Influence Of SecurIty Threats On TourIsm DestInatIon .
PREGLEDNI ČLANAKUDC: 338.48:330.34DOI: 10.5937/timsact9-81262015. Fakultet za sport i turizam, Novi Sad, TIMS Acta 9, 159-168Influence of security threats on tourismdestination developmentBojan Kurež, Faculty of Tourism, University of MariborBoris Prevolšek, Faculty of Tourism, University of MariborAbstractThe aim of the paper is to analyze the modern security environment and its impact on tourism destinationdevelopment. Contemporary security environment is a result of historical events affected by the elements of thecontemporary safety and political environment. Ground security concepts, which dominate contemporary securityenvironment, are pointed out and further linked to the development of the modern security threats shaping tourismdestination development. We are pointing out how the major security threats influence the tourism destinationdevelopment. Methodology is based on secondary analysis of literature. Several current case studies are made tosupport conclusions on relationship between security and tourism destination developments.Keywords: Safety, Security, Tourism destination, DevelopmentUticaj bezbednosnih pretnji na razvojturističke destinacijeSažetakCilj rada je analiza savremenog bezbednosnog okruženja i njegovog uticaja na razvoj turističke destinacije. Savremenobezbednosno okruženje je posledica istorijskih događaja i oblikovano je elementima savremenog koncepta sigurnosti ipolitičkog okruženja. Koncepti kopnene bezbednosti koji dominiraju savremenim bezbednosnim okruženjem se ističui dalje povezuju sa razvojem savremenih bezbednosnih pretnji, oblikujući razvoj turističkih destinacija. Autori ukazujuna to kako veće pretnje bezbednosti utiču na razvoj turističkih destinacija. Metodologija se zasniva na sekundarnojanalizi literature. Urađeno je nekoliko studija slučaja na savremenim primerima kako bi se podržali zaključci o odnosuizmeđu bezbednosti i razvoja turističke destinacije.Ključne reči: sigurnost, bezbednost, turistička destinacija, razvojTIMS Acta (2015) 9, 159-168IntroductionGlobal society lives in a world shaped byradical changes in the field of communication andinformation technology (Ovsenik, 1999, p. 290). Despitethe development and continuous improvements ofeveryday life, the security still presents the immanentelement of each society. “We face security issues and159
Kurež, B., Prevolšek, B. - Influence of security threats on tourism destination development2015. Fakultet za sport i turizam, Novi Sad, TIMS Acta 9, 159-168deal with their importance since the early periods ofthe humankind” (Kurež et al., 2009, p. 170); however itsunderstanding was and still is changing. Security conceptis a living form which changes, grows and adaptsto different environments, hence it represents theevolution of security concept and its evolution, which isinteresting. It is ironing that the evolution of the securityconcept will continue even beyond the point, when thefinal collapse of the humankind is to happen, despitethe fact that the concept itself is about the processes,mechanisms and systems dealing with the prevention ofthe collapse.Security is undoubtedly related to the field of thetourism, and has been so since its origins. The moderntravel industry emerged in 1841, when Thomas Cookorganized his first travel package from Leicester toLoughborough (UK) to a temperance meeting. Based onthe growth of the travel industry in the last 170 years, histrip was a rather simple one, however had to considermain elements of the organized travel industry, whichwere passed onto contemporary travel packages. Amongothers, security elements were and still are essentialpart of this industry.Global impacts and dimensions of the tourismeconomy are responsible for strengthening theimportance of the security issues from personal to localand global level. Halland others (2003, p. 3) report thatinternational travel industry influences the economyand political stability of entire regions, continentsand the world. Each time security threats occur at anypopular travel destination, travel flows to and fromchange dramatically. It has been noticed that the latteris even more evident from the Cold War onwards. Sincethe events on the 9/11 the security issues and safetyprocedures became an indispensable element of almostevery travel we make and they shape global travel flows(Mansfeld & Pizam, 2006, p.xiii). One of the reasons forsuch strong connections between the security threatsand travel flow changes are modern communicationtools. Information arrives to a tourist in minutes afterattacks, disputes or other security related events occur,hence the tourist have the opportunity of asses thelevel of the threat and possibly amend or cancel theirtravel plans. These reactions show in a drop of visitors,travel expenditure patterns, destination image and othershort or long term characteristics. Security treats arethus, immediately after they appear, embedded in everytourism or general economy process of the travel market.Security treats in tourismSecurity treats evolve as a product of the securityenvironment, even more they shape it; hence it is aliving form which changes throughout the history.After the Cold War the nature of treats changedsignificantly. Armed international conflicts still presentthe treat; however the importance of other non-military treats increased drastically. The most importantnonmilitary threats are: the fragility of the democraticand economic institutions and processes in the formersocialist countries and some other great powers; weaklevel of social-political cohesiveness and stability insome countries; massive violations of human rights;disrespect of the minority rights; ethnic and religiousextremism; strong imbalance in the distribution ofthe wealth and power among global centers and itsperipheral areas; strong and powerful subjects withlarge military-industrial complexes that need tensionsin order to maintain their existence; limited naturalresources essential for the continuous development ofthe entire world which could cause the development ofexacerbated relations between developed and emergingcountries; global social migrations that are consequencesof ethnical and religious tensions between differentsocial groups; international organized crime; globalenvironment threats and pollution; spread of lethaldiseases; ignorance and egoism of developed world forworld-wide problems (Lubi, 2004, pp.190-191).Alsarayreh and others (2010, pp. 145-147) focusedon studying the relations between tourism and politics.Main findings show that global tourism is a majorcomponent of the international politics and is subordinateto the ideology. Tourism is under great pressure of wars,political instability, international conflicts and terrorism.As an economy depending on changing the everydayliving environment, tourism depends on internationalpolitics, policies and relations, thus the stability andpeace are crucial for its development.160
Kurež, B., Prevolšek, B. - Influence of security threats on tourism destination development2015. Fakultet za sport i turizam, Novi Sad, TIMS Acta 9, 159-168All above mentioned security and safety issuesemerge from the contemporary security environmentand are more or less directly involved in the developmentof the tourism. Relevant literature (Hall et al; 2003,pp. 5-12; Mansfeld & Pizam, 2006, pp. 3-4) and ourown research point out the different groups of securitytreats within tourism: crime, terrorism, war, social andpolitical unrests, environmental threats and the spreadof infectious diseases.CrimeCrime certainly is one of the most serious treatsto the modern tourism. Mc Peters and Stronge reportin their early study from Miami, that the level of theeconomy and property related crime activities changesaccording to the tourism activity. The level of crimefaced significant increase during the peak tourist seasonand secondly the level of crime was much higher in thetourist then other areas (Brunt et al., 2000, p. 417). Thereare different forms of tourism related crime actions; pickpocketing, shoplifting, rapes, murders, kidnappings,piracy to name only a few. It can be either domesticagainst tourist or tourist against domestic population butsometimes also tourist against tourist population relatedcrime actions. Pečar (1999, p. 320) says that touristenvironment causes so called ambivalent feelings,needs, demands, expectations and other emotions.Destination as a different living environment enablespeople to act differently in many cases in a way whichis totally unacceptable in their home environments. Dueto their relaxation, feelings of freedom and not lack ofcontrol tourists surrender themselves to situations andactions which cause unknown comfort. In many casesthey even forget their physical, health and financialsafety. Tourist destination for many people representsa possibility for victimization. Another interesting pointwas made by Ryan and Kinder (Brunt et al., 2000. p.418) who claim that both tourism and crime shouldbe considered as deviant behavior, the tourism beingdesirable and crime not.Drug trafficking is considered to be one of themost wide spread crime forms and the number ofgroups involved in such actions increase (Dobovšek,2005). Due to the potential size of the demand marketit is impossible to monopolize this form of crime, henceinvestigating and preventing are difficult. There aremany ways to link tourism with this form of crime, sincethere are travel destinations worldwide, which touristsvisit to enroll in such crime actions. Tourists acteitheras consumers, traffickers or sellers of drugs during peakseasons when border controls cannot perform sufficientcontrol. Tourists are impossible to be isolated from drugtrafficking and the destination, even if some would wantthat, on the other hand there are destinations allowingdrug use, so tourist would visit them to experience that .At the emergence of the organized crime,prostitution was the most profitable form of crime.Today, this form of crime is no longer as profitable;however it influences the spread of other related formsof crime. Prostitution was always closely related to thetourism, while similar to the drug experience touristwould seek sexual comfort and satisfaction outside theirown living environments. There are also many cases,where prostitutes enter the country as a traveler andlater enter illegal prostitution. Another terrifying formof human trafficking is related to children, which arekidnapped while being on holidays with their parents orrelatives.Immigrant smuggling and related illegal activitiesare growing and so are the ways and forms of this crime.Organized crime groups often operate under the generaltravel mask and smuggle people into the country forfurther exploitation within prostitution and other crimeforms. Illegal immigrants are depending on the so calledprotector who sees an emigrant as a work force or eventheir own property.Car stealing and smuggling is typical mostly fordestinations close to developed tourist markets. Manytourists would travel to those destinations with theirown vehicles. Once stolen their cars get disassembledand sold for spare parts or smuggled to and sold inunderdeveloped countries.One of the rapidly developing forms of tourismrelated crime are ripping off loans, particularly commonin emerging destinations with high investment needsand potentials. People see opportunities to invest insmall businesses (e.g. bars, discotheques, restaurants,161
Kurež, B., Prevolšek, B. - Influence of security threats on tourism destination development2015. Fakultet za sport i turizam, Novi Sad, TIMS Acta 9, 159-168shops, small hotels etc.), but have no financial means.Interest rates for such quick loans are usually extremelyhigh so in most cases the borrowers are unable to returnthe principal and they either lose their business or areforced to some illegal actions by the creditors. Rippingoff loaning is quite popular in gaming destinations wherelots of addicted players need quick cash. Another form offinancial crime developed are collecting debts which arebased solely on pressures, threatening and violence. Thisform of crime operates under the pretext of providingsafety and protection from different oppressors.Human organ trafficking is a relatively new form ofcrime. Organs are used for transplantations and medicalexperiments. Tourists usually act as organs seekers andnot donors. Patients with sufficient material resourcestravel to foreign countries where they buy organs (mostlykidneys and livers) from donors who urgently needmoney. Budiani-Saberi and Delmonico (2008, p. 925) callthis “transplantation tourism” and they add that therewere cases, where tourist reported being a victim ofsuch treatment. In some cases the tourists’ adventurousspirit takes them to dangerous areas where they exposethemselves to targeting groups and became victims ofhuman organs trafficking.Money laundering is a common name for alltechniques used for exchanging illegally obtained wealthfor fair and legal income. Crime groups involved in moneylaundering usually try to hide their criminal actions orsimply abuse the taxation system. Tourism industry isa source of fast and large money turnover and despiteglobal information and communication technology thereis still a large portion of financial transactions done intraditional way (e.g. in cash). Such financial flows areideal for money laundering. Many destinations withpoor or no electronic payment systems use exchangebureaus or offices for money laundering. Many economicactivities are involved in forgeries. Most problematic arecredit cards forgeries which jeopardize the entire banksystems. In addition tourists are involved in traffickingof counterfeited products (e.g. music disks, clothes,jewelry and other accessories).The above mentioned forms of organized crimerelated to tourism are only a few which are spreadworldwide. Pizam (1999, p. 5) claims that there is nota single minute without a tourism related crime actionbeing committed somewhere in the world. Additionallythere are also numerous crime actions involving domesticpopulation. Nevertheless, the theory and research,conducted on the topic of tourism related crime, teachus that there is a need to differentiate between the formof crime and its impact on destination choice. Peoplewould rarely move for the sake of the crime level intheir home environments but they do select their traveldestinations accordingly.TerrorismTourism represents an integral part of theglobalization (Tarlow, 2006, p. 45), the terrorismembodying its darkest side. As a result of globalizationprocess tourism and terrorism became inevitablylinked. By accessing the most advanced destructiontechnologies terrorist threats and consequences ofterrorist attacks have became more powerful andeffective than ever before. Recent terrorist activitiescaused the rise of precautionary measures at the airportsand national borders, thus tourism is being affected aswell. On the other hand, many tourist attractions arepositioned close to politically and nationally importantelements or statues; hence, tourist became easy terroristtarget (Faulkner, 2001, p. 142).By being one of the most important global economicactivities tourism also became an interesting target forterrorists. It has been established already that terroristsseek their targets according to the importance within thetargeted area, which economy always is. Tourism is alsoattractive to the media, hence it has immediate mediaattention and the latter is also something terrorists alwayslook for. Richer (Sonmez & Graefe, 1998, p. 119) claimsthat media interests for terrorists’ political demandsconfirm the attractiveness of tourists areas for attacks.There are three known forms of links between theterrorism and tourism (Pizam & Mansfel, 2006, p. 4).Firstly tourist can becomevictimized by coincident or onpurpose and the tourism infrastructure can be targetedby terrorists due to its attractiveness to the media.Tarlow (2006, pp. 45-46) considers aircrafts, majorships, coaches, restaurants and popular bars, events andvenues for gathering large masses of visitors as mostattractive terrorism targets. Among other reasons for162
Kurež, B., Prevolšek, B. - Influence of security threats on tourism destination development2015. Fakultet za sport i turizam, Novi Sad, TIMS Acta 9, 159-168such attractiveness Tarlow (2006, p. 44) mentions thehesitation of the tourism industry in offering resistance,as additional cause for their fragility. Tourism workers areusually afraid to take extra security measures becausethey might affect the demand and indirectly profits. Aslarge industry, linking many different economies, tourismattracts terrorist groups, who seek to destroy importanteconomies. Attacking tourism indirectly means attackingevery single industry depending on it. Tourism is alsoattractive for media and terrorists seek media attention,yet another evidence of relations between the tourismand crime. Tourism involves important cultural andnatural attractions which in most cases present theidentity and history of each nation and again the identityis something terrorists and other crime groups are tryingto damage. The last but not least important criterionfor attractiveness of tourist sites for terrorist actionsare masses of people at those places, so terrorists caneasily disguise. Terrorism seeks targets meeting at leastthree out of four above mentioned criteria which touristdestinations easily meet (opportunity for large numberof victims, opportunity for publicity and media coverage,opportunity for major economic damage and opportunityfor identity or national symbols destruction).WarsThere are a number of politically unstable regionsand countries worldwide. The instability is caused byreligious, ethnic, racial and other disputes or imbalances.Quite frequent instabilities involve regions of Middle East,Western Balkans , Kashmir, Caucasus, Korean peninsulaand some others. Those areas are not isolated unstableareas but they do present a threat to wider regions andoccasionally involve in military interventions, hencedestabilize the country. Such circumstances are ideal fordifferent forms of pressures on people and infrastructureand result in greater opportunities for development oforganized crime.Irrespective of their origins and backgrounds, warsimpose great impact on the tourism demand, not only inclose but wider areas if not on a global scale. As opposedto the terrorist attacks war breakouts affect wider regionalareas and have far greater consequences on tourism thanthe terrorism (Pizam & Mansfeld, 2006, p. 4).Social and political unrestsSocial and political unrests appear as military coups,violent demonstrations, uprisings and other forms ofresistance. There are many potential reasons for suchevents (e.g. incompetent government, corruption, abuseof political power, weak state institutions and lack ofresponsibilities by the public sector) and in many casesthey lead to the disintegration of the country or at leastto collapse of the government. The latter is ideal forthe development of war situations, terrorist actions,weapons smuggling and organized crime, which areall important factors for the development of insecureimage thus affecting international attractiveness. Theseand similar social events or unrests will result in dropof international arrivals (Pizam & Mansfeld, 2006, p. 4)irrespective of the real level of threats to the tourists.Such and similar social and political unrests haveindirect impacts on domestic as well as internationaltourism demand (Pizam & Mansfeld, 2006, p. 4). Oncedetails on riots enter international media they willimmediately affect the destinations image even thoughthere is no serious threat for the tourists. The finaldamage to the tourism depends on crisis management,which can mitigate most of the medium to long-termimpacts and entirely focuses on strategies for recognizingand coping with unwanted events (Fa
destInatIon development Bojan Kurež, Faculty of Tourism, University of Maribor Boris Prevolšek, Faculty of Tourism, University of Maribor abstract The aim of the paper is to analyze the modern security environment and its impact on tourism destination development. Contemporary security environment is a result of historical events affected by .
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