Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Carbon - EDGE
SIGRABONDCarbon Fiber-Reinforced CarbonProperties · Uses · Forms suppliedGraphite Specialties
Contents SIGRABOND carbon fiber-reinforced carbon.Page 3High-performance products fabricated from SIGRABOND for tomorrow’s industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 4The tailor-made composite material for extreme stresses The most important SIGRABOND materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 5Selected materials from a variety of production processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 6Production scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 7Properties of SIGRABONDThermal and mechanical properties of selected SIGRABOND materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 8Chemical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 16Applications of SIGRABOND.Page 19Chemical process technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 20Glass industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 21High-tech applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 22Furnace constructionDesigning with SIGRABONDQuality assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 23Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 23Design of components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 24Forms supplied and dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 292
1001 SIGRABOND is the trade nameused by SGL Carbon for a highstrength composite material consisting of a carbon or graphite matrixwith carbon fiber reinforcement.This combination of carbon orgraphite with carbon fibers unitesthe many and varied favorablematerial properties of fiber composites with those of electrographite.The tailor-madecomposite materialfor extreme stresses Heat resistance under protectivegas up to temperatures in excess of2000 CCharacteristicproperties1601 High specific strength and rigidity Low density and open porosity Low thermal expansion2001 Extremely high resistance tothermal shock Electrical conductivity Anisotropy: in materials withaligned carbon fibers the flexuraland tensile strength and also theelectrical and thermal conductivityhave different values parallel to thefiber from those perpendicular tothe fiber or layer Excellent resistance to alternatingloads, even at relatively high temperatures3001 Pseudoplastic fracture behavior Corrosion resistance andresistance to radiation Production of high-purity gradespossible40013
High-performance productsfabricated from SIGRABOND fortomorrow’s industriesHigh-temperature technologyHollow glassware industryChemical industryHigh-tech applications4
The most important SIGRABONDmaterialsTable 1MaterialtypeType of fiberreinforcementStandard fiberalignment*FormPreferred use,industry or product1001 GStaple fiber fabric0 / 90 SheetsFurnace construction1501 G1601 G1701 GRoving fabricsA: O / 90 B: O / 45 / 90 Sheets andcomplexcomponentsHigh-tech usesGlass industryHeating conductors2001 G2302 GWound rovings,reinforcedA: [( 20 )2x ( 90 )1x]nxB: [( 45 )2x ( 90 )1x]nxC: [( 75 )2x ( 90 )1x]nxPipes, axiallysymmetricalhollow itemsMolds for hotcompression moldingHeating conductorsHight-tech uses3001 GFeltRandom orientationSheets, blocksGlass industry4012 GChopped fibersRandom orientationSheetsGlass industry* 0 corresponds to the alignment of the warp fibers or the axis of rotation of a winding mandrel5
Selected materialsfrom a variety ofproduction processesThe individual properties of SIGRABOND are determined byvarious factors, namely the type offiber, fiber content, fiber arrangement, matrix materials layer buildup, densification, thermal treatmentand any upgrading. Carbon fiberreinforced carbon (CC) can thus beadapted to each individual profile ofrequirements or desired componentdesign. Only the most importantclasses of raw material and processsteps are shown in the productionscheme opposite.During the “green“ productionstage liquid binders are applied tothe various textile forms of the carbon fibers. In this operation the fiberis – if necessary – suitably aligned,the fiber/binder ratio is determinedand the component is shaped. As itremains soft at this stage, the shapedcomponent is then densified andhardened.The thermal treatment steps involvebaking at around 1000 C andgraphitizing at up to 2700 C.In the baking operation (also knownas carbonizing) the volatile constituents are driven out of the binders,which are initially liquid until cured.What remains is a porous carbonmatrix, which holds the carbonfibers together. To reduce porosityand increase both the strength andother properties, the baked materialis then reimpregnated and bakedagain, in some cases repeatedly. Thegraphitizing process improves someof the composite material’s properties such as its electrical conductivity, thermal stability and resistanceto both oxidation and corrosion.In the machining operation theworkpieces are machined to thedesired dimensions. A number ofupgrading measures can also becarried out. In certain cases theseconsiderably improve the utilityvalue. Most SIGRABOND components are of monolithic design.Larger components, e. g. those forhigh-temperature furnaces, are heldtogether by CC screws or bolts.Other jointing techniques can alsobe used.6
Carbon fibersResins / pitchesBasis: PAN, cellulose or pitch;various textile forms such asrovings, chopped fibers, yarns,felts, nonwovens, warp cloths,tapes, woven fabricsPhenolic and furan resins; pitcheswith different softening points forvarious usesRaw materialsProduction schemeCombined processing Prepregs and laminates Impregnated felts Molding compounds Wound components“Green“ productionof fiber products and binders, e.g. intoShapingImpregnation and rebakingGraphitizingMachiningUpgrading measurese.g. Application of anti-oxidation finish Coating with silicon carbide Post-purification to a very low ash contentFinal treatmentBakingThermalfinishing stagesDensification and hardening7
SIGRABOND 1601densificationThermal andmechanicalproperties ofselected SIGRABONDmaterialsAs the range of CC material variantsthat can be produced is very extensive, the data given in the followingare only those for the most important applications and are confinedto our SIGRABOND standardmaterials. Data relating to specialmechanical characteristics, surfaceproperties or stability are given for afew SIGRABOND grades by wayof example.Densityg/cm31.601.501.40 In most high-temperature applications, use is made of CC materialstreated at 2000 C whose propertiesappear in Table 2.GS1xDependence of properties onthe number of impregnationsFlexural strengthMPaThe change in the properties of themost important SIGRABONDgrades as a function of the numberof impregnation and rebaking operations is shown in Figure 1, exemplified by material grade 1601. Thefinal stage is identical to that forstandard grade 1601 G. As a generalrule the material is found to improvein line with the number of densification (impregnation and baking)stages. A number of characteristicvalues such as interlaminar shearstrength, flexural and tensilestrength, bulk density, pore volumeand Young s modulus, are given byway of example. This improvementalso extends to many other properties, including electrical and thermalconductivity, compressive strengthand resistance to alternating loads.An increase in the number of densification stages, however, pushes upproduction costs.200GH2xG3xGH2xG3x150100 GS1xFlexural modulus of elasticityGPa807060 GS1xGH2xG3xGH2xG3xInterlaminar shear strengthMPa1210Figure 1Overallimprovementin properties withthe number ofdensification stages88 GS1x
Table 2Typical values for the properties of graphitized SIGRABONDMaterial type1001 G1501 G1601 G1701 G2001 G1) 2)2302 G3001 G4012 G3)2000200020002000200020002000 1.001.4 – 1.5Property*Heat treatmentBulk densityPorosity, open Cg/cm3%1.38 – 1.48 1.45 – 1.55 1.36 – 1.52 1.28 – 1.44 1.20 – 1.4018 – 2510 – 1211 – 15n. d.n. d.n. d.n. d.Flexural strength, DMPa110 – 130240 – 300150 – 220140 – 18030 – 70 3035 – 40Flexural modulus of elasticity, IIGPa28 – 3370 – 8560 – 8060 – 7015 – 25 1020 – 25Tensile strength, IIMPa55 – 65320 – 400300 – 350280 – 350n.d.Resistivity at 20 C, IIΩµm29 – 3422 – 2622 – 2622 – 26n.d.25 – 30–Coefficient ofpermeabilitycm2/s7 · 10-25 · 10-20.3–n.d.n.d.–Interlaminarshear strengthMPa11 – 1511 – 158 – 127 – 105–7––*1)2)3)compressive compressivestrength D strength D20 - 25100 – 140SIGRABOND with standard laminate build-up or standard wind-up patternLayer build-up 2001 G: 0 C / 45 / 90 ; build-up 2302 G, wound: roving and inner prepreg layerDirection-dependent values: 0 ; 90 values not shownTrial product in the course of development D Measured perpendicularly to the plane of the laminateII Measured parallel to the plane of the laminaten. d. no data available9
Thermal and mechanicalproperties of selected SIGRABOND materialsFracture behaviorWhen placed under load, components made from fiber compositesdo not fracture suddenly but neitherdo they exhibit the plastic behaviorof metals when these are stressedbeyond the creep limit. Stressesimposed on CC cause only a fewfiber strands to fracture at first, andonly after repeated stretching doesfurther failure occur. This type offracture is known as quasi-plastic.Readers are also referred to details ofeffective bearing strength on page 27.Because of its quasi-plastic behaviorand porosity, CC can be secured bynails.Figure 2 shows a typical stress-straingraph for CC materials, in this caseSIGRABOND 1501 G. The maximum permitted load is achieved atan extension of around 0.3 %. Theelongation of the material at fractureis between 0.7 and 1.0 %.Figure 2StressTypical failurebehavior of abendingspecimen of SIGRABOND1501 G materialRegion wherefiber fracturesbeginStrainSIGRABOND’s transverse contraction number, like all its otherproperties, depends on the fibercontent and alignment. Typical Table 310Material typevalues are given in the followingtable.FiberalignmentDirection ofmeasurementTypicaltransversecontraction number1001 G0 / 90 0 ; 90 0.151501 G0 / 90 0 ; 90 45 0.010.651601 G0 / 90 0 ; 90 0.102001 G0 / 90 0 / 45 / 90 0 ; 90 0 0.010.30
Properties at hightemperaturesThe thermal treatment ofSIGRABOND materials has thegreatest influence on the physicalproperties of CC. It is even greaterthan that of other governing factorssuch as fiber content, fiber alignmentand nature of the matrix. Hot bending strengthUnlike all other ceramic or metallichigh-temperature materials, carbonfiber materials increase in strengthwith a rise in temperature. At hightemperatures the materials are in alargely stress-free state. As they cool,the materials undergo a continuousbuild-up of internal stresses whichare additional to any stresses imposedfrom outside. This results in lowstrength at room temperature buthigh strength at 1000 C or 2000 C,for example (Table 4).It should be noted in regard to Table4 that the rates of increase instrength from room temperature toelevated temperatures are lower forCC than for graphite. Comparedwith graphite, however, CC is 10to 20 times stronger.Typical percentage changes in the hot bending strength valuesof selected carbons20 C1000 C2000 C SIGRABOND 1001 G100 % 20 % 40 % SIGRABOND 1501 G100 % 15 % 30 %100 % 40 % 85 %ElectrographitesSpecific electrical resistanceThe characteristic paths of the curvesfor various grades of material areshown in Figure 3. The curves areunaltered by repeated heating. Thehighly graphitized material grade1501 Z has the lowest specific electrical resistance.Tubes with different wind-up patterns have very different specificelectrical resistance values even ifother production parameters areidentical, e.g. number of densification processes and treatment temperature. The less the fibers arealigned with the axis of the pipe, thehigher is the resistivity.Resistivity [Ωµm]MaterialTable 4351001 G1501 G2001G1001 Y2001Y1501 Z302520151050020040060080010001200140016001800 2000Temperature [OC] Example from Figure 5 for RT and pipes with 20 winding: 24 Ωµm Example for RT and pipes with 75 winding: approx. 100 Ωµm Tubes with wind-up pattern [( 20 ) 2x ( 90 )1x]nx11
-6-61501 G10a x · 10 /K1001 Ga x · 10 /KThermal and mechanicalproperties of selected SIGRABOND materials8 10 86644Figure 4Linear coefficientof thermalexpansion (a)of various SIGRABONDsheet materials22II0-2-2400 800 1200 1600 20001502 ZV 22400 800 1200 1600 2000Temperature OC4012 GV15-6-60Temperature OCa x · 10 /K0a x · 10 /KII0 1254936231 IIII00-3-10400 800 1200 1600 2000Temperature OC0400 800 1200 1600 2000Temperature OCLinear axialcoefficient ofthermalexpansion (a) of SIGRABONDpipes with variousfiber alignments-6Figure 5a x · 10 /K2001 G54[( 75O)2x ( 90O)1x]nx3[( 20O)2x2( 90O)1x]nx10[( 45O)2x ( 90O)1x]nx-10400 800 1200 1600 2000Temperature OCCoefficient of thermalexpansionThe carbon fiber’s anisotropy isreflected in the characteristic thermaldata of composite sheets reinforcedwith 2D fabric. The high thermalconductivity determined in the fiberaxis results in l values between1250 and 180 W/m·K within the plane(II). The values reached perpendicularly to the plane (D) are between5 and 30 W/m·K. Fabric-reinforced SIGRABOND materials with260 W/m·K and unidirectionallyreinforced materials with up to500 W/m·K (at RT) have beendeveloped for a nuclear fusion plantby modifying the production process for these materials. A crucialfactor in these production processesis the formation of well-defined graphitic structures.The characteristic paths of the curvesfor various material grades are givenin Figure 4. If the coefficients ofthermal expansion of a standardsheet are measured in the plane ofthe sheet but at an angle to the warpfiber direction rising from 0 to 90 ,the values alter only slightly.
1001 Z1501 G, 1601 GW/m · KW/m · K2001503530II252010015II50Figure 610 5 0200 400 600 800 10000400 800 1200 1600 20001502 ZV 222001 G2602 ZVW/m · KTemperature OCW/m · KTemperature OCW/m · K00Thermalconductivityof various 00 50II10 0-00400 800 1200 1600 2000Temperature OC10000400 800 1200 1600 20000Temperature OC400 800 1200 1600 2000Temperature OCThe axial coefficients of thermalexpansion of SIGRABOND pipeswith the three standard wind-uppatterns are shown in Figure 5.Thermal conductivityW/m · K4012 G2015The thermal conductivity values ofmaterial grades with bidirectionallyaligned fibers (woven fabrics) areusually between 5 and 150 W/m·K atroom temperature (see Figure 6). SIGRABOND materials with thermal conductivity up to 500 W/m·Kat room temperature have beendeveloped for a nuclear fusion plantby using ultra-high treatment temperatures and a matrix with a verywell-formed graphite structure(see Figure 6/2002 ZV).10500400 800 1200 1600 2000Temperature OCFigure 7Axial thermalconductivity of SIGRABONDpipes13
Thermal and mechanicalproperties of selected SIGRABOND materialsDynamic strengthFigure 8Fatigue in SIGRABOND1501 G due toalternating load(plot of meanvalues)s max. (MPa) or (N/mm2)One special strong point of SIGRABOND is its dynamicstrength at high service temperatures. After 106 to 107 load alternations the initial strength is foundto have declined by only some 5 %(Figure 8).300250200150Three-point flexure on samples3.0 x 4.5 x 70.0 mm3Alternating load conditions: 100 Hz50stat.σF 1/2F 1/2Laminate plane perpendicular to theplane of applied forceMedium: ultra-high-purity heliumMeasurement temperatures:450 OC and 1200 OCmax.σ100σ2x σaF 1σa 40 N/mm2Number of cycles Nσmax σstat σa010 010 110 210 310 410 510 610 7Number of cycles N14
Resistance to temperature fluctuationsCompared with most ceramic andmetallic materials, SIGRABONDhas superior resistance to fluctuations in temperature. This is the prerequisite for the successful use of thisclass of materials in high-temperature applications. The thermal shockbehavior of homogeneous and crackfree materials is usually described bythe “first“ and “second“ thermalstress parameters R and R' respectively.R sY (1 -n)E·aR sY (1 -n)·lE·awheresYnEaltensile strength of the materialtransverse contraction numberYoung’s moduluscoefficient of thermal expansionthermal conductivity.R has the dimension of a temperature and describes the maximumtemperature difference that therespective body can still just toleratein the thermal shock experiment.R multiplied by the thermal conductivity gives R1 with the dimension W/m·K. If typical material data,e. g. those for SIGRABOND1501 G, are inserted into theabove-mentioned equations, then,assuming thatsY 350 MPaE 75,000 MPan 0 /90 0.03aII, 1000 C 0.3 · 10-6 K-1l II, 1000 C 28 W/m·Kthis yields the valuesR 15,000 KR1 422,000 W/mAs hairline cracks in a materialdissipate the thermal stresses,materials with hairline cracks displaygood stability to temperaturefluctuations. This is true of SIGRABOND. The equationsgiven in the foregoing are onlyapproximately applicable to composite materials. One outstandingexample of the resistance of CC tothermal shock is that of rocket nozzles. On the start-up of a power unitthe CC is heated up to more than2000 C within about two seconds.J/g · KSpecific heatFigure 92.5Specific heat of SIGRABOND1001 perature OC15
High purity is an advantage in thefollowing applications:PurityChemicalpropertiesEssentially, CC materials consistentirely of the element carbon.Other elements are present only asimpurities introduced through theraw materials or production equipment employed. Exceptional purityis obtained in graphitized workpieces, in other words componentsheated to well above 2000 C. Attemperatures as high as this, manysubstances vaporize. Consequently,only a few unwanted elementsremain behind in the graphitized SIGRABOND. in the semiconductor industry; thesemiconductors are not impairedby elements that readily vaporize in high-tech projects such asfusion reactor linings; pure SIGRABOND components havelittle effect on the quality of thefusion plasma. in chemical process equipment;the catalytic effect of the extraneous elements on oxidation andcorrosion is minimized.Typical ash contents and percentagesof the commonest elements presentin the ash quantities are set out inTable 5. The most important elements are calcium (Ca), iron (Fe),sodium (Na), phosphorus (P) andsilicon (Si).Table 5Material categoryTypical ashcontent in ppmElementAl.ZR300 to 60010 to 30Typical contentin ppmTypical contentin ppm60.5 – 1.5Ca54 – 1080.7 – 2.1Fe15 – 300.7 – 2.1Na30 – 601.6 – 4.8Ni*0.4 – 1.2P45 – 90*Si18 – 364.0 – 12Ti**135 – 2702.1 – 6.3other* below detection limit16.G3–
Chemical resistance ofSIGRABOND The graphitic
The individual properties of SIGRABOND are determined by various factors, namely the type of fiber, fiber content, fiber arrange-ment, matrix materials layer build-up, densification, thermal treatment and any upgrading. Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon (CC) can thus be adapted to each individual profile of requirements or desired component design.
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) is a fiber reinforced polymer made of a plastic matrix reinforced by fine fibers of glass. Fiber glass is a lightweight, strong, and robust material used in different industries due to their excellent properties. Although strength properties are somewhat lower than carbon fiber and it is less stiff,
FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER MATERIAL Description This work consists of structural strengthening using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite wrap. Fiber may be either Carbon (CFRP) or E-Glass (EGFRP). Use carbon fiber (CFRP) unless otherwise specified on the plans. Reference is made to the AASHTO Guide Specifications for Design of Bonded FRP
Jun 01, 2020 · FIBER TYPE The first step to choosing the right fiber is to understand the type of fiber required for your application. The main standards for fiber reinforced concrete are ASTM C 1116 and EN14889. ASTM C 1116, Standard Specification for Fiber Reinforced Concrete, outlines four (4) classifications of fiber reinforced concrete;
fiber-reinforced concrete using ASTM C1018 (1998) standard test. The performance of the specimens reinforced with fibers are compared with that of the specimens reinforced with welded-wire fabric (WWF), with the purpose of determining if fiber-reinforced
Recommended Practice for Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Panels - Fourth Edition, 2001. Manual for Quality Control for Plants and Production of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Products, 1991. ACI 549.2R-04 Thin Reinforced Cementitious Products. Report by ACI Committee 549 ACI 549.XR. Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete premix. Report by ACI .
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vary the overall capacity of the reinforced concrete and as well as the type of interaction it experiences whether for it to be either over reinforced or under reinforced. 2.2.2.1 Under Reinforced Fig. 3. Under Reinforced Case Figure 3.2 shows the process in determining if the concrete beam is under reinforced. The
The API also provides the user with ability to perform simple processing on measurements made by the CTSU for each channel and then treat each channel as a Touch Button, or group channels and use them as linear or circular sliders. The API inherently depends on the user to provide valid configuration values for each Special Function Register (SFR) of the CTSU. The user should obtain these .
