An Overview Of Signaling System No.
An Overview of Signaling System No. 7D D I R. MODARRESSI,MEMBER, IEEE, ANDRONALD A. SKOOG, MEMBER, IEEEInvited PaperIn modern telecommunication networks, signaling constitutesthe distinct control infrastructure that enables provision of ALLother services. The component of signaling systems that controlsprovision of services between the user and the network is the accesssignaling component, and the component that controls provision ofservices within the network, or between networks, is the networksignaling component. There are international standards for bothaccess signaling and network signaling protocols. From a networkstructure viewpoint, access signaling structures generally providepoint-to-point connectivity between the user and a network node,while network signaling structures provide network-wide communication capability (directly or indirectly) between the nodes ofthe public network(s). Since the network signaling system acts asa traffic collectorldistributor for many access signaling tributaries,its functions are more complex, its structure more involved, and itsperformance more stringent. This paper provides an overview ofmodern network signaling systems based on the Signaling SystemNo. 7 international standard.I. INTRODUCTIONIn the context of modern telecommunications, signalingcan be defined as the system that enables stored programcontrol exchanges, network databases, and other ‘intelligent’ nodes of the network to exchange a) messages relatedto call setup, supervision, and tear-down (call/connectioncontrol); b) information needed for distributed applicationprocessing (inter-process query/response, or user-to-userdata); and c) network management information. As such,signaling constitutes the control infrastructure of the modern telecommunication network.Modern signaling systems are essentially data communication systems using layered protocols. What distinguishesthem from other data communication systems are basicallytwo things: their real time performance and their reliabilityrequirements. No matter how complex the set of networkinteractions are for setting up a call, the call setup timeshould still not exceed a couple of seconds. This imposesquite a stringent end-to-end delay requirement on the signaling system. On the other hand, because of the absolutereliance of the telecommunication network on its signalingsystem, requirements for signaling network reliability (mesManuscript received October 23, 1991; revised December 18, 1991.A. R. Modarressi is with AT&T Bell Laboratories, Columbus, OH43213.R. A. Skoog is with AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ 07733.IEEE Log Number 9108075.sage integrity, end-to-end availability, network robustness,recovery from failure, etc.) are extremely demanding. Forexample, current objectives require the down-time betweenany arbitrary pair of communicating nodes in the signalingnetwork not to exceed 10 midyear. This is at least twoorders of magnitude smaller than the corresponding requirement in a general-purpose data network. Requirements onreal-time performance and reliability of signaling systemsare likely to become even more stringent with advances intechnology and new application needs.Over the last century or so, signaling has evolved with thetechnology of telephony, although the pace of this evolutionhas never been faster than in the last two decades, a periodcharacterized by the marriage of computer and switchingtechnologies. The advent of the Integrated Services DigitalNetwork (ISDN) has further accelerated the pace of development and deployment of signaling systems to supportan ever increasing set of “intelligent network” services on aworldwide basis. When viewed as an end-to-end capability,signaling in ISDN has two distinct components: signalingbetween the user and the network (access signaling), andsignaling within the network (network signaling). The current set of protocol standards for access signaling is knownas the Digital Subscriber Signaling System No. 1 (DSS1).The current set of protocol standards for network signalingis known as the Signaling System No. 7 (SS7).This paper provides an overview of Signaling System No.7. It is a somewhat abridged and updated version of a tutorial on SS7 that was published in 1990 [l]. Following thisintroduction, the salient features of SS7’s Network ServicesPart (NSP) are described in Section 11. Functionally, NSPcorresponds to the first three layers of the Open SystemInterconnection (OSI) Reference Model. This section alsoprovides a discussion of signaling network structures that,in conjunction with the NSP, provide ISDN nodes with ahighly reliable and efficient means of exchanging signalingmessages. Once this reliable signaling message transportcapability is realized, each network node has to be equippedwith capabilities for processing of the transported messagesin support of a useful function like setting up of a call(connection). In an increasingly large number of cases, callsetup has to be preceded by invocation of some distributed0018-9219/92 03.00 0 1992 IEEE590PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 80, NO. 4, APRIL 1992CISCO SYSTEMS, INC. Ex. 1114 Page 1
------------MTP Level 3MTP Level 2networks (one of the disadvantages of CCS6). Later, itbecame clear that there were other applications that wouldneed additional network services (full OS1 Network servicecapabilities) like an expanded addressing capability andconnection-oriented message transfer. SCCP was developedto satisfy this need. The resulting structure, and specificallythe splitting of the OS1 Network functions into MTP level3 and SCCP, has certain advantages in the sense that thehigher overhead SCCP services can be used only whenneeded, allowing the more efficient MTP to serve the needsof those applications that can use a connectionless messagetransfer with limited addressing capability.Sections 11-A and 11-B provide an overview of MTP andSCCP, respectively. Section 11-C describes the signalingnetwork structures that can be used to implement theNetwork Services Part.Fig. 1. SS7 protocol architecture.A. The Message Transfer Part (MTP)application processes, the outcome of which determines thenature as well as the attributes of the subsequent call orconnection control process. These nodal capabilities of callcontrol and remote process invocation and management arepart of the Signaling System No. 7 User Parts, which aredescribed in Section 111. In Section IV, we dwell on the verystringent performance requirements of signaling systems.These requirements reflect the critical nature of signalingfunctions and their real time exigencies. Finally, in SectionV we sketch a broad outline of the likely evolution ofnetwork signaling in the remaining years of this century.11. SIGNALINGSYSTEMNo. 7 NETWORKSERVICESPART (NSP)In this section, we describe the Signaling System No. 7protocols that correspond to the first three layers (Physical,Data Link, and Network) of the OS1 Reference Model. Thiscomponent of the Signaling System No.7 protocol is calledthe Network Services Part (NSP), and it consists of theMessage Transfer Part (MTP) and the Signaling ConnectionControl Part (SCCP). Figure 1 shows how these relate toeach other and to the other components of the protocol.MTP consists of levels 1-3 of the Signaling System No.7 protocol, which are called the Signaling Data Link,the Signaling Link, and the Signaling Network functions,respectively. SCCP is an MTP user, and therefore is inlevel 4 of Signaling System No. 7 protocol stack. MTPprovides a connectionless message transfer system thatenables signaling information to be transferred across thenetwork to its desired destination. Functions are includedin MTP that allow system failures to occur in the network without adversely affecting the transfer of signalinginformation. SCCP provides additional functions to MTPfor both connectionless and connection-oriented networkservices.MTP was developed before SCCP and it was tailoredto the real time needs of telephony applications. Thus aconnectionless (datagram) capability was called for whichavoids the administration and overhead of virtual circuitMODARRESSI AND SKOOG: SS7: AN OVERVIEWThe overall purpose of MTP is to provide a reliabletransfer and delivery of signaling information across thesignaling network, and to react and take necessary actionsin response to system and network failures to ensure thatreliable transfer is maintained. Figure 2 illustrates thefunctions of MTP levels, and their relationship to oneanother and to the MTP users. These three levels are nowdescribed.I ) Signaling Data Link Functions (Level 1): A Signaling Data Link is a bidirectional transmission path forsignaling, consisting of two data channels operatingtogether in opposite directions at the same data rate. Itfully complies with the OSI’s definition of the physicallayer (layer 1). Transmission channels can be either digitalor analog, terrestrial or satellite.For digital signaling data links, the recommended bitrate for the ANSI standard is 56 kb/s, and for the CCITTInternational Standard it is 64 kb/s. Lower bit rates maybe used, but the message delay requirements of the UserParts must be taken into consideration. The minimum bitrate allowed for telephone call control applications is 4.8kb/s. In the future, bit rates higher than 64 kb/s may berequired (e.g., 1.544 Mb/s in North America and 2.048 Mb/selsewhere), but further study is needed before these ratescan be standardized.2) Signaling Link Functions (Level 2): The Signaling Linkfunctions correspond to the OSI’s data link layer (layer2). Together with a signaling data link, the signaling linkfunctions provide a signaling link for the reliable transferof signaling messages between two directly connectedsignaling points. Signaling messages are transferred overthe signaling link in variable length messages called signalunits. There are three types of signal units, differentiatedby the length indicator field contained in each, and theirformats are shown in Fig. 3. The Signaling InformationField (SIF) in a Message Signal Unit (MSU) must havea length less than or equal to 272 octets. This limitationis imposed to control the delay a message can impose onother messages due to its emission time (which is limitedby the maximum standardized link speed of 64 kb/s).591CISCO SYSTEMS, INC. Ex. 1114 Page 2
UserMessagcProcessirFig. 2.i-l -IttMTP functional diagramThe SS7 link functions show a strong similarity to typical data network bit-oriented link protocols (e.g., HDLC,SDLC, LAP-B), but there are some important differences.These differences arise from the performance needs ofsignaling (e.g., lost messages, excessive delays, out-ofsequence messages) that require the network to respondquickly to system or component failure events. The standardflag (01111110) is used to open and close signal units,and the standard CCITT 16-bit CRC checksum is usedfor error detection. However, when there is no messagetraffic, Fill-In Signal Units (FISU’s) are sent rather thanflags, as is done in other data link protocols. The reason forthis is to allow for a consistent error monitoring method(described below) so that faulty links can be quicklydetected and removed from service even when traffic islow.a) Error correction: Two forms of error correction arespecified in the signaling link procedures. They are theBasic Method and the Preventive Cyclic Retransmission(PCR) Method. In both methods only errored MSU’s andLink Status Signal Units (LSSU’s) are corrected, whileerrors in FISU’s are detected but not corrected. Bothmethods are also designed to avoid out-of-sequence andduplicated messages when error correction takes place. ThePCR method is used when the propagation delay is large(e.g., with satellite transmission).The Basic Method of error correction is a non-compelledpositive/negative acknowledgment retransmission error correction system. It uses the “go-back-N” technique of retransmission used in many other protocols. If a negativeacknowledgment is received, the transmitting terminal stopssending new MSU’s, rolls back to the MSU received inerror, and retransmits everything from that point beforeresuming transmission of new MSU’s. Positive acknowledgments are used to indicate correct reception of MSU’s,and as an indication that the positively acknowledgedbuffered MSU’s can be discarded at the transmitting end.For sequence control, each signal unit is assigned forwardand backward sequence numbers and forward and backwardindicator bits (see Fig. 3). The sequence numbers are sevenbits long, which means at most 127 messages can betransmitted without receiving a positive acknowledgment.The PCR method is a non-compelled positive acknowledgment cyclic retransmission, forward error correctionsystem. A copy of a transmitted MSU is retained at thetransmitting terminal until a positive acknowledgment forthat MSU is received. When there are no new MSU’s to be552FunctionsCommonTransferFunctionssent, all MSU’s not positively acknowledged are retransmitted cyclically. When the number of unacknowledgedMSU’s (either the number of messages or the number ofoctets) exceeds certain thresholds, it is an indication thaterror correction is not getting done by cyclic retransmission.This would occur, for example, if the traffic level washigh, which causes the retransmission rate to be low. Inthis situation a forced retransmission procedure is invoked.In this procedure new MSU transmission is stopped andall unacknowledged MSU’s are retransmitted. This forcedretransmission continues until the unacknowledged messageand octet counts are below specified threshold values. Thesethreshold values must be chosen carefully, for if they are settoo low, and the link utilization is large enough, the linkwill become unstable (i.e., once a forced retransmissionstarts, the link continues to cycle in and out of forcedretransmission [2]).h) Error monitoring: Two types of signaling link errorrate monitoring are provided. A signal unit error ratemonitor is used while a signaling link is in service, and itprovides the criteria for taking a signaling link out of servicedue to an excessively high error rate. An alignment errorrate monitor is used while a signaling link is in the provingstate of the initial alignment procedure, and it provides thecriteria for rejecting a signaling link for service during theinitial alignment due to too high an error rate.The signal unit error rate monitor is based on a signal unit(including FISU) error count, incremented and decrementedusing the “leaky bucket’’ algorithm. For each errored signalunit the count is increased by one, and for each 256signal units received (errored or not), a positive count isdecremented by one (a zero count is left at zero). When thecount reaches 64, an excessive error rate indication is sentto level 3, and the signaling link is put in the out of servicestate. When loss of alignment occurs (a loss of alignmentoccurs when more than six consecutive Is are received orthe maximum length of a signal unit is exceeded), the errorrate monitor changes to an octet counting mode. In thismode it increments the counter for every 16 octets received.Octet counting is stopped when the first correctly-checkingsignal unit is detected.The alignment error rate monitor is a linear counter thatis operated during alignment proving periods. The counteris started at zero at the start of a proving period, and thecount is incremented by one for each signal unit received inerror (or for each 16 octets received if in the octet countingmode). A proving period is aborted if the threshold for thePROCEt.I)INGS OF TIIE IktE. VOL. 80. NO. 3. APRIL 1992CISCO SYSTEMS, INC. Ex. 1114 Page 3
First BitTransmitted8n. n 2FLICKFSNBBSNF78B. First Lt8Fig. 3.1626171TransmittedSignal unit formats.alignment error rate monitor count is exceeded before theproving period timer expires.c') Flow, control: The flow control procedure is initiated when congestion is detected at the receiving end ofthe signaling link. The congested receiving end notifies thetransmitting end of its congestion with a link status signalunit (LSSU) indicating busy, and withholds acknowledgment of all incoming signal units. This action stops thetransmitting end from failing the link due to a time-outon acknowledgment. However, if the congestion conditionlasts too long (3-h s), the transmitting end will fail the link.A processor outage condition indication is sent by level2. called signaling indication processor outage (SIPO),Lvhenever an explicit indication is sent to level 2 fromlevel 3 or when level 2 recognizes a failure of level 3.This indicates to the far end that signaling messages cannotbe transferred to level 3 or above. The far-end level 2responds by sending fill-in signal units and informing itsievel 3 of the SIPO condition. The far-end level 3 willreroute traffic in accordance with the signaling networkmanagement procedures described as follows.3) Signulirig Network Fiinctions (Level 3): The signalingnetwork functions correspond to the lower half of theOSI's Network layer, and they provide the functions andprocedures for the transfer of messages between signalingpoints. which are the nodes of the signaling network.The signaling network functions can be divided into twobasic categories: signaling message Iiawdling and signalingnehvork munagmzent. The breakdown of these functionsand their interrelationship is illustrated in Fig. 4.a ) signaling niessuge handling: Signaling message handling consists of message routing, discrimination, anddistribution functions. These functions are performed ateach signaling point in a signaling network, and they arebased on the part of the message called the routing luhel.and the Service Information Octet (SIO) shown in Fig. 3.The routing label is illustrated in Fig. 5 and consists ofthe Destination Point Code (DPC). the Origination PointCode (OPC), and the Signaling Link Selection (SLS) field.In the international standard the DPC and OPC are 14 bitseach, while the SLS field is 4 bits long. For ANSI, theOPC and DPC are each 24 bits (to accommodate largernetworks), while the SLS field has 5 bits, and there are 3spare bits in the routing label. The routing label is placedat the beginning of the Signaling Information Field. and i tis the common part of the label that is defined for eachMTP user.When a message comes from a level 3 user. or originatesat level 3, the choice of the particular signaling link onwhich i t is to be sent is made by the message routingfunction. When a message is received from level 2, thediscrimination function is activated, and i t determines if it isaddressed to another signaling point or to itself based on theDPC in the message. If the received message is addressedto another signaling point, and the receiving signalingpoint has the transfer capability. i.e., the Signal TransferPoint (STP) function, the message is sent to the messagerouting function. If the received message is addressed to theCISCO SYSTEMS, INC. Ex. 1114 Page 4
cml2Lml4III.I.6.I&-III: I.I-SigMthrg Meocege Flow- --- ktdumons end ConrrolsFig. 4.Signaling network functionsFig. 5.Routing label structurereceiving signaling point, the message distribution functionis activated, and it delivers the message to the appropriateMTP user or MTP level 3 function based on the serviceindicator, a sub-field of the SI0 field. Message routing isbased on the DPC and the SLS in almost all cases. In somecircumstances the SIO, or parts of it (the service indicatorand network indicator), may need to be used.Generally, more than one signaling link can be used toroute a message to a particular DPC. The selection of theparticular link to use is made using the SLS field. This iscalled load sharing. A set of links between two signalingpoints is called a link set, and load sharing can be doneover links in the same link set or over links not belongingto the same link set. A load sharing collection of one ormore link sets is called a combined link set.The objective of load sharing is to keep the load asevenly balanced as possible on the signaling links withina combined link set. For messages that should be kept insequence, the same SLS code is used so that such messagestake the same path. For example, for trunk signaling withISUP (see Section IV-A) the same SLS code is used for all594messages related to a particular trunk. In order to ensureproper load balance using SLS fields, it is critical thatthe SLS codes are assigned such that the load is sharedevenly across all the SLS codes. Even then, the SLS loadsharing method does not provide a fully balanced loadingof signaling links in all cases. For example, if there are sixsignaling links in a combined link set, the 16 SLS codeswould be assigned so that four signaling links would eachcarry three SLS codes and two of the signaling links wouldeach carry only two SLS codes.h) Signaling network management: The purpose ofthe signaling network management functions is to providereconfiguration of the signaling network in the case ofsignaling link or signaling point failures, and to controltraffic in the case of congestion or blockage. The objectiveis that, when a failure occurs, the reconfigurations becarried out so messages are not lost, duplicated, orput out of sequence, and that message delays do notbecome excessive. As shown in Fig. 4, signaling networkmanagement consists of three functions: signaling trafficmanagement, signaling route management, and signalinglink management. Whenever a change in the status of asignaling link, signaling route or signaling point occurs,these three functions are activated as summarized below.The signmling trafJic management procedures are usedto divert signaling traffic, without causing message loss,missequencing, or duplication, from unavailable signalinglinks or routes to one or more alternative signaling linksor routes, and to reduce traffic in the case of congestion.When a signaling link becomes unavailable, a changeoverprocedure is used to divert signaling traffic to one ormore alternative signaling links, as well as to retrievefor retransmission messages that have not been positivelyacknowledged. When a signaling link becomes available, achangehack procedure is used to reestablish signaling trafficon the signaling link made available. When signaling routes(succession of links from the origination to the destinationsignaling point) become unavailable or available, forcedrerouting and controlled rerouting procedures are used,respectively, to divert the traffic to alternative routes or tothe route made available. Controlled rerouting is also usedto divert traffic to an alternate (more efficient) route whenthe original route becomes restricted (i.e., less efficientbecause of additional transfer points in the path). When asignaling point becomes available after having been downfor some time, the signaling point restart procedure is usedto update the network routing status and control whensignaling traffic is diverted to (or through) the point madeavailable.The signaling route management procedures are used todistribute information about the signaling network statusin order to block or unblock signaling routes. The following procedures are defined to take care of differentsituations. The transfer-controlled procedure is performedat a signaling transfer point in the case of signaling linkcongestion. In this procedure, for every message receivedhaving a congestion priority less than the congestion levelof the signaling link, a control message is sent to thePKOCEEDINGS OF T H E IEEF. VOL. XO. NO. 4, APRIL I992CISCO SYSTEMS, INC. Ex. 1114 Page 5
OPC of the message asking it to stop sending trafficthat has a congestion priority less than the congestionlevel of the signaling link to the DPC of the message.In ANSI Standards four congestion message priorities areused; in international networks only one is used. Thetransfer-prohibited procedure is performed at a SignalTransfer Point to inform adjacent signaling points thatthey must no longer route to a DPC via that STP. Thisprocedure would be invoked, for example, if the STP hadno available routes to a particular destination. The transferrestricted procedure is performed at a Signal TransferPoint to inform adjacent signaling points that, if possible,they should no longer route messages to a DPC via thatSTP. The transfer-allowed procedure is used to informadjacent signaling points that routing to a DPC throughthat STP is now normal. In the ANSI standards, theabove procedures are also specified on a cluster basis(a cluster being a collection of signaling points), whichsignificantly reduces the number of network managementmessages and related processing required when there is acluster failure or recovery event. The signaling-route-settest procedure is used by the signaling points receivingtransfer prohibited and transfer restricted messages in orderto recover the signaling route availability information thatmay not have been received due to some failure. Finally,in ANSI standards the signaling-route-set-congestion-testprocedure is used to update the congestion status associatedwith a route toward a particular destination.The signaling link management function is used to restorefailed signaling links, to activate new signaling links, andto deactivate aligned signaling links. There is a basicset of signaling link management procedures, and thisset of procedures are provided for any international ornational signaling system. Two optional sets of signalinglink management procedures are also provided, which allowfor a more efficient use of signaling equipment whensignaling terminal devices have switched access to signalingdata links. The basic set of procedures are signaling linkactivation (used for signaling links that have never beenput into service, or that have been taken out of service),signaling link restoration (used for active signaling linksthat have failed), signaling link deactivation, and signalinglink set activation. The optional sets of procedures addressautomatic allocation of signaling terminals, and automaticallocation of data links and signaling terminals.B. The Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP}SCCP enhances the services of the MTP to provide thefunctional equivalent of 0 3 ’ s Network layer (layer 3). Theaddressing capability of MTP is limited to delivering amessage to a node and using a four bit service indicator(a sub-field of the SIO) to distribute messages withinthe node. SCCP supplements this capability by providingan addressing capability that uses DPC’s plus SubsystemNumbers (SSN’s). The SSN is local addressing informationused by SCCP to identify each of the SCCP users at anode. Another addressing enhancement to MTP provided bySCCP is the ability to address messages with global titles,MODARRESSI AND SKOOG: S S 7 : AN OVERVIEWaddresses (such as dialed 800 or free phone numbers) thatare not directly usable for routing by MTP. For global titlesa translation capability is required in SCCP to translate theglobal title to a DPC SSN. This translation function canbe performed at the originating point of the message, or atanother signaling point in the network (e.g., at an STP).In addition to enhanced addressing capability, SCCPprovides four classes of service, two connectionless andtwo connection-oriented. The four classes are:ClassClassClassClass0: Basic connectionless class;1: Sequenced (MTP) connectionless class;2: Basic connection-oriented class;3: Flow control connection-oriented class.In Class 0 service, a user-to-user information block,called a Network Service Data Unit (NSDU), is passedby higher layers to SCCP in the node of origin; it istransported to the SCCP function in the destination nodein the user field of a Unitdata message; at the destinationnode it is delivered by SCCP to higher layers. The NSDU’sare transported independently and may be delivered out ofsequence, so this class of service is purely connection-less.In Class 1, the features of Class 0 are provided with anadditional feature that allows the higher layer to indicateto SCCP that a particular stream of NSDU’s should bedelivered in sequence. SCCP does this by associating thestream members with a sequence control parameter andgiving all messages in the stream the same SLS code.In Class 2, a bidirectional transfer of NSDU’s is performed by setting up a temporary or permanent signalingconnection (a virtual channel through the signaling network). Messages belonging to the same signaling connection are given the same SLS code to ensure sequencing.In addition, this service class provides a segmentation andreassembly capability. With this capability, if an NSDU islonger than 255 octets, it is split into multiple segmentsat the originating node, each segment is transported to thedestination node in the user field of a Data message, and atthe destination node SCCP reassembles the original NSDU.In Class 3, the capabilities of Class 2 are provided withthe addition of flow control. Also the detection of messageloss and missequencing is provided. In the event of lost ormissequenced messages, the signaling connection is resetand notification is given to the higher layers.The structure of SCCP is illustrated in Fig. 6, and consistsof four functional blocks. The SCCP connection-orientedcontrol block controls the establishment and release ofsignaling connections and provides for data transfer onsignaling connections. The SCCP connectionless controlblock provides for the connectionless transfer of data units.The SCCP management block provides capabilities beyondthose of MTP to handle the congestion or failure of eitherthe SCCP user or the signaling route to the SCCP user. Withthis capability, SCCP can route messages to backup systemsin the event failures prevent routing to the primary system.The
signaling in ISDN has two distinct components: signaling between the user and the network (access signaling), and signaling within the network (network signaling). The cur- rent set of protocol standards for access signaling is known as the Digital Subscriber Signaling System No. 1 (DSS1).
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