Visit The Range Cattle REC Website At: October 2002 Volume .
Visit the Range Cattle REC website at:http://rcrec-ona.ifas.ufl.eduOctober 2002Volume 5, Number 3Buck Island Ranch. Photos: Tom E. AntonCalendar of rNovember11714-15DecemberJanuary5-616EventFL Section, Society for Range ManagementFL Chapter, Soil and Water Conservation TourHardee Farms Black Bull SaleHereford Association of Florida Annual Bull SaleAdams Bull Sale2nd Annual International Agricultural Trade and PolicyConferenceFCA Quarterly MeetingFL Cattlemen’s Institute and Trade ShowLocationOna FLCheifland FLBartow FLFt. Pierce FLGainesville FLSebring FLKissimmee FLIN THIS ISSUEPageChanging of the Guard. 2Allow Carpon Desmodium to Produce Seed in Your Pasture . 2Ryegrass in Central Florida. 2Commodity Feeds as Winter Supplements. 2Mineral nutrition for bulls – How important is zinc? . 3Effect of Zinc Source and Level on Measures of Fertility in Growing Bulls. 4Mole Cricket Management - Custom Nematode Application on Pasture . 5Ryegrass Cultivars for Central Florida, 2002-03. 6The Importance of Cost-Benefit Analysis. 7Florida Cattle Market Update Website . 8The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer authorized to provide research, educationalinformation and other services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, color, sex, age, handicap, or nationalorigin. For information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension Service office. FloridaCooperative Extension Service/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences/University of Florida/Christine Taylor Waddill, Director.
75%TDN. Ryegrass can have a place on theranch in this region but only for veryspecific uses such as early-weaned calves,replacement heifers, or to help get cows tobreed.Over-seeding ryegrass ontobahiagrass in the fall is not recommendedbecause bahiagrass does not becomedormant here like it does in north Florida.As a result, ryegrass yields when grown inbahiagrass are about 20% of ryegrass grownin a prepared seedbed. If ryegrass is grownin central Florida, it is highly recommendedthat it be used as part of a pasture renovationprogram where ryegrass is sown in aprepared seedbed in early November.Money spent on liming, fertilization, andland preparation for ryegrass will benefit theperennial grass when it is planted in the oldryegrass pasture the following summer.RSKChanging of the GuardWith this issue of the Range CattleREC Newsletter, Dr. Martin Adjei hashanded over the duties of editor. Over thenext few issues, be looking for somechanges in the look as I put my stamp on thenewsletter. We at the RCREC wish to thankDr. Adjei for his service in starting andmanaging the newsletter up to this point.TEAAllow Carpon Desmodium to ProduceSeed in Your PastureCarpon desmodium is the mostpractical pasture legume available in centraland south Florida.It is an excellentcompanion to bahiagrass because they areboth adapted to similar soil andenvironmental conditions, and they both cansurvive under the management used byFlorida cattlemen. Although it is not asnutritious as aeschynomene or stylosanthes,carpon desmodium is a much more reliablelegume for most cattlemen.Individual carpon desmodium plantsnormally last 3 to 5 years, so they need to bereplaced in the pasture. You can assure thatthere will be plenty of seed in the soil seedbank by removing cattle from pasture whencarpon desmodium begins to flower in earlyOctober. Keep cattle out of the pasture untilmid-November. Allow cattle to graze thepasture heavily after seed set. Seed that iseaten will pass through cows, and they do agood job of distributing its seed.RSKCommodity Feeds as Winter SupplementsA number of commodity feedsderived as by-products from food processingare available to Florida ranches as wintersupplements for beef cattle. The one mostavailable and currently inexpensive,especially during the winter months, is dry,pelleted citrus pulp. During the past fewwinters, dry citrus pulp has been pricedbetween 40 and 60/ton, FOB Okeechobee.Dry citrus pulp has a good energylevel (74% TDN) but is low in crude protein(6%). Dry citrus pulp could be fed alone atmoderate levels to mature brood cows, butneeds additional crude protein when fed toyearlings and first or second-calf cows. Amedium to high crude protein liquid feedcould provide the needed crude protein.Whole cottonseed is a commodityfeed that could be mixed with citrus pulp toprovide protein. Cottonseed contains 23%crude protein and 96% TDN, plus 25% oilRyegrass in Central FloridaRyegrass in central Florida producesfrom January to mid-April and the foragecontains about 15% crude protein and-2-
possibility is that several small ranches maycoop to purchase truckload lots.FMPwhich stimulates reproduction.Wholecottonseed is fed alone and on the ground inmany areas of the Southeast. Do not feedcottonseed to young bulls or heifers becauseof the gossypol toxin problem.Twoby-productsfromcornprocessing are hominy and corn gluten feed.Hominy contains 12% crude protein and86% TDN, slightly higher than corn. Corngluten feed contains 21% crude protein and75% TDN. Corn gluten feed could be mixedwith low protein ingredients to provide abetter protein balance.Soybean hulls contain 11% crudeprotein and 70% TDN. Soy hulls contain arelatively high level of a fiber. While thisfiber is very digestible, it allows ad libfeeding soy hulls without causing founder.Many ranches feed soy hulls alone as aweaning or growing supplement with goodresults. Research at Ona shows that soy hullsare equal to corn when fed at moderatelevels to yearling cattle. Soy hulls are fluffy,but pelleted soy hulls are available at asimilar price.Wheat middlings are a by-product ofprocessing wheat into flour. Wheat middscontain 16% crude protein and 75% TDN.Wheat midds can be fed alone, and researchstudies in Florida show that wheat midds areequivalent to corn when fed to provide up to50% of the total diet TDN. Wheat midds arecurrently priced at about 50/ton FOBOkeechobee.The above shows a number ofcommodity or by-product feeds available toFlorida cattlemen. Their prices are variabledepending on supply. Therefore, it isimportant that prices be regularly monitoredto purchase those with the lowest cost.Commodity feeds are sold in bulk ortruckload lots which is a disadvantage tocattlemen with small herds. Check withseveral feed dealers to determine if theymight have commodity feeds that could bebagged at a reasonable price. AnotherMineral nutrition for bulls – Howimportant is zinc?IntroductionOver the past decade, theintroduction of organic trace minerals havemade their way into the “main-stream” andare now a commonly included alternative inmany grazing cattle trace mineralformulations. Organic mineral is a genericterm used to describe the condition whereasan inorganic, soluble salt is joined with anorganic carrier or ligand, typically an aminoacid or small peptide. This complexingaction may occur in a variety of manners,most of which are defined and controlled bythe American Feed Control Officials. Often,the term “chelated mineral” is used todescribe all organic mineral sources. This isa misnomer.Some common organicmineral categories include, trace mineralamino acid complexes, trace mineral aminoacid chelates, and trace mineral proteinates.Common organic trace minerals:ZincPossess the most scientificsupport as an effective organic nutrientin cattle mineral supplements.Copper Second most relevant organicnutrient. Probably most important whenforage molybdenum levels are above 2ppm.Manganese Not much support as a singleorganic inclusion, however, organicmanganese is often available incommercial organic trace mineralblends.3
complications have responded favorably tozinc supplementation. One of the mostcommonly reported links between dietaryzinc and male fertility is the association ofdietary zinc and the functionality ofspermatozoa.Thefollowingfieldstudyinvestigates the effect of zinc level andsource in growing bull diets on subsequentmeasures of fertility. Measures of growth,sexual maturation, and fertility werecompared when bulls were supplementedwith either inorganic (zinc sulfate) at 40 and60 ppm of the total diet or a combination oforganic (proteinated) zinc and zinc sulfate at40 ppm.Yearling Angus bulls (n 325) werestratified by body weight and allotted intosix pens of similar size. All bulls on testoriginated from a common ranch and wereof a similar genetic background. One ofthree treatments (2 pens / treatment) wereformulated to provide targeted levels ofdietary zinc; 1) dietary zinc level of 40 ppmall supplied by zinc sulfate (ZnS), 2) dietaryzinc level of 40 ppm with 33.3% supplied byzinc proteinate and 66.6% supplied by ZnS(ZnPS), or 3) dietary zinc at a level of 60ppm all supplied by ZnS (ZnHi).Initial and final liver biopsies (n 10/ pen) were collected and analyzed for zincconcentrations. Individual bull weights andscrotal measures were also collected at thestart and conclusion of the trial. To controlbetween-person variation, a common personcollected all scrotal measures at each timeperiod.Semen from bulls intended for publicsale(n 167)wascollectedbyelectroejaculation and evaluated for motilityand morphological abnormalities. Bullswith percent normal sperm cell counts of 70 percent or with motility scores fair(motility scores poor, fair, good, verygood) were considered classificationdeferred and tested at a later date followingChromiumCurrentlynotapproved in the USA. Data suggeststhat supplemental organic chromiummay be effective during periods ofincreased stress.CobaltSimilartomanganese,probably not useful as a single inclusion,but often-found in commercial organictrace mineral blends.The theory behind the benefit oforganic minerals is based on the concept thatmany inorganic mineral nutrients are boundto an organic ligand in the small intestineprior to absorption. By offering a tracemineral source, already bound to an ity) may be improved. Thistheory has good supporting evidence fororganic zinc sources and, most likely, holdstrue for organic copper as well. Organictrace minerals will not be cost effective forevery situation. However, as productionpractices continue to become more focusedon efficiency and overall performance,advances in trace mineral supplementationmay offer valuable tools to include in ourmanagement strategies. The following studyinvestigates the efficacy of organic vsinorganic zinc on fertility measures ingrowing Angus bulls.Effect of Zinc Source and Level onMeasures of Fertility in Growing BullsA Controlled Field StudyThe important role of zinc in malefertility has been recognized for many years.Research in young rams has shown that zincdeficiency results in a lowered capacity toproduce testosterone, resulting in impairedtesticular development. The influence ofzinc deficiency on reproductive failure inman has also been reported. In some cases,human males diagnosed as having fertility4
both in the organic and inorganic forms aremerited.JDAthe conclusion of the trial.Following 126 d of treatment, ZnHibulls had a greater increase in liver zincconcentration when compared to ZnS butnot ZnPS treatments. No differences in bullADG or percentage change in scrotalcircumference were detected. Bulls fed acombination of ZnS and ZnPS (40 ppm) hadhigher percent of normal sperm cells in theejaculate when compared to ZnS but notZnHi.Fewer bulls were classificationdeferred when fed a combination of ZnS andZnPS (40 ppm) or a higher level of zincsulfate (60 ppm) compared to ZnS. In allfertility measures observed in this trial, bullsreceiving the zinc proteinate / zinc sulfatecombination at 40 ppm rated highest,followed by zinc sulfate at 60 ppm, andlastly by Zn sulfate at 40 ppm.These data support the importance ofdietary zinc in bull fertility. Additionally, itappears that the use of organic zinc ingrowing bull diets may improve subsequentfertility measures.However, whencompared to inorganic zinc at an increasedlevel, the magnitude of improved fertility islessened.In terms of growing bulls,however, it would appear probable thatthe recommended level of 30 ppm in thediet (NRC, 1996) is too low. Furtherstudies that investigate higher levels of zincMole Cricket Management - CustomNematode Application on PastureMole crickets cause about 44million worth of damage to bahiagrassforage production every year. An additional 10 million is spent annually by cattleproducers to renovate pastures completelydestroyed by mole crickets.As expected, this year’s crop of molecrickets started to hatch from eggs in June.The nymphs have grown larger (juveniles)and are just at the point where they arebeginning to develop wings and turn intoadults in late September. The mole cricketnematodes produced by Becker Underwoodare available on the market as Nematac S.These nematodes work best on adult molecrickets. A series of workshops will beorganized jointly with county extensionfaculty to demonstrate custom nematodeapplication on pasture this fall.Mole crickets are very mobile andour field tests have shown that infected molecrickets can spread nematodes throughout apasture if the nematodes are strip-appliedcorrectly at 125,000 nematodes/A. This isTable 1. - The effect of zinc level and source on change in scrotal circumference and livercopper, percentage normal sperm cells in the ejaculate, and percent bulls ange in scrotal circumference, cm8.69.39.1Change in liver zinc concentration, ppm-9.81.220.6abNormal sperm cells in the ejaculate, %55.868.962.5 abBulls classification deferredd, %77.6a51.5d58.8dabMeans with unlike superscripts within row differ (P .05).ZnS zinc sulfate, dietary level of 40 ppm; ZnPS zinc sulfate (2/3) and zinc proteinate (1/3), dietarylevel of 40 ppm; ZnHi zinc sulfate, dietary level of 60 ppm.dBulls with percentage normal sperm cell counts 70 percent or with motility scores fair (motility scores poor, fair, good, very good) were considered classification deferred and tested again at a later datefollowing the conclusion of the trial.c5
Contact:8677.one-eighth of the 1 billion nematodes/A ratethat is currently recommended for applyingon golf courses. In order for the stripapplication at the reduced nematode rate tobe successful, a slit injection machine mustbe used to place nematodes suspended inwater at 1 inch below the soil surface. Theslit is immediately closed with press wheelsto protect the nematodes from directsunlight.A special machine has beendeveloped by Bill Coapland Company basedin Alachua County, Florida which will betested during our fall workshops.The program schedule up to date isas follows. There maybe some minorchanges in individual county’s activities inthe final program:Jim A. Stricker 863-519-There is no charge for attendance butplease, register with your county extensionagents now if you plan to attend any ofthese workshop so we can get a head countin advance.MBARyegrass Cultivars for Central Florida,2002-03Annual ryegrass is a cool-seasonbunchgrass which can be an importantsource of forage during winter and earlyspring. Ryegrass, seeded alone after avegetable crop or used in a pasturerenovation program or into a perennial grasssod, can provide high quality forage whichis quick to establish, provided adequatemoisture is available. Ryegrass, seeded incultivated soil or sod that has been treatedwith a herbicide to decompose vegetativecover, establishes rapidly and producesincreased biomass yields when comparedwith seeding ryegrass into a live sod.Cultivated and decomposed sod areasseeded to ryegrass can be grazed within 6 to8 wk after seedling emergence, and grazingmay extend for 90 to 120 days. Seedingryegrass into live sod normally requirestwice the nitrogen rate and produces 20%the yield of ryegrass seeded in cultivated ordecomposing sod. Ryegrass responds well tonitrogen fertilization leading to rapid growthand increased forage quality. Ryegrassstockpiled for 40 to 50 days during Februaryand March can also be harvested as hay orsilage during late March and early Aprilyielding 1.5 to 2.0 ton/acre dry matter (DM).The crude protein (CP) concentration and invitro organic matter digestion (IVOMD) willaverage 15 and 75%, respectively.Whenseedingryegrassintocultivated soil, it is extremely important tocultivate only enough land area that can beMole Cricket Biocontrol:Demonstration of Commercial NematodeApplication on PastureLOCATIONS & TIMESPlease, RSVP to the local contact person fordirections and registration since lunch willbe provided at some locations)TUESDAY OCTOBER 15HARDEE/DESOTO COUNTIESTime:9:00 AM to 12:00 PMLocation:CIRCLE 5 BAR RANCH,GardnerContact:Lockie Gary 863-773-2164.WEDNESDAY OCTOBER 16MANATEE/SARASOTA COUNTIESTime:9:00 AM to 12:00 PMLocation:REGANRANCH,BradentonContact:Travis Seawright 941-7224525.THURSDAY OCTOBER 17POLK/PASCO COUNTIESTime:9:00 AM to 12:00 PMLocation:TOMKOW BROTHER’SRANCH,6
This is the production equation, called aproduction function, where inputs arecombined to create an output or set ofoutputs.In some cases, added costs can comefrom changes in the price of an input. Thisis an instance where there will be no changein the output levels and no additionalrevenue (benefit) is gained. Other addedcosts may occur as a result of a change ininputs or the addition of inputs. Thesechanges are likely to have an effect on theoutput production and, hence, on therevenue total as well. This is where costbenefit analysis becomes important to thefirm’s decision making process.ExamplesTo further illustrate this, let usexamine a couple of scenarios in a cattleenterprise:Scenario 1: A producer is looking at twosources of dewormer. One product isfifty cents per head cheaper than theother. They work nearly identically. Ona 100-head cow herd, the difference incost will be over 50 when accountingfor cows, replacements, and bulls.Scenario 2: A producer is considering herveterinarian’s recommendation to adopta managed herd-health program. Theprogram will cost her about 15 moreper brood cow. If we assume theproducer has 100 brood cows, theadditional annual cost it 1,500. Also,let us assume that her current weaningrate is 70 percent on her herd. Thisweaning rate is based solely on her 100exposed cows and heifers from theprevious breeding season.Theveterinarian assures her that her herd’sweaning rate will improve to 80 percentand possibly 90 percent due to improvedhealth and efficiency in her cows. This10 percent improvement in weaning ratetranslates to an improvement in revenue.In table 1, we explore the impacts of thisseeded that day. This method will conservemoisture and assure rapid establishment.Ryegrass should be seeded at 20 lb/A ontilled soil, cover seed by running grove diskin closed position follow by a firm packingwith a roller.Ryegrass fertilization consists of 5030-60 lb/A N-P2O5-K2O plus 1.5 lb/A Zn,Mn, Cu, Fe (sulfate form), 0.15 lb/A B and 6lb/A S. Following each grazing 35 lb N/Ashould be applied. Ryegrass cultivars thathave performed well during the past 3 to 6years consist of Big Daddy, Jumbo, andPrine (3.0 T/A DM yield), Jackson (2.9T/A), FL 80, ME-94, King, and Brigadier(2.8 T/A), Gulf, Surrey, Marshall, Fantastic,and Ed (2.7 T/A), Graze-N-Gro (2.6 T/A),and Surrey II (2.5 T/A). Generally, there areonly small yield differences between thebetter ryegrass cultivars grown in centralFlorida. Growers should consider seedingryegrass on fields that are planned forpasture renovation during 2003. Theryegrass procedure helps decompose heavysod and eliminate hard to kill weeds likecommon bermudagrass.PMThe Importance of Cost-Benefit AnalysisIntroductionCosts are a major concern in thedecision making process of all firms.However, sometimes, those involved in thedecision making process may get tooconcerned with only the costs of a proposaland forget there is another side toproduction, and hence the profit, equation.This is the added revenue, or the benefit, ofthe proposed investments.In the profit equation, total costs(TC) are subtracted from total revenues(TR). Thus, Π TR-TC where Π is profit.However, one has to remember that there isanother equation that is directly related toprofit and underlies the business structure.7
would make the program profit-enhancingabove an 87 per hundredweight average forsteers and heifers given the assumptionsused in this example.Closing RemarksThese scenarios are simplified inorder to clearly illustrate the principles ofcost-benefit analysis. In the real world, theprinciples are sound, but there may be morethat needs to be considered. In some cases,the time period may be longer than one year,and time value must be considered. Themain point of this exercise is to demonstratethat simply asking “How much does itcost?” may not be the right question to askin order to make the best decision for yourenterprise.TEAnew program. We will make a fewadditional assumptions for this analysis.The producer sells her calves at 350pounds average, and the prices used willbe a steer and heifer average price.AnalysisIn Scenario 1, it is clear that a simplecost analysis would yield the same result asa cost-benefit analysis since there are noclear benefits to the more costly of the twoproducts. Revenue is not improved in anyway while costs are increased. The netresult would be a decrease in profit. So, inthe cost-benefit framework, there is negativebenefit to the increased cost of the moreexpensive product.With Scenario 2, cost-benefitanalysis yields a dramatically different resultthan simply looking at the cost of theprogram.With scientific backing thathealthier animals are more efficient, onecouldreasonablyexpectsignificantperformance gains in this situation.Therefore, simply considering the cost of theprogram would leave out some importantconsiderations to the bottom line of thebusiness enterprise.In fact, a furtheranalysis would show that any improvementin the weaning rate above four percentFlorida Cattle Market Update WebsiteIn November of 2001, I joined thefaculty at the Range Cattle Research andEducation Center (RCREC) in Ona, FL withthe charge to provide economic analysis tothe livestock industry in Florida. As a partof my program, I introduced the FloridaCattle Market Update website in May of2002. The web site is intended to be aninformation outlet with price and inventoryTable 2Weaning RateAdditional # ofCalvesAdditional CostsAdditionalRevenues@ 100/cwt.@ 95/cwt.@ 90/cwt.@ 85/cwt.Change in Π@ 100/cwt.@ 95/cwt.@ 90/cwt.@ 85/cwt.Without theProgram70%0With the program70%075%580%1090%20None 1,500 1,510 1,520 1,540NoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNone 1,750 1,663 1,575 1,488 3,500 3,325 3,150 2,975 7,000 6,650 6,300 5,950 0 0 0 0( 1,500)( 1,500)( 1,500)( 1,500) 240 153 65( 22) 1,980 1,805 1,630 1,455 5,460 5,110 4,760 4,4108
reports as well as my monthly marketoutlook letter. Additionally, there will belinks to articles of interest to those in thecattle industry.The website can be found athttp://rcrec-ona.ifas.ufl.edu/markets.html.The website is also linked from the as.ufl.edu, the RCRECwebsite, http://rcrec-ona.ifas.ufl.edu, theSouth Florida Beef Forage Program website,http://sfbfp.ifas.ufl.edu, the Central g.com, and the fl.edu.The primary features of the websiteare the weekly cattle price charts and themonthly market outlook reports. The weeklyprice charts can be found in the Chart Roomsection of the website. This section isdesigned to open in a new browser windowin order to minimize the need for continueduse of the browser’s back button.Additionally, the individual price charts willopen in yet again another window. Each ofthese new browser windows can be closedby either using the windows program closebutton or the close window hyperlink within the page itself. The price charts includedon the site are 12 week price trends for 2-3,3-4, 4-5, and 5-6 cwt. calves, annual pricetrends for 3-4 and 5-6 cwt. calves, valueadded for heavier weight calves over 2-3cwt. calves.TEAContributorsAdjei, Martin B.Anton, Tom E., Ed.Arthington, John D.Kalmbacher, Rob S.Mislevy, PaulPate, Findlay M.9
similar price. Wheat middlings are a by-product of processing wheat into flour. Wheat midds contain 16% crude protein nd 75% TDN.a Wheat midds can be fed alone, and research studies in Florida show that wheat midds are equivalent to corn when fed to provide up
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Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
240A LOUIE, S REC Ashcroft SOLID STATE PHYSICS, 1st Ed., 1976, Ceng REC Marder CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, 2nd Ed., 2010, Wiley REC Madelung INTRODUCTION TO SOLID STATE THEORY, 1st Ed., 2008, Springer REC Schrieffer THEORY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, 1988, Cummings REC Yu FUNDAMENTALS OF SEMICONDUCTORS, 4th Ed., 2010, Springer REC Ziman PRINCIPLES OF THE THEORY OF SOLIDS, 2nd Ed., 1979, Cambridge
Secretion of rec‑eCG mutants in the CHO‑S cell culture mediums Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to examine the importance of glycosylation sites in LH-like and FSH-like activities of rec-eCG. e following four recombinant expression vectors were constructed in this study: rec-eCGβ/α (rec-eCG-wt), rec-eCGβ/αΔ56, rec-eCGβ-D/α,
