Multi-scale Transport And Exchange . - ECMWF Events (Indico)
Multi-scale Transport and Exchange processes inthe Atmosphere over Mountains – programmewww.teamx-programme.organd experimentM.W. Rotach1, M. Arpagaus2, J. Cuxart3, S.F.J. De Wekker4, V. Grubišić5, N. Kalthoff6D.J. Kirshbaum7, M. Lehner1, S.D. Mobbs8, A. Paci9, E. Palazzi10, S. Serafin1, D. Zardi111Universityof Innsbruck, 2MeteoSwiss, 3University of the Balearic Islands4University of Virginia, 5NCAR, 6Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 7McGill University,8NCAS, 9Meteo France, 10ISAC CNR, 11University of TrentoJune 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather ForecastsECMWF, 10-13 June 20191
TEAMx Exchange processes inducedby mountains: Transfer ofheat, momentum and mass(water, CO2) between theground and the PBL andbetween the PBL and thefree atmosphere. High-resolution modellingand observations possible,but non-trivial. Modelspatial resolutions outpacingobservations. Special challenges overmountains: Spatialheterogeneity, wide range ofrelevant scales of motion.June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather ForecastsECMWF, 10-13 June 20192
Global Distribution of MountainsAbout 30% ofland mass onEarth isoccupied bycomplexterrainJune 13, 2019Source: USGS Global Mountain ExplorerWorkshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather ForecastsECMWF, 10-13 June 20193
TEAMx: Aims Joint experimental efforts to collectobservations of exchange processes incomplex-terrain areas. Use them for: Process understanding Model evaluation Parameterizationimprovement/development (SL, PBL,orographic drag, convection) Field phase tentatively in 2023TEAMx MoU signed by 9institutions: U. Innsbruck /MeteoSwiss /Meteo France / U.Virginia /McGill U. / U. Trento /C2SM /NCAS / KITOpen to new partners.June 13, 2019Atmosphere special issue on“Atmospheric Processes overComplex Terrain” (editors M.Rotach and D. Zardi).8 papers published, 1 inpreparationFirst TEAMxWorkshop28-30 August 2019Rovereto (Italy).87 registeredparticipantsWorkshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather ForecastsECMWF, 10-13 June 2019White Papercurrently inpreparation; to befinalized after theWorkshop.4
TEAMx: Some Research Questions Do we have a quantitative grasp of exchange processes and theirinteractions over complex terrain?(e.g., scaling laws in the surface layer; entrainment rates) Do current NWP, regional climate and pollutant transport and dispersionmodels adequately account for the processes within mountain BL?(e.g., dependence of mountain-induced fluxes on model resolution) Is SGS parameterization of orography-induced exchange of heat and massnecessary for O(10 km) grid-spacing models?(e.g., similar to orographic drag) How do BL processes over mountains impact convection initiation, airquality, etc.?June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather ForecastsECMWF, 10-13 June 20195
Ekhart, 1948MOUNTAINBOUNDARY LAYER1. Shortcomings of parameterization schemes over mountains2. Multi-scale interactions in the atmosphere over mountainsJune 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather ForecastsECMWF, 10-13 June 20196
Parameterizing Exchange Processes Three examples of gaps between the state of knowledge aboutexchange processes over mountains and the state-of-the art inparameterizations:1. Scaling laws in the surface layer2. Planetary boundary layer3. Orographic dragJune 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather ForecastsECMWF, 10-13 June 20197
Example 1: MOST Scaling LawsHow parameterizations work SL parameterizations assumethat the first model level lieswithin the constant-flux layer, Surface fluxes are estimatedfrom model-level variablesusing bulk transferrelationships, Under this assumption, bulktransfer coefficients includeadiabatic corrections, basedon MOST (Ψ, ζ z/L).June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather ForecastsECMWF, 10-13 June 20198
Example 1: MOST Scaling LawsWhat we know Over slopes, turbulent fluxesmay change considerablywith height above theground, Even using local scaling, fluxprofile relationships are oftenreported to match poorlyobserved fluxes and gradientsover complex terrain, The example illustrates a caseover a steep mountain slopeunder weak synpotic flow andclear-sky conditions.June 13, 2019Nadeau et al (2013)Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather ForecastsECMWF, 10-13 June 20199
Example 1: MOST Scaling Laws2011 – ongoingTEAMx Plan Observations of the components of thesurface energy budget for extendedperiods in distributed observatories (e.g.,i-Box). Fundamental investigations on turbulenceproperties in the atmosphere overcomplex terrain (e.g., anisotropy,generalization of scaling laws). Systematic evaluation of SLparameterization over complex terrain.Poster: Modelling and Observing the Atmospheric BoundaryLayer over Mountains by Serafin et al.June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather ForecastsECMWF, 10-13 June 201910
Example 2: PBL StructureTroen and Mahrt (1986)How parameterizations work Regardless of the closuretype (K-profile or TKE-based),the BL height (zi) is a keyparameter in determining theeddy transfer coefficients. zi is determined in a variety ofways (e.g., gradient or Ribmethods). PBL closures are often 1D(they only model verticalexchange).June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather ForecastsECMWF, 10-13 June 201911
Example 2: PBL StructureDaytime BL in the Inn ValleyWhat we know The vertical structure of theMBL is more complex thanthat of the CBL (evidencefrom both observations andnumerical modelling),Markl et al (2017)Free AtmosphereTransition ZonecrestheightStable Valley AtmMixed LayerJune 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201912
Wagner et al (2015)Example 2: PBL StructureWhat we know The vertical structure of theMBL is more complex thanthat of the CBL (evidencefrom both observations andnumerical modelling), Different ways of estimatingzi yield varying results overcomplex terrain,June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201913
Example 2: PBL StructureRotach and Zardi (2007)What we know The vertical structure of theMBL is more complex thanthat of the CBL (evidencefrom both observations andnumerical modelling), Different ways of estimatingzi yield varying results overcomplex terrain, Horizontal exchange isimportant over complexterrain.June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201914
Example 2: PBL StructureTEAMx plan Obtain comprehensive measurements ofmouintain boundary layer Use ground-based remote sensing to map 3Dkinematic and thermodynamic structure andfluxes within PBL over valleys/mountains (fluxtowers remote sensors; e.g. Doppler windand Raman lidars, wind profilers). Possibleuse of light aircraft or sUAS for gap fillingmeasurements over wide areas, Systematic evaluation of PBLparameterizations over complex terrain, Testing recent advances in numerics (e.g.immersed- and embedded-boundarymethods to represent orography).June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201915
Example 3: Orographic DragHow parameterizations work Two components: blockedflow drag and gravity-wavedrag, Both are estimated fromvertically-averaged values ofU, N and ρ, e.g. in the layerbetween σ and 2σ (of the SGSorography). Consequence: Orographicdrag parameterizations areunaware of low-level windshear and inversion layers.June 13, 2019Lott and Miller (1997)Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201916
Example 3: Orographic DragTeixeira (2014)What we know Vertical variation of wind and stability inmountain flows can lead to a richvariety of flow realizations, Drag is not only affected by terrainanisotropy but also by vertical windshear, presence of total and partialcritical levels, vertical wave reflectionand resonance, and non-hydrostaticeffects such as trapped lee waves.TEAMx plan Advance the physically based approachto parameterizing drag by extendingtheoretical predictions to more complexflows.June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201917
Ekhart, 1948MOUNTAINBOUNDARY LAYER1. Shortcomings of parameterization schemes over mountains2. Multi-scale interactions in the atmosphere over mountainsJune 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather ForecastsECMWF, 10-13 June 201918
Multi-scale Interactionsin Orographic Flows Spatial scales from micro- tomeso-α Processes and their interactionsare complex and often stronglynon-linear: Small differences ininitial or BC may cause a verydifferent responseJune 13, 2019Lehner and Rotach (2018) Orographically-inducedcirculations (breezes, foehn, coldair pooling etc.) span a widerange of temporal and spatialscales,Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201919
Multi-scale Interactions in Orographic Flows T-REX (March-April 2006, Owens Valley, CA) Focus on atmospheric wave-induced rotors (mountain wave - BL coupling)Strong wave/rotor event of IOP 6, March 25, 2006Grubišić et al. (2008)June 13, 2019Mayr and Armi (2010)Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 2019Strauss et al. (2016)20
How Sensitive are Downslope Winds to SmallVariations in Upstream Conditions?T-REX IOP 6 (March 25, 2006)Reinecke and Durran (2009)Differences inthe strength ofthe wavebreaking andthermalstructure withinthe valley.June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201921
How Sensitive are Downslope Winds to SmallVariation in Upstream Conditions?Reinecke and Durran (2009)T-REX IOP 6 (March 25, 2006)10 strongestmembersForecast PDF of wind speed inthe lowest 300 m a.g.l.,leeside of Sierra Nevada10 weakestmembersJune 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201922
Multi-Scale Interactions andPredictability of Orographic Flows A subtle interplay between large-scale and local-scale processesdetermines whether or not Mountain waves will attain large amplitudes, Chinook (Foehn) winds will break through to valley floors. TEAMx plan Observing system design that covers a broad range of scales, Expand observational evidence that is currently limited to a few events fromprevious field campaigns (e.g., T-REX), also ongoing PIANO project, PIAlexander Gohm (UIBK), Evaluate implications on orographic drag and larger-scale impacts on synopticflow, Advance knowledge on the predictability of orographically-forced flow.June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201923
Related Research Areas1. Air Pollution TEAMx has started: MoU, review papers,workshop. Scientific scope centered on mountainboundary-layer (MBL) exchange processes. Implementation details and connectionswith related research areas (atmosphericconvection, trace gas transport) currentlybeing defined.https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov2. Global Carbon Cycle Funding: bottom-up approach, partnersfund themselves. First two funded projects: CROSSINN (PI Bianca Adler, KIT) ASTER (PI Manuela Lehner, UIBK)June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201924
Summary TEAMx has started: MoU, review papers,pre-campaign projects, Workshop,. Scientific focus on mountain-inducedexchange processes, Accurate representation of these processesessential for quality of short- and longterm predictions over complex terrain, Signficiant impact on societaly relevantproblems (harvesting wind energy, airpollution/air quality, hydrology, regionalclimate change impacts), Funding: bottom-up approach, partnersbringing their own funding, Newly funded projects: CROSSINN (PI Bianca Adler, KIT) ASTER (PI Manuela Lehner, UIBK)June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201925
https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.govFor more information:Vanda Grubišić grubisic@ucar.eduStefano Serafin Stefano.Serafin@uibk.ac.atThank you!June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201926
References Ekhart, E. (1948). De la structure thermique de l’atmosphere dans la montagne [On the thermal structure of the mountain atmosphere]. LaMeteorologie 4, 3–26.Grubišić, V., J.D. Doyle, J. Kuettner, S. Mobbs, R.B. Smith, C.D. Whiteman, R. Dirks, S. Czyzyk, S.A. Cohn, S. Vosper, M. Weissmann, S. Haimov, S.F. DeWekker, L.L. Pan, and F.K. Chow, 2008: THE TERRAIN-INDUCED ROTOR EXPERIMENT. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 1513–1534.Lehner, M. and M.W. Rotach (2018): Current Challenges in Understanding and Predicting Transport and Exchange in the Atmosphere overMountainous Terrain Atmosphere, 9, 276.Lott, F. and Miller, M. J. (1997), A new subgrid‐scale orographic drag parametrization: Its formulation and testing. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 123: 101-127Markl, Y., L. Laiti, M. Rotach (2017): The spatial variability of the temperature structure in a major east-west oriented valley in the Alps. 34thInternational Conference 0n Alpine Meteorology. 18-23 June 2017, Reykjavik, Iceland.Mayr, G.J. and L. Armi, 2010: The Influence of Downstream Diurnal Heating on the Descent of Flow across the Sierras. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49,1906–1912.Nadeau, D.F., Pardyjak, E.R., Higgins, C.W. et al. (2013) Similarity Scaling Over a Steep Alpine Slope Boundary-Layer Meteorol 147: 401.Reinecke, P.A. and D.R. Durran, 2009: Initial-Condition Sensitivities and the Predictability of Downslope Winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3401–3418.Rotach, M. W. and Zardi, D. (2007), On the boundary‐layer structure over highly complex terrain: Key findings from MAP. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 133:937-948.Strauss, L., S. Serafin, and V. Grubišić, 2016: Atmospheric Rotors and Severe Turbulence in a Long Deep Valley. J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 1481–1506.Teixeira MAC (2014) The physics of orographic gravity wave drag. Front. Phys. 2:43. Wagner, J. S., Gohm, A. and Rotach, M. W. (2015), The impact ofvalley geometry on daytime thermally driven flows and vertical transport processes. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 141: 1780-1794.Troen, I.B. & Mahrt, L. (1986): A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer; Sensitivity to surface evaporation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:129.Wagner, J.S.; Gohm, A.; Rotach, M.W., 2015: Influence of along-valley terrain heterogeneity on exchange processes over idealized valleys. Atmos.Chem. Phys. 15, 6589–6603.June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201927
ASTER (courtesy of Manuela Lehner)Atmospheric boundary-layer modeling over complex terrainEvaluating surface forcing processes (turbulence parameterizations, land-surface models, and soil andland-use characteristics) for boundary-layer modeling over complex terrainWRF model simulationsIdealized simulations:Quantify the sensitivity ofmodelled soil, surface, andnear-surface parameters tothese surface forcingprocesses.Real-case simulations:North and South TyrolIdentify and quantifydeficiencies in currentrepresentations of thesesurface forcing processesIdentify those parameters and processes that have a largeimpact and whose current representation in models is deficient.June 13, 2019Collaborators: University of Innsbruck(PI Manuela Lehner) University of Trento(PI Lorenzo Giovannini) University of Bolzano(PI Massimo Tagliavini)Project start: July 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201928
CROSSINN (courtesy of Bianca Adler and Nevio Babic) Cross-valley flow in the Inn Valley investigatedby dual-Doppler LiDAR measurements Motivation: lack of knowledge of valley-inducedcirculations and their impacts on exchange ofmomentum, heat and mass Objective: sample the valley atmosphere in asingle cross-valley transect with highspatiotemporal resolution Innsbruck, Austria – Aug-Oct 2019 3 x Doppler LiDAR (Leosphere Windcube),microwave radiometer (HATPRO), i-Box fluxtowers, DLR CessnaJune 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201929
Exchange processes over mountainsMomentumAtmospheric flow decelerates over mountains, due to orographicblocking and gravity wave breaking. Orographic drag parameterizationsalleviate systematic biases in general circulation models.HeatAt daytime, mountains heat the atmosphere at high altitudes above sealevel, generating breeze systems that favor horizontal and verticaltransport and mixing. At night, orography favors cold-air pooling.Mass: WaterFlow over mountains enhances stratiform and convective precipitation,drying up the atmosphere. Mountains are “water towers” for thesurrounding plains.Mass: CO2CO2 uptake by the land surface is the most uncertain term of the globalbudget, and is often estimated as the residual from other terms.Systematic deviations between modelled uptake and estimated residualreveal inadequacies in CO2 flux modelling over land. Poorly representedexchange over orography may be one reason.June 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201930
Mountain meteorology: key programmes1981-1982: Alpine Experiment (ALPEX)Lee cyclogenesis1990: Pyrenees Experiment (PYREX)Gravity wave drag1999: Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP;first WWRP research and developmentproject).Heavy rainfall, PV streamers, gap flowsJune 13, 2019Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts,ECMWF, 10-13 June 201931
Global Carbon Cycle. https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov. Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, 10-13 June 2019 June 13, 2019 24. . ECMWF, 10-13 June 2019 June 13, 2019 25. Thank you! v. Workshop on Observational Campaigns for Better Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, 10-13 June 2019
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CCC-466/SCALE 3 in 1985 CCC-725/SCALE 5 in 2004 CCC-545/SCALE 4.0 in 1990 CCC-732/SCALE 5.1 in 2006 SCALE 4.1 in 1992 CCC-750/SCALE 6.0 in 2009 SCALE 4.2 in 1994 CCC-785/SCALE 6.1 in 2011 SCALE 4.3 in 1995 CCC-834/SCALE 6.2 in 2016 The SCALE team is thankful for 40 years of sustaining support from NRC
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