A320/ Prevention Of Tailstrikes - Airbus
A320/Preventionof tailstrikesBy: Michel PALOMEQUEA320 Flight Safety Director & Chief Engineer AdvisorA320 Program1 IntroductionLike the preceding paper on VMO/MMO exceedance, this article is a follow up on the presentationtitled “A320 ELAC” given at the last Flight SafetyConference in Barcelona on October 2007.It will look as well at the safety improvementsbrought to the ELAC in the form of the latestL84 and L93 standards, which bring additionalprevention means against tailstrikes during landing.Two other modifications will also be described,concerning the pilot awareness of a too high pitchin the landing phase.Pitch attitude limitwith MLG fully compressedPitch attitude limitwith MLG fully extended2 Description of typicaltailstrike scenarioMost of the tailstrikes on A320 family aircraft occurduring landing in manual mode (Auto Pilot OFF),when the sidestick is maintained in the aft positionafter touch down (Fig1).The importance of this subject is obviouslycorrelated to the fuselage length. It is, therefore,particularly important to A320 and A321 operators.A318A319A320A32115.7 13.9 11.7 9.7 17.3 15.5 13.5 11.2 Safety first #06 July 2008 - 1/5
NormallawFlare lawTailstrikeGround lawGround spoilersdeflection50 ft20 ft to 30 ftTouch downnThrust leversset to idleFlareA/C on the ground for5s and - θ 2.5 AFTStickFWDStickPitch sidestick ordersFigure 1: Normal landing with sidestickmaintained AFT after the touch down.3 Flight control lawimprovementIn order to avoid the above scenario, it was decidedto improve the flare law of the flight control law ofthe A320 and A321. This was done by introducinga limitation of the side stick nose up inputs duringlanding.Full UpPitch attitude commanded (deg)1816-16-2Sidestickdeflection(deg)3.1 Flare law before L84 and L93standardsThe principle is as follows: A pitch sidestick deflection corresponds to acommanded pitch attitude. The maximum commanded pitch attitude withfull back stick is 18 degrees (fig. 2).Figure 2: Flare lawbefore L84 and L93standards-22Full DownSafety first #06 July 2008 - 2/5
3.2 Flare law in L84 and L93 standardsWith the new law introduced in the latest ELAC standards (fig. 3), the maximum commanded pitchattitude on ground is limited to the values indicated in the table below:Pitch rate change 3 /s 3 /sA3209 6 A3217 4 Full UpPitch attitude commanded (deg)187 (Max limitation: pitch rate 0)4 (Max limitation: pitch rate 3%)This limitation is triggered by the ground spoilerextension, thus ensuring that it will be active onlyduring landing. It is therefore deactivated duringthe take off and go-around phases.Simulations with the improved control laws haveconfirmed the following: No impact on the landing performance The usual flare is not modified No interference in case of go-around or duringtake off due to the ground spoiler condition16-16-7.2 -4.8-2Sidestickdeflection(deg)-22Full DownFigure 3: A321 pitchattitude control lawon groundELAC hardwareELAC softwareMod. numberService BulletinA or A’L84 standard38105Not yet availableBL93 standard3800827-1182Safety first #06 July 2008 - 3/5
4 Additional alertsto impeding tailstrikeIn order to further increase pilot awareness to animpeding tailstrike, the following modifications havebeen developed for the A320 and A321: A pitch limit indicator on the Primary Flight Display,which is displayed at landing (below 400 feetAGL in both manual and automatic modes)when the thrust levers are below the FLEX/MCTsetting.Pitch limit indicatoron PFD“Pitch, Pitch”audio call-outNote: due to the below FLEX/MCT condition,the pitch limit indicator is not displayedduring the T/O phase.(This modification is available onlyfor aircraft with the EIS2 standard) A “PITCH, PITCH” call out, activated when thepitch is greater than a certain threshold and ifTOGA is not selected.(Th
Most of the tailstrikes on A320 family aircraft occur during landing in manual mode (Auto Pilot OFF), when the sidestick is maintained in the aft position after touch down (Fig1). The importance of this subject is obviously correlated to the fuselage length. It is, therefore, particularly important to A320 and A321 operators. A318 A319 A320 A321
which are 10 Airbus A320-200, 4 Airbus A321-200, 7 Airbus A330-200 and 3 Airbus A330-300. In our package you ll find the modern fleet of an: Airbus A320-200 and Airbus A321-200. To select one of these aircraft go to „Select Aircraft“. From the list „Aircraft manufacturer“ choose the entry „AIRBUS BY AEROSOFT“. TheFile Size: 1MBPage Count: 35
HL7538 Airbus A330-200 1998-07 HL7539 Airbus A330-200 1998-08 HL7552 Airbus A330-200 1999-02 HL8211 Airbus A330-200 2010-06 HL8212 Airbus A330-200 2010-08 HL8227 Airbus A330-200 2011-01 HL8228 Airbus A330-200 2011-01 HL8276 Airbus A330-200 2013-02 HL7550 Airbus A330-300 1997-01 HL7551 Airbus A330-300 1997-04
Airbus A320 Family Non-Normal Notes Airbus A320 Family Non-Normal Notes: Ver-sion 2.6
The flight management computers for the Airbus Pegasus FMS for the Airbus A320 Series and A330 are unique among Airline Transport Aircraft in that the FMS is a selectable (as opposed to sole-source). On the A320 Series of aircraft, the Flight Management function hosted within the Flight Management & Guidance Computer (FMGC),
such as the Boeing 737-800 or Airbus A380. This is likely to lead to an overestimate in emissions as newer, more efficient planes are not represented. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Distance flown (km) kg CO 2 per seat Airbus A310 Airbus A320 Airbus A330 Airbus A340 Boeing737-400 Boeing 747-200 Boeing 747-400 .
Airbus A310. Airbus then focused its efforts on the single-aisle market, which was dominated by the Boeing 737 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9. Finnair's A320-200 just after takeoff. Plans from a number of European aircraft manufacturers called for a successor to the relatively successful BAC One-Eleven, and to replace the Boeing 737–200 and DC-9.[12]
200/250-seaters like the Airbus A300, A310 and smaller model A330s 1,127 3,046 Larger twin-aisles like the Airbus A330-300 and A340 1,083 2,118 Very large and economical aircraft like the Airbus A3XX 360 1,235 Mainline single-aisle types like the Airbus A318, A319, A320 and A321 4,330 7,570 70- & 85-seater regional jets 437* 692* 2000 - 2009 .
that are trading above the highest high that was made over the last 40 trading days or stocks that are trading below the lowest price over the last 40 trading days. For position trading I like to use a longer time frame, but for swing trading I find that 40 day highs and lows provide a good trade time frame for
