Chapter 9 EMERGING ADULTHOOD
Chapter 9EMERGINGADULTHOOD Inc.AllAllrightsrightsreserved.reserved.
Learning ObjectivesLO 9.1LO 9.2LO 9.3LO 9.4LO 9.5LO 9.6LO 9.7LO 9.8LO 9.9LO 9.10Name the five developmental features distinctive to emergingadulthoodDescribe some of the ways emerging adulthood varies amongcultures, with specific reference to European and Asian countriesName the indicators that emerging adulthood is a period of peakphysical functioningSummarize college students’ sleep patterns and the main elements ofsleep hygieneExplain why young drivers have the highest rates of crashes, andname the most effective approach to reducing those ratesExplain why rates of substance use peak in the early twenties andthen declineDescribe how growing abilities of pragmatism allow emerging adultsto become better at addressing real-life problemsOutline the development of reflective judgment in Perry’s theoryCompare and contrast the tertiary education systems and collegeexperiences in developed countriesName the various long-term benefits of tertiary educationHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning ObjectivesLO 9.11LO 9.12LO 9.13LO 9.14LO 9.15LO 9.16LO 9.17LO 9.18Describe the course of self-esteem from adolescence throughemerging adulthood and explain the reasons for this patternDescribe the various forms identity development can take in emergingadulthood, and consider patterns of cultural and ethnic identitySummarize the changes in American gender beliefs in recent decadesand include findings from research on gender stereotypes amongcollege studentsSummarize Smith and Snell’s description of the religious beliefs andpractices of American emerging adultsExplain why emerging adults have often been at the forefront ofpolitical movements, and contrast this with their involvement inconventional politicsDescribe patterns of home-leaving in the United States and Europeand how this transition influences relations with parentsDescribe the role of intimacy in emerging adults’ friendships and themost common activities of emerging adult friendsExplain how romantic relationships and sexual behavior change duringemerging adulthoodHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning ObjectivesLO 9.19LO 9.20Describe the transition from school to full-time work in Europe andthe United States, and explain why unemployment rates amongemerging adults are higher than for older adultsExplain how emerging adults use the internet and mobile phones tomaintain social contactsHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Physical DevelopmentHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Emergence of EmergingAdulthood Time between adolescence and adultroles:! Marriage! Increased education! Opportunities for womenLO 9.1 Developmental Features of Emerging AdulthoodHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Map 9.1 Median Age at First Marriage in the United States Which states have the lowest andhighest age of first marriages? How does the median age of marriage differ between men and women?How might you explain these differences? (continued on next slide)Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Map 9.1 Median Age at First Marriage in the United States Which states have the lowest andhighest age of first marriages? How does the median age of marriage differ between men and women?How might you explain these differences? (continued from previous slide)Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Emergence of EmergingAdulthood There are five distinctive characteristicsof emerging adulthood! Age of identity explorations—explorevarious possibilities of work and love! Age of instability—exploration leads toinstabilityLO 9.1 Developmental Features of Emerging AdulthoodHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 9.1 Rate of Residential Change, Past Year, in the United States Why does the rate ofresidential change peak in emerging adulthood? Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2003)Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Emergence of EmergingAdulthood Self-Focused—learning to be more selfsufficient before committing Age of feeling in-between—feeling ofbeing in transition Age of possibilities—potential fordramatic changesLO 9.1 Developmental Features of Emerging AdulthoodHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 9.2Do You Feel You Have Reached Adulthood? Emerging adults often feel adult in someways but not others. Source: Arnett (2000)Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Emergence of EmergingAdulthood the Cultural Context Europe—has longest emergingadulthood time! Age of marriage and parenthood around 30 Asian—capable of supporting parentsfinancially! This may curtail identity exploration seenin European countriesLO 9.2 Cultural Variations in Emerging AdulthoodHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Emergence of EmergingAdulthood the Cultural Context Emerging adulthood varies acrosscultures! Developing countries tend to split betweenurban and rural! Urban young people more likely toexperience emerging adulthoodLO 9.2 Cultural Variations in Emerging AdulthoodHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Emergence of EmergingAdulthood the Cultural Context Emerging adulthood varies acrosscultures! Rural young people have feweropportunities for schooling and exploring! Globalization and tertiary educationparticipation increasing spread of emergingadulthoodLO 9.2 Cultural Variations in Emerging AdulthoodHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Physical Changes of Emerging AdulthoodThe Peak of Physical Functioning Emerging adulthood is a period of peakphysical functioning! VO2 peaks in early 20s! Reaction, grip strength, and bone densityare at its peak! Least susceptibility to physical illness Lifestyle encourages poor nutrition,high stress, and lack of sleepLO 9.3 Physical FunctioningHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Physical Changes of Emerging AdulthoodSleep Patterns and Deficits College students more likely to showsymptoms of delayed sleep phasesyndrome 2/3 sleep problems; 1/4 severe sleepdisturbances Eveningness vs. MorningnessLO 9.4 Sleep PatternsHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Physical Changes of Emerging AdulthoodSleep Patterns and Deficits Important for sleep hygiene!!!!!Wake up at same time each dayGet regular exerciseTake late afternoon napsLimit caffeine intakeAvoid excessive alcohol intakeLO 9.4 Sleep PatternsHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Risk Behavior and Health IssuesInjuries and Fatalities Automobile accidents major threat tolife and health of emerging adults Car fatalities highest between ages 16–24! Inexperience! Risky driving behavior—speed, drivingunder the influenceLO 9.5 Automobile AccidentsHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 9.3Rates of Car Injuries and Fatalities by Age Why are rates so high at ages 16-24?Source: NHTSA (2009) (continued on next slide)Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 9.3Rates of Car Injuries and Fatalities by Age Why are rates so high at ages 16-24?Source: NHTSA (2009) (continued from previous slide)Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Risk Behavior and Health IssuesInjuries and Fatalities Socialization impacts number ofaccidents Personality characteristics can promotehigh risk driving Reducing fatalities includes parentalinvolvement and monitoring Graduate Driver Licensing is alsoeffectiveLO 9.5 Automobile AccidentsHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
L.O. 9.5Figure 9.4 Shope’s Model of YoungDriver Crash Risks The model showsthat many factors contribute to crashrisk, including social environment, drivercharacteristics, driving behaviors, anddriving environment. Source: Shope(2002), p. 15.Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Risk Behavior and Health IssuesSubstance Abuse Substance abuse peaks in early 20s Peak and decline possibly explained byunstructured socializing! College age students have moreunstructured time causing peak Role transition causes decline insubstance abuseLO 9.6 Substance UseHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 9.5Marijuana Use and Binge Drinking in Emerging Adulthood Rates of most kinds ofsubstance use peak in the early twenties. Source: Johnston et al. (2008)Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cognitive DevelopmentHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Postformal ThoughtPragmatism Pragmatism—adapting logical thinkingto the practical constraints of real lifesituations Aware of the impact of social factors inany given situation Comparable to dialectical thought—problems may have no clear solutionLO 9.7 Increases in PragmatismHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Postformal ThoughtReflective Judgment Reflective judgment -capacity toevaluate the accuracy and coherence ofevidence and arguments William Perry’s Dualistic Thinking! Multiple Thinking—awareness of duplicity! Relativism—compare merits of competingviews! Commitment—commit to certain viewpointLO 9.8 Reflective JudgmentHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tertiary Education Training beyond secondary school iscalled tertiary education This has become a normativeexperience with women outnumberingmenLO 9.9 Tertiary EducationHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Map 9.2 Worldwide Enrollment in Tertiary Education Which countries have the highest andlowest enrollment rates for higher education? How do these rates compare to the enrollment rates forsecondary school (as shown in Map 8.1)? What economic and cultural factors might explain thesevariations?Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tertiary Education CulturalVariations in Tertiary Education Japan—relaxed and undemanding inuniversity years! 4 years of sanctioned activities to think Europe—no general education! 6 years studying specific discipline US/Canada—two years of generaleducation! Allows time for explorationLO 9.9 Tertiary EducationHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tertiary EducationCultural Variations Most Americans will take 6 years toearn a 4 year degree Major reason is financialLO 9.9 Tertiary EducationHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table 9.1Ethnic Differences in Financial Support for College Based on a sample of 304emerging adults aged 20–29. Source: Arnett (2004)Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tertiary EducationBenefits of Tertiary education Higher earnings and occupationalstatus Verbal and quantitative skills Oral and written communication Distinct identity Social confidence Increased self concept andpsychological well-beingLO 9.10 Benefits of Tertiary EducationHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional and SocialDevelopmentHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional and Self-DevelopmentSelf-Esteem Self-esteem! Awkwardness of physical appearancedeclines! Peer evaluations from high school lesslikely! Family relationships tend to improve! Greater degree of control over one’s lifeLO 9.11 Self-EsteemHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 9.6Changes in Self-Esteem Why does self-esteem rise during the emerging adult years?Source: Monitoring the Future (2003)Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional and Self-DevelopmentIdentity Development Identity formation historically thoughtto occur in adolescence Emerging adulthood is time period ofimportance Erik Erikson focused on identity versusidentity confusion as the adolescentcrisis Key areas to form identity are love,work, and ideologyLO 9.12 Identity DevelopmentHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional and Self-DevelopmentIdentity Development Three elements :! Assessing abilities and strengths! Identifications that have accumulatedmodeling! Assess opportunities available to them insociety Marcia classified adolescents into one of4 identity statusesLO 9.12 Identity DevelopmentHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Four Identity StatusesHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional and Self-DevelopmentIdentity Development Takes longer to reach identityachievement than expected Progress occurs but mainly related tooccupation during emerging adulthoodLO 9.12 Identity DevelopmentHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 9.7 U.S. Study on Identity Achievement With age, more young people are classified inidentity achievement and fewer in diffusion. (A achievement, M moratorium, F foreclosure, and D diffusion.) Source: Waterman (1999)Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional and Self-DevelopmentIdentity Development Culture influences identity! Many cultures view self as interdependent! Exploration to establish identity notpossible in some cultures (I.E. work/relationships)! Exploration of ideology occurs more inWestern countries! Globalization impacts development ofbicultural identity and/or hybrid identityLO 9.12 Identity DevelopmentHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional and Self-DevelopmentEthnic Identity Identity more complex if a member ofethnic minority group Internal conflict between ethnicminority belief system and majoritybelief system Four ways of responding to ethnicawarenessLO 9.12 Identity DevelopmentHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table 9.3 Four Possible Ethnic Identity StatusesSource: Based on Phinney & Devich-Navarro (1997)Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional and Self-DevelopmentGender Development Ideas about gender become moreegalitarian Gender stereotypes still exist especiallyin regards to work! Women’s work more likely to be rated lessfavorable than men’sLO 9.13 Changes in American Gender BeliefsHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional and Self-DevelopmentGender Development Boomerang effect also exists! Women whose work violated stereotypicalgender expectations are rated higher thanmen’s work Generally, gender stereotypes lessen inemerging adulthoodLO 9.13 Changes in American Gender BeliefsHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
L.O. 9.13Figure 9.8 Change in American Gender Attitudes, 1977-2006 Over recentdecades, views of gender roles have become less traditional. Source: General SocialSurvey (GSS), 1977-2006Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cultural BeliefsReligious Development Smith and Snell (2010) found that:! Religious beliefs were stronger thanbehavior! Religious doctrine is not as important as abelief in God! More tolerant of religious differences! Religious beliefs related to higher wellbeing and lower high risk behaviorsLO 9.14 American Religious Beliefs and PracticesHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table 9.4Smith and Snell’s Five Religious Categories Source: Based on Smith & Snell (2010)Human Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cultural BeliefsPolitical Development Participation in conventional politics islow Volunteer work and politicaldemonstration is high High involvement in political extremesLO 9.15 Political InvolvementHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Social and Cultural Contexts ofDevelopment Family Relationships In U.S. most leave home at 18–19 yrs.! Common reasons for leaving are college,cohabitation, and independence Increased quality of parental interactionoccur after leaving home Ethnic minorities staying at homelonger 40% of all emerging adults will returnto the nest at least onceLO 9.16 Leaving HomeHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Social and Cultural Contexts ofDevelopment Family Relationships European emerging adults stay at homelonger than in United States! Value mutual support of family! Higher standard of living staying at home Parental understanding increases inemerging adultsLO 9.16 Leaving HomeHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Social and Cultural Contextsof Development Friendships Intimacy grows in importance More self-disclosure and fewer sharedactivities Increased time in unstructuredactivities There is a decline in leisure activities aspeople ageLO 9.17 Emerging Adults’ FriendshipsHuman Development: A Cultural ApproachJeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Social and Cultural Contexts ofDevelopment
Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives LO 9.11 Describe the course .
Girls –age 20 yr Boys – age 22 yr Lasts until age 40 yr Middle Adulthood Ages 40-60 yrs Late (old) Adulthood Age 60 until death . dr.Shaban 3 Emerging Adulthood In some countries, added years of education and later marriage has delayed full adult independence. This seems to have created a new phase which can be called emerging adulthood, ages 18-25. dr.Shaban 4 Early (Young .
Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .
SUBSTAGES OF ADULTHOOD Adulthood could easily stretch over 50 years and is characterised by continuing changes in all areas of functioning. Adulthood is divided into: Early adulthood: 20 – 39 Middle adulthood:
TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Contents Dedication Epigraph Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part Two Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18. Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26
Emerging Adulthood A Theory of Development From the Late Teens Through the Twenties Jeffrey Jensen Arnett University of Maryland College Park Emerging adulthood is proposed as a new conception of development for the period from the late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25. A theoretical back-
DEDICATION PART ONE Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 PART TWO Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 .
cognitive development and chronological age—at least in adulthood and aging. Cognitive development in adulthood is critically influenced by manifold factors. Although such factors may emerge relatively predictably or normatively in early life, they appear less systematically across adulthood
Early Adulthood (19-45 years) Physical . Understanding how life affects our growth and development. Assess the PIES that affect early adulthood . Explain the PIES that affect early adulthood. Describe the PIES that affect early a
