Effects Of Increasing Dietary Wheat Middlings On Nursery .

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.ukbrought to you bySWINE DAY 2012Effects of Increasing Dietary Wheat Middlingson Nursery Pig Performance from 15 to 50 lbJ. A. De Jong, J. M. DeRouchey, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband,S. S. Dritz1, and J. L. NelssenSummaryA total of 210 pigs (PIC 327 1050, initially 15.12 lb BW) were used in a 35-dtrial to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary wheat middlings (midds) on growthperformance of 15- to 50-lb nursery pigs. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial BW andrandomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 6 replications per treatment. The 5corn-soybean meal–based diets contained 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% midds. Pigs were fed ina 2-phase feeding program from d 0 to 14 and d 14 to 35. Diets were not balanced forenergy; thus, as midds increased, dietary energy concentrations decreased.From d 0 to 14, midds had no effect on growth performance; however, from d 14 to35, pigs fed increasing midds had decreased ADG (linear, P 0.02) and poorer F/G(linear, P 0 .004). Furthermore, pigs fed increasing midds had lower (linear, P 0.05)feed cost/pig, revenue/pig, and income over feed cost (IOFC), and a tendency forincreased (quadratic, P 0.07) feed cost/lb gain. Overall (d 0 to 35), increasing dietarymidds worsened F/G (quadratic, P 0.01), driven by poorer F/G for pigs fed 15 and20% midds. We also observed a quadratic effect (P 0.004) for feed cost/lb gain, withinclusion rates of 0 and 20% having the highest value. Caloric efficiency responded in aquadratic manner (P 0.01) on both an ME and NE basis with improved caloric efficiencies at intermediate levels (mainly 5%) of dietary middlings compared with 0 and20% inclusions.These data suggest that the inclusion of midds at levels up to 15% do not negativelyaffect performance in 15- to 50-lb nursery pigs. Although we observed a linear decreasein overall IOFC, both inclusion rates of 5 and 10% were numerically more profitablethan the control.Key words: growth, nursery pig, wheat middlingsIntroductionWheat middlings are a wheat milling by-product that consist of fine particles of wheatbran, wheat shorts, wheat germ, and wheat flour; midds contain no more than 9.5%crude fiber (CF). With the sudden increase in the price of corn and soybean meal,wheat midds have become a more common ingredient in swine diets. Wheat middshave higher CP and CF but lower dietary energy than corn (corn ME 1,551 kcal/lb; wheat middlings ME 1,372 kcal/lb; NRC, 19982), which must be accounted forwhen used in swine diets.Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas StateUniversity.2NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 10th ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington DC.190COREprovided by K-State Research Exchange

SWINE DAY 2012Although extensive research has been conducted with midds and their effects on growing and finishing pigs3, little data is available on its effects in corn-soybean meal–basedearly nursery diets. In a recent study with nursery pigs fed midds from 25 to 50 lbBW, midds had no effect on performance when included up to 15% of the diet. Thus,although the effects in mid-to-late nursery phases have been quantified, research needsto be completed with younger nursery pigs to determine if a similar response existsthroughout all nursery phases.The objective of this study was to determine the effects of increasing dietary wheatmidds (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) on growth performance, caloric efficiency, and economicsof nursery pigs from 15 to 50 lb.ProceduresThe Kansas State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approvedthe protocol used in this experiment. The study was conducted at the K-State SwineTeaching and Research Center in Manhattan, KS.A total of 210 pigs (PIC 327 1050, initially 15.12 lb BW and 26 d of age) were usedin a 35-d growth trial to determine the effects of dietary midds on pig growth performance, caloric efficiency, and economics. Pigs were allotted to pens by initial BW,and pens were assigned to treatments in a completely randomized design with 7 pigsper pen and 6 replications per treatment. The 5 treatment diets included 0, 5, 10, 15,or 20% midds (Tables 1 and 2). Diets were not balanced for energy, so as the level ofmidds increased, dietary ME decreased. The ME value for midds used in diet formulation was 1,372 kcal/lb (NRC, 1998), and the NE value was 1,850 (INRA, 20044). Alldiets were formulated to a constant standardized ileal digestible lysine level to ensurechanges in performance were due to dietary energy differences rather than differencesin amino acid concentrations. Diets were fed in two phases, with Phase 1 from d 0 to 14and Phase 2 from d 14 to 35. All diets were fed in meal form and were prepared at theK-State Animal Science Feed Mill.Each pen contained a 4-hole, dry self-feeder and a nipple waterer to provide ad libitumaccess to feed and water. Pens had wire-mesh floors and allowed approximately 3 ft2/pig. Pig weight and feed disappearance were measured on d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 ofthe trial to determine ADG, ADFI, and F/G.Wheat midds and complete diet samples were collected and submitted to Ward Laboratories, Inc. (Kearney, NE) for analysis of DM, CP, ADF, NDF, CF, Ca, P, crude fat,and ash (Tables 3 and 4). Bulk density and particle size of the midds and completediets were also measured. Caloric efficiencies of pens was determined on an ME andNE (INRA, 20045) basis. Efficiencies were calculated by multiplying total intake by theenergy level in the feed (kcal/lb) and dividing by total gain. Lastly, feed cost/pig, feedBarnes et al., Swine Day 2010, Report of Progress 1038, pp. 104–114.INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004. Tables of composition and nutritionalvalue of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G. Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers, TheNetherlands and INRA, Paris, France.5INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004. Tables of composition and nutritionalvalue of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G. Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers, TheNetherlands and INRA, Paris, France.3491

SWINE DAY 2012cost/lb gain, revenue/pig, and IOFC were also calculated. Diet costs were determinedwith the following ingredient costs: corn 0.14/lb; soybean meal 0.24/lb; midds 0.12/lb; DDGS 0.14/lb. Feed cost/pig was determined by total feed intake cost/lb feed. Feed cost/lb gain was calculated using F/G feed cost/lb. Revenue/pig wasdetermined by total gain 0.65/lb live gain, and IOFC was calculated using revenue/pig feed cost/pig.Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the PROC MIXEDprocedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit.Contrasts were used to compare linear and quadratic effects of increasing wheat midds.Statistics were considered significant at P 0.05 and tendencies at P 0.05 but 0.10.Results and DiscussionThe chemical analysis of the midds (Table 3) revealed that CP, CF, Ca, and P were allslightly higher than the formulated values, whereas the fat content was slightly lowerthan formulated values. The analysis of the dietary treatments showed that fiber analysisof ADF, NDF, and CF increased as expected as dietary wheat midds increased in thediet (Table 4). Diet bulk density also decreased as midds inclusion levels increased asexpected, but they decreased slightly for Phase 2 compared with Phase 1 diets in thisexperiment.From d 0 to 14, midds level had no effect on growth performance (Table 5); however,from d 14 to 35, pigs fed increasing midds had decreased (linear, P 0.02) ADG andworse (linear, P 0 .004) F/G. Subsequently, pigs fed increasing midds had lower(linear, P 0.05) feed cost/pig, revenue/pig, and IOFC but a tendency for increased(quadratic, P 0.07) feed cost/lb gain (Table 6).Overall, (d 0 to 35), as dietary midds increased, F/G became poorer (quadratic,P 0.01). This effect was mainly attributed to a notable increase for pigs fed 20%midds. For caloric efficiency, the response was quadratic (P 0.01) on an ME and NEbasis as the level of midds increased in the diet. The quadratic response is supportedby the worst caloric efficiencies observed for both ME and NE at 0 and 20% inclusionrates. A quadratic effect (P 0.004) also occurred for feed cost/lb gain, with inclusionrates of 0 and 20% having the highest value. Notably, the highest numerical IOFCoccurred at 5 and 10% midds inclusion rates.These data support other recent data in that midds inclusion levels up to 15% do notaffect nursery pig performance, even when not formulated to a constant energy level.More research is needed to further explain the lack of negative effect when feeding upto 15% midds in nursery diets. These data support the potential use of midds in diets for15- to 50-lb nursery pigs to improve net returns.92

SWINE DAY 2012Table 1. Phase 1 and 2 diet composition (as-fed basis)1Phase 1ItemWheat middlings, %:0510Ingredient, %Corn54.77 51.01 47.25Soybean meal (46.5% CP)29.32 28.09 26.86Wheat middlings--5.00 10.00Select menhaden fish meal3.003.003.00Spray-dried whey10.00 10.00 10.00Monocalcium phosphate (21% P) 0.650 0.575 0.500Limestone0.875 0.913 0.950Salt0.350.350.35Vitamin premix0.250.250.25Trace mineral premix0.150.150.15L-lysine HCl0.250.270.29DL-methionine0.130 0.130 0.130L-threonine0.125 0.138 0.1402Phytase0.125 0.125 0.125Total100100100152005Phase 150.370.1350.1400.125100Phase 1 diets were fed from d 0 to 14, and Phase 2 diets were fed from d 14 to 35.Phyzyme 600 (Danisco Animal Nutrition, St. Louis, MO) provided 340.5 phytase units (FTU)/lb, with a release of 0.12% available 000.350.250.150.410.1350.1550.125100

SWINE DAY 2012Table 2. Phase 1 and 2 calculated nutrient profile (as-fed basis)1Phase 1ItemWheat middlings, %:051015Calculate analysisStandard ileal digestible (SID) amino acids, et & l lysine, %1.461.461.451.45ME, kcal/lb1,500 1,492 1,484 1,476NE Nobet, kcal/lb1,091 1,077 1,063 1,049SID lysine:ME, g/Mcal3.994.014.044.06CP, %21.821.721.621.6Crude fiber, %2.32.62.83.0NDF, %3.64.24.85.4ADF, %1.41.61.71.9Ca, %0.800.800.800.80P, %0.660.670.680.69Available P, %0.480.480.480.482005Phase 90.650.42Phase 1 diets were fed from d 0 to 14, and Phase 2 diets were fed from d 14 to 35.1Table 3. Chemical analysis of wheat middlings (as-fed basis)1ItemPercentageDM, %91.37CP, %16.10 (15.90)ADF, %11.00NDF, %33.70Crude fiber, %8.50 (7.00)NFE, %57.00Ca, %0.15 (0.12)P, %1.12 (0.93)Fat, %3.90 (4.20)Ash, %5.50Particle size, µ532Bulk density, lb/bu22.261Values in parentheses indicate those used in diet 5671.401,4711,0173.9520.93.66.52.30.690.670.42

SWINE DAY 2012Table 4. Chemical analysis of diets containing wheat middlings (as-fed basis)1Phase IItem Wheat middlings, %:05101520DM, %89.5189.8290.4989.8390.60CP, %22.2021.3022.0024.0020.90ADF, %3.103.204.104.704.10NDF, %6.708.009.1011.4011.20Crude fiber, %1.802.202.603.002.90NFE, %57.2057.7057.1053.9058.10Ca, %1.121.171.181.101.11P, %0.670.630.730.710.71Fat, %2.302.202.402.502.50Ash, %5.936.356.316.396.26Bulk density 003.7056.500.790.722.905.2046.66A composite sample consisting of 6 subsamples was used for analysis.Table 5. The effects of increasing wheat middlings on nursery pig growth performance1Wheat middlings, %Item05101520d 0 to 14ADG, lb0.450.460.470.440.46ADFI, lb0.720.690.700.700.74F/G1.611.501.531.611.60d 14 to 35ADG, lb1.291.291.271.261.20ADFI, lb1.931.901.941.901.90F/G1.501.471.521.511.58d 0 to 35ADG, lb0.950.960.950.930.90ADFI, lb1.451.421.441.421.43F/G1.521.481.521.531.58ME/G, kcal/lb2,2862,2072,2562,2582,330NE/G, kcal/lb1,6371,5691,5911,5801,617BW, lbd015.1315.1315.1115.1015.11d 1421.4521.6121.6921.2821.57d 057.800.810.632.504.7954.12Phase .77SEMProbability, P .130.480.900.880.930.150.930.900.49A total of 210 pigs (PIC 327 1050, initially 25.2 lb BW and 26 d of age) were used in a 35-d growth trial with 7 pigs per pen and 6 pens per treatment.95