DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATIONS-
Design and Construction of Driven PileFoundations—Lessons Learned on theCentral Artery/Tunnel ProjectPUBLICATION NO. FHWA-HRT-05-159Research, Development, and TechnologyTurner-Fairbank Highway Research Center6300 Georgetown PikeMcLean, VA 22101-2296JUNE 2006
FOREWORDThe purpose of this report is to document the issues related to the design and construction ofdriven pile foundations at the Central Artery/Tunnel project. Construction issues that arepresented include pile heave and the heave of an adjacent building during pile driving.Mitigation measures, including the installation of wick drains and the use of preaugering, provedto be ineffective. The results of 15 dynamic and static load tests are also presented and suggestthat the piles have more capacity than what they were designed for. The information presented inthis report will be of interest to geotechnical engineers working with driven pile foundationsystems.Gary L. HendersonDirector, Office of InfrastructureResearch and DevelopmentNOTICEThis document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportationin the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use ofthe information contained in this document.The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks ormanufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to theobjective of the document.QUALITY ASSURANCE STATEMENTThe Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serveGovernment, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standardsand policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of itsinformation. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes toensure continuous quality improvement.
Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No.2. Government Accession No.FHWA-HRT-05-1594. Title and SubtitleDesign and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations—Lessons Learned on the Central Artery/Tunnel Project3. Recipient’s Catalog No.5. Report DateJune 20066. Performing Organization Code7. Author(s)Aaron S. Bradshaw and Christopher D.P. Baxter8. Performing Organization Report No.9. Performing Organization Name and AddressUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansett, RI 0288210. Work Unit No.12. Sponsoring Agency Name and AddressOffice of Infrastructure Research and DevelopmentFederal Highway Administration6300 Georgetown PikeMcLean, VA 22101-229611. Contract or Grant No.DTFH61-03-P-0017413. Type of Report and Period CoveredFinal ReportJanuary 2003–August 200314. Sponsoring Agency Code15. Supplementary NotesContracting Officer’s Technical Representative (COTR): Carl Ealy, HRDS-0616. AbstractFive contracts from the Central Artery/Tunnel (CA/T) project in Boston, MA, were reviewed to document issuesrelated to design and construction of driven pile foundations. Given the soft and compressible marine clays in theBoston area, driven pile foundations were selected to support specific structures, including retaining walls,abutments, roadway slabs, transition structures, and ramps. This report presents the results of a study to assess thelessons learned from pile driving on the CA/T. This study focused on an evaluation of static and dynamic load testdata and a case study of significant movement of an adjacent building during pile driving. The load test resultsshowed that the piles have more capacity than what they were designed for. At the site of significant movement of anadjacent building, installation of wick drains and preaugering to mitigate additional movement proved to beineffective. Detailed settlement, inclinometer, and piezometer data are presented.18. Distribution StatementNo restrictions. This document is available to the publicthrough the National Technical Information Service,Springfield, VA 22161.21. No. of Pages 22. Price20. Security Classif. (of thispage)58Unclassified17. Key WordsDriven piles, heave, CAPWAP, static load test,Boston tunnel19. Security Classif. (of this report)UnclassifiedForm DOT F 1700.7 (8-72)Reproduction of completed page authorized
SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORSAPPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITSSymbolWhen You KnowinftydmiinchesfeetyardsmilesMultiply ByLENGTH25.40.3050.9141.61To quare millimeterssquare meterssquare metershectaressquare kilometersmm2m2mha2kmAREA2in2ft2ydac2misquare inchessquare feetsquare yardacressquare miles645.20.0930.8360.4052.59fl ozgalft33ydfluid ouncesgallonscubic feetcubic yardsozlbTouncespoundsshort tons (2000 in2poundforcepoundforce per square inch2VOLUME29.57milliliters3.785liters0.028cubic meters0.765cubic meters3NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in mmLLm33mMASS28.350.4540.907gramskilogramsmegagrams (or "metric ton")gkgMg (or "t")TEMPERATURE (exact degrees)F5 (F-32)/9or N10.763.426FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS4.456.89newtonskilopascalsNkPaAPPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITSSymbolWhen You y ByLENGTH0.0393.281.090.621To FindSymbolinchesfeetyardsmilesinftydmisquare inchessquare feetsquare yardsacressquare milesinft22ydac2mifluid ouncesgallonscubic feetcubic yardsfl ozgal3ft3ydouncespoundsshort tons (2000 lb)ozlbTAREA2mmm22mha2kmsquare millimeterssquare meterssquare metershectaressquare tersliterscubic meterscubic metersgkgMg (or "t")gramskilogramsmegagrams (or "metric 2.2021.103TEMPERATURE (exact degrees)C1.8C 9290.2919FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS0.2250.145poundforcepoundforce per square inchlbf2lbf/in*SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380.(Revised March 2003)ii
TABLE OF CONTENTSPageCHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION . 1ROLE OF DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATIONS ON THE CA/T PROJECT . 1OBJECTIVES . 3SCOPE . 3CHAPTER 2. DRIVEN PILE DESIGN CRITERIA AND SPECIFICATIONS. 5SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS . 5DESIGN CRITERIA AND SPECIFICATIONS . 9Pile Types . 9Preaugering Criteria. 10Pile Driving Criteria . 10Axial Load and Pile Load Test Criteria. 13CHAPTER 3. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND METHODS . 15EQUIPMENT AND METHODS . 15CONSTRUCTION-RELATED ISSUES. 19Pile Heave. 19Soil Heave. 21Summary. 27CHAPTER 4. DYNAMIC AND STATIC PILE LOAD TEST DATA . 29LOAD TEST METHODS. 29Dynamic Load Test Methods. 29Static Load Test Methods . 30LOAD TEST RESULTS. 33Dynamic Results and Interpretation . 35Comparison of CAPWAP Data . 38Static Load Test Data. 39Comparison of Dynamic and Static Load Test Data . 41CHAPTER 5. COST DATA OF DRIVEN PILES. 43CHAPTER 6. LESSONS LEARNED . 45REFERENCES. 47iii
LIST OF FIGURESPageFigure 1. Locations of selected contracts from the CA/T project. 2Figure 2. Soil profile at the contract C07D1 site as encountered in Boring EB3-5. 6Figure 3. Soil profile at the contract C07D2 site as encountered in Boring EB2-149. 7Figure 4. Soil profile at the contract C08A1 site as encountered in Boring EB6-37. 7Figure 5. Soil profile at the contract C09A4 site as encountered in Boring IC10-13. . 8Figure 6. Soil profile at the contract C19B1 site as encountered in Boring AN3-101. . 8Figure 7. Typical pile details for a 30-cm-diameter PPC pile. . 11Figure 8. Typical pile details for a 41-cm-diameter PPC pile with stinger. . 12Figure 9. Single-acting diesel hammer. . 16Figure 10. Double-acting diesel hammer. 17Figure 11. Single-acting hydraulic hammer. 17Figure 12. Typical pile driving record. . 18Figure 13. Site plan, piling layout for the arrivals tunnel at Logan Airport. . 19Figure 14. Site plan showing locations of piles, building footprint, and geotechnicalinstrumentation. . 22Figure 15. Settlement data obtained during first phase of pile driving. 23Figure 16. Settlement data obtained during second phase of pile driving. . 25Figure 17. Multipoint heave gauge data obtained during second phase of pile driving. . 25Figure 18. Pore pressure data obtained during second phase of pile driving. . 26Figure 19. Inclinometer data obtained during second phase of pile driving. 27Figure 20. Example of CAPWAP signal matching, test pile 16A1-1. 30Figure 21. Typical static load test arrangement showing instrumentation. . 31Figure 22. Load-displacement curves for pile toe, test pile 16A1-1. 37Figure 23. CAPWAP capacities at end of initial driving (EOD) and beginningof restrike (BOR). . 39Figure 24. Deflection of pile head during static load testing of pile 12A1-1. . 40Figure 25. Distribution of load in pile 12A1-1. . 40Figure 26. Deflection of pile head during static load testing of pile 14. 40Figure 27. Distribution of load in pile 14. . 40Figure 28. Deflection of pile head during static load testing of pile IPW. . 41Figure 29. Distribution of load in pile IPW. . 41iv
LIST OF TABLESPageTable 1. Summary of selected contracts using driven pile foundations. . 2Table 2. Summary of pile types used on the selected CA/T contracts. . 10Table 3. Summary of pile types and axial capacity (requirements identified in the selectedcontracts). . 13Table 4. Summary of pile driving equipment used on the selected contracts. 15Table 5. Summary of pile spacing from selected contracts. . 21Table 6. Maximum building heave observed during pile driving. 23Table 7. Summary of pile and preauger information. 34Table 8. Summary of pile driving information. . 34Table 9. Summary of CAPWAP capacity data. 35Table 10. Summary of CAPWAP soil parameters. 38Table 11. Summary of static load test data. . 39Table 12. Summary of dynamic and static load test data. . 42Table 13. Summary of contractor’s bid costs for pile driving. . 43Table 14. Summary of contractor’s bid costs for preaugering. 43v
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTIONPile foundations are used extensively for the support of buildings, bridges, and other structures tosafely transfer structural loads to the ground and to avoid excess settlement or lateral movement.They are very effective in transferring structural loads through weak or compressible soil layersinto the more competent soils and rocks below. A “driven pile foundation” is a specific type ofpile foundation where structural elements are driven into the ground using a large hammer. Theyare commonly constructed of timber, precast prestressed concrete (PPC), and steel (H-sectionsand pipes).Historically, piles have been used extensively for the support of structures in Boston, MA. Thisis mostly a result of the need to transfer loads through the loose fill and compressible marineclays that are common in the Boston area. Driven piles, in particular, have been a preferredfoundation system because of their relative ease of installation and low cost. They have playedan important role in the Central Artery/Tunnel (CA/T) project.ROLE OF DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATIONS ON THE CA/T PROJECTThe CA/T project is recognized as one of the largest and most complex highway projects in theUnited States. The project involved the replacement of Boston’s deteriorating six-lane, elevatedcentral artery (Interstate (I) 93) with an underground highway; construction of two new bridgesover the Charles River (the Leverett Circle Connector Bridge and the Leonard P. Zakim BunkerHill Bridge); and the extension of I–90 to Boston’s Logan International Airport and Route 1A.The project has been under construction since late 1991 and is scheduled to be completed in2005.(1)Driven pile foundations were used on the CA/T for the support of road and tunnel slabs, bridgeabutments, egress ramps, retaining walls, and utilities. Because of the large scale of the project,the construction of the CA/T project was actually bid under 73 separate contracts. Five of thesecontracts were selected for this study, where a large number of piles were installed, and 15 pileload tests were performed. The locations of the individual contracts are shown in figure 1 andsummarized in table 1. A description of the five contracts and associated pile-supportedstructures is also given below.1. Contract C07D1 is located adjacent to Logan Airport in East Boston and includedconstruction of a part of the I–90 Logan Airport Interchange roadway network. Newroadways, an egress ramp, retained fill sections, a viaduct structure, and retaining walls wereall constructed as part of the contract.(2) Driven piles were used primarily to support theegress ramp superstructure, abutments, roadway slabs, and retaining walls.2. Contract C07D2 is located adjacent to Logan Airport in East Boston and includedconstruction of a portion of the I–90 Logan Airport Interchange. Major new structuresincluded highway sections, a viaduct structure, a reinforced concrete open depressedroadway (boat section), and at-grade approach roadways.(2) Driven piles were used to supportthe boat section, walls and abutments, and portions of the viaduct.1
C8A1C19B1C7D1/D2I-93I-90C9A4Figure 1. Locations of selected contracts from the CA/T project.(3)Table 1. Summary of selected contracts using driven pile ionLogan AirportLogan AirportLogan AirportDowntownCharlestownDescriptionI–90 Logan Airport InterchangeI–90 Logan Airport InterchangeI–90 and Route 1A InterchangeI–93/I–90 Interchange, I-93 NorthboundI–93 Viaducts and Ramps North of the Charles River3. Contract C08A1 is located just north of Logan Airport in East Boston and includedconstruction of the I–90 and Route 1A interchange. This contract involved new roadways,retained fill structures, a viaduct, a boat section, and a new subway station.(2) Both verticaland inclined piles were used to support retaining walls and abutments.4. Contract C09A4 is located just west of the Fort Point Channel in downtown Boston. Thecontract encompassed construction of the I–90 and I–93 interchange, and the northboundsection of I–93. Major new structures included surface roads, boat sections, tunnel sections,viaducts, and a bridge.(2) Piles were used to support five approach structures that provide atransition from on-grade roadways to the viaduct sections. Piles were also used to supportutility pipelines.5. Contract C19B1 is located just north of the Charles River in Charlestown. The contractincluded the construction of viaduct and ramp structures forming an interchange connectingRoute 1, Storrow Drive, and I–93 roadways. Major new structures included roadwaytransition structures, boat sections, retaining walls, and a stormwater pump station.(2) Piles2
were used to support the ramp structures that transition from on-grade roadways to theviaduct or boat sections.OBJECTIVESThe overall objective of this report is to document the lessons learned from the installation ofdriven piles on the CA/T project. This includes review and analysis of pile design criteria andspecifications, pile driving equipment and methods, issues encountered during construction,dynamic and static load test data, and cost data for different pile types and site conditions.SCOPEThis report consists of six chapters, the firs
Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations—Lessons Learned on the Central Artery/Tunnel Project PUBLICATION NO. FHWA-HRT-05-159 JUNE 2006 Research, Development, and Technology Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296. FOREWORD The purpose of this report is to document the issues related to the design and construction of driven pile .
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