like the hellish tauntof a demon." (330)Cora Munro uses the terms "monster" (131)an d "fiend" (132) to refer to him."The leader of thesesavages I s possessed of an evil spirit that no power shortof Omnipotence can tame," declares David Gamut,(282) andCooper, as has been noted, suggests that he is "the Princeof Darkness."It is not surprising that Alice Munro is the first's evil nature, since she is of fair complexto detect Magua'sionthe ideal of innocence and goodness peculiar to romanticfiction o f the time.She is startled when the "Indian Are such spectresrunne r" glides by her "unexpectedly.frequent in the woods, Heyward?'" she asks.(23)That Magua is unu sually elusive and treacherousbecomes increasingly apparent each time he app ears in thestory.Hawkeye expresses a larm when he finds Heyward andMunro's daughters depending upon Magua as a g uide.He triesto wing the Indian with his rifle, but the shot has littleiffeet, and Magua bounds into the woo ds.Chingachgook andhis strong, agile son Uncas have no more success at stoppingMagua than the white man had and return after a short chase,Hawkeye, who is known throughout The Leather-Stocking Talesfor his deadly aim, is displeased with his poor shot and
10attempts to explain."I heard the imp, brushing over thedry leaves, like a black snake," he says, "and blinking aglimpse of him, just over ag'in yon big pine, I pulled asit might be on the scent; but't wouldn't do! and yet for areasoning aim,if anybody but myself had touched the triggerI would call it a quick sight(53)The fact isthat Magua can not be stopped until he has carried out hisevi 1 designs--if, in fact, he is ever really stopp edShortly afterward Heyward has an opportunity to stopthe Indian.Magua appears in front of the cave where he andMunro's daughters are hidden, and Heyward takes deliberateaim at what would seem close range and fires his pistol.Certain of his shot, he rushes to the entrance of the cave,but all he sees is a glimpse of Magua s dark figure, steal-ing around a low an d narrow ledge." (HI)Like Hawkeyehehas only scratched the Indian.Later, when he has captured Heyward and the Munrogirls, Magua comments to Heyward on the fact that both menhave missed him."Longue Carbine I his rifle is good," Maguasays, "and his eye never s hut: but like the short gun ofthe white chief, it is nothing agains t the life of LeSubtil!" (113)This might seem mere un restrained boastingidents and succeeding ones illustrateexcep t that these incihis point so well.In the scene that follows the knife ofChingachgook proves to be no mor weapon s of the white meneffective than the
11After the rescue party has dispatched Magua's followers, the interest focuses upon Magua and Chingachgook asthey grapple in a death struggle on the ground.Hawkeye andthe others stand helplessly by, for each time they attemptto assist Chingachgook, his own head and body come intoview."In vain did Uncas dart around the cloud [of dust},"we are told, "with a wish to strike his knife into theheart of his father's foe; the threatening rifle of Hawkeyewas raised and suspended in vain, while Duncan endeavoredto seize the limbs of the Huron with hands that appeared tohave lost their power." (143)As the two Indians strugglethey are rolling toward the edge of the little clearing ontop of the hill.Suddenly "the Mohican . found an oppor-tunity to make a powerful thrust with his knife; Maguas uddenly relinquished his grasp, and fell backward withoutmo tion and seemingly without life." (143)Hawkeye rushesforward to crush the Indian's skull with the butt of hisrifle, but Magua rolls off the precipice on the edge ofwhich he has fallen and bounds away.In Hawkeye's view thisis very unnatural for a subdued Indian.Toward the end of the story, just as Magua is aboutto escape for the third time, Hawkeye, with deadly aim,fires at him.The Indian drops from the cliff where he hadbeen about to pull himself up with the help of a small bushand "glided past the fringe of shrubbery which clung to themo untain." (428)The scene is in marked contrast to
12the usual sights and noises connected with the death of theIndian in Cooper novels.Not at all uncommon is the whackof a rifle butt or the deadly thrust of a knife to makesure of a fallen foe.The bloody flaying of a scalp is theusual occurrence where Indians,the victorious party."good" or "bad",are amongOne of the most memorable deathscenes in The Last of the Mohicans is that of an Indian whoclings to the limb of a tree for a moment after being shotby Hawkeye before he plunges with a splash into the riverbelow.(94)of Mahtoree,The physical detailin the death and scalpingas will be discussed in the next chapter,fully supplied.So is the detailisin Chingachgook's scalp-ing of Arrowhead in The Pathfinder.In this scene, however,there is no thump of the body against the earth nor crashamong the bushes.The body is never mentioned,and no onegoes to take the scalp, not even Chingachgook, whose sonMagua has killed.This is very unusual for an Indian,his code requires that he scalp for revenge.sinceThat Hawkeyeand not Chingachgook is the victor might seem to have somebearing on the taking of the scalp if it were not for thefact thatin the rescue scene discussed above Chingachgookscalps those Indians killed by the white men as well asthose he personally slays.come,vanquished,(144)Although Magua is over-it is clear that Cooper has made a pointof preserving his other-worldly nature.That Magua belongs "to the diabolical order of ere-
13ition" is evident in another and perhaps more significantrespectLike the mythical Satan of Judeo-Christian tradi-tion, he is an outcast obsessed with revenge.He is anartful and an eloquent speaker who can sway his people tosuppo rt his cause.Like Satan and quite unlike the typi-cally "bad" Indian who vents his feelings in immediatephysical violence, Magua broods and plans.His sagacity,his hate and his pride are poignantly emphasized.Althoughno effort will be made here to prove an influence, theprecise nature of Magua *s evil characteristics becomesparticularly apparent when he is comp ared with Milton'srersion of Satan.The language used to refer to the twoSatanic figures is frequently similar an d sometimes identica 1.Milton, of course, used the phrase, "Prince of Dark-That Cooper posse ssed any significant knowledge ofAccording r interest in Milton some c ritics seem to doubtto Henry W. Boynton, Cooper "had a blind spot for MiltonJames Fenimore Cooper (New York, 1931), p. 79. MarcelClavel, the French critic takes the opposite viewpointHe points out that Boynton drew his conclusion from Susanreading interests.Cooper's stateme ts about her father'sidthatit was difficultAccording to Clavel, Susan had saito getherfathertoreadmorethanapageor two of P rag Lost aloud to the family at a time a Statewntndi seFenimoreitself which shows some familiarity with Milton.de Pro Cooper (Aix-en-Prove ce: Imprimerie UniverersitairesignificantfactmoilTcTT 19S8), pp. 2S3-2S4.Perhaps aMiltonasepigraphsforquotations fromis that Cooper f sedhisnovels.Theyarefoundatthebeginningfive chaptersof chapter six of The Headsman chapter nineteen of Thechapter eighteenPathfinder, chapter six f The" Deerslayer,ofTheCrater. Three off The Two Admirals and chapter siit would seem strangediseLost.Alsothese are from Parafor on e who "had a blind spot for Milton" to make the com-
14ne ss"to describe his Satan.Frequently he refers to Sat anas a "Fiend" and as "the Devil," terms, as has been pointedout, that Cooper had his characters use to describe Magua.When Magua first captures the Munro girls, he isobserved sitting alone brooding, "without participating inthe(125)meal, and apparently buried in deep thoughtHe is one who is constantly "plotting evil." (359)He is a "silent but sullen guide." (28)Cooper speaks ofthe Indian's "gloomy reserve," (124) and points out thathis "vengeancesought a deeper and more malignanten joyment" than physical punishment.(136)Although afallen chief, Magua, like Satan, remains proud and arrogant"None but a fiend could meditate such vengeance!"Cora Munro exclaims, when Magua tells her that he will killDuncan and Alice if she refuses to become his wife.(132)When she asks why he does not seek revenge directly uponher father for the flogging he received, he replies: "Thearms of the pale-faces are longand their knives are sharpment Cooper made upon obtaining his first view of Switzerland's Lake Geneva."I shall no t affirm that this was thehadyetseen in Switzerland," he remarked,inest view webut I do think it was the most exquisite.It was Goethetocompa red to Schiller: Milton to Shakespeare; RacineCorneille. Other places had a grander nature mo re awfulprincipals, ancd altogether sublimer features; but I cannotrecall one, in w hich elements, of themselves no ble and imposing, were so a dmirably blended with extensive, delicateSketches of Switzerlandan d faultlessly fine detailsVol. I (Philadelphia, 1836), 184.Complete Poems and Major Prose ed. Merritt Y.Hughes (New York, 1957), p. 415 (.xj
15fhy should Le Renard go among the muskets of hiswa rriors, when he holds the spirit of the gray-head in hishands?" (130)Satan employs the same kind of reasoningwhen his followers suggest another expedition to heaven."Nor shall we need/ With dangerous expedition to invade/Heav'n, whose high walls fear no assault or Siegetells them, for he has a more subtle pi anheHe will revengehimself upon God through his newly created children.Theintensity of Magua's desire for revenge is evident whenCora attempts to persuade him to forgive her father. "Thespirit of a Huron is never drunk; it remembers forever!"he answers.(130)How like Satan when he claims an "un-conquerable Will,/ And study of revenge, immortal hate,/And courage n ever to submit or yieldWhen his chiefs discuss the mean s of retrieving Corafrom the Delaware camp, Magua is said to be a "silent andrespectful listener " (355)Only after the other chiefshave spoken, an d after he has weighed their comments carefully, does he spealauditors." (356)He flatters the "se If love of hisHe tells them how wise they are.Thenroposes that he go alone into the Delaware camp to rehe proptrieve Cora.In such a manner are Satan's followers per-sua ded that he should go alone into the Garden of EdenIbid240,(ii)Ibid214,(i)
16It seems significant that Cooper chooses this point in thenovel to suggest that Magua might be thought of as "thePrince of Darkness."The scene on the cliff where Cora and Uncas arekilled produces an equally striking similarity in the natureof the two evil figures.By this point in the story it hasbecome clear that Magua's attitude toward Cora is tingedwith a feeling that vies with his desire for revenge.he is finally convinced that Cora will not,Whenunder any cir-cumstances, go with him as his wife, he raises his knife tokill her, but "with a bewildered air, like one who doubted,"immediately drops it again.in the novel in which therevenge.(426)This is the only instanceIndian deviates from his plan ofSimilarly Satan deviates in a single instance.During the time that he watches Eve unobserved,"the Evilone abstracted stood/ From his own evil, and for the timeremain'd/ Stupidly good,of enmity disarm'd/ Of guile, ofhate, of envy, of revenge. .,6In order to strengthen his depiction of Magua as ahighly unusual figure, Cooper frequently tells the reader,quite pointedly,that the Indian is not an ordinary savage.That he can forego food when he is hungry and contemplate asophisticated form of mental torture Cooper saw as "remarkable in an Indian."'ibid., p.(125)389,(ix)Magua is so gratified at having
17captured the Munro girls that he stands by quietly whilehis warriors plunder their effects."The conduct of thissavage had formed a solitary exception to that of his fellows," (113) Cooper points out.bear in the Huron camp,He is not afraid of thefor he is "far above the more vulgarsuperstitions of his tribe."(331)What Cooper does not say is, perhaps, more effectivethan his assurance that Magua is not an ordinary Indian.Whether or not Magua, the chief, possesses or e ver haspossessed any of those physical attributes so necessary toa leader of a band of savage s--the kind that are attributedto Mahtoree, Hard-Heart, Uncas and others--we are nevertold.We are only told that "there was an air of neglectabout his person," an d that the blending of his war paintcaused his "swarthy lineaments" to appear "savage and repulsive(111)This emphasis upon the unpleasant aspectsof his appearance helps to suggest a physically and thus amo rally malignant indivi dual.Also,there is somethingsinister about the fact that in spi te of his seeming lackof physical vitality, he speeds away so fast that theswiftest can not catch him.It seems ironic that so many students of Cooper haveinsisted that Magua is typica 1 of "bad" Indians or Indiansgenerally, wh
considered to be one of Cooper's "bad" Indians, a Magua type Close examination shows, however, that the difference between the two is of primary importance. Wyandotte has strong loyalties, while Magua has none; their revenge, although motivated in both cases by a flogging, reflects two quite different kinds of anger and hate. Cooper himself,
Lake Owen is a 1,323 acre drainage lake at the headwaters of the Long Lake Branch of the White River. The Long Lake Branch of the White River is located in southeastern Bayfield County and flows into the White River near the town of Mason. Maximum depth of Lake Owen is 95 feet with a mean depth of 27 feet and an alkalinity of 64 mg/L.
Lesson 3 - James 1:13-18 15 Lesson 10 - James 5:1-12 61 Lesson 4 - James 1:19-27 21 Lesson 11 - James 5:13-20 67 Lesson 5 - James 2:1-13 27 Lesson 12 - James Synthesis 73 Lesson 6 - James 2:14-26 35 Appendix - Bible Study Skills 79 Lesson 7 - James 3:1-12 42 Introduction “The book of James is the voice of a great Christian leader whose grasp .
MPA ISO MOTION TO APPROVE PROPOSED CONSENT JUDGMENT CASE NO. RG21112735 LUCAS WILLIAMS (State Bar No. 264518) JACOB JANZEN (State Bar No. 313474) WILLIAMS ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 490 43rd Street, #23 Oakland, CA 94609 Email: lucas@williams-envirolaw.com Email: jake@williams-envirolaw.com Telephone: (707) 849-5198 Fax: (510) 609-3360
of the terms patriotism and pacifism to gain insight into the views of Wilfred Owen and other war poets. It would be useful for the students to be familiar with the war poet Wilfred Owen and to have some understanding of poetic terminology. KEY CONCEPT
"The Old Lie: Dulce et decorum est " ) are frequently quoted. Adapted with permission of The Wilfred Owen Association . Page 3 of 9 3 Now work in pairs to answer the questions. 1. How old was Wilfred Owen when h
Owen should write in a more direct, colloquial style. Over the next few months Owen wrote a series of poems, including Anthem for Doomed Youth, Disabled,
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Aliens' Behaviour Connectives Game This game was originally developed in 2006 for Year 5/6 at Dunkirk Primary School in Nottingham. It has also been used at KS3. We have chosen this topic because we hope it will encourage children to produce their own alien names (a useful use of phonically regular nonsense words!), portraits and sentences .
