VoI.15 No.2 ISSN 0036 9144 - Scottish Ornithologists' Club
VoI.15 No.2ISSN 0036 9144
Scottish BirdsThe Journal of the Scottish Ornithologists' ClubEditor: N. P icozziAssisted by: N.P . Ashmole and M .A. Ogilvie.Business Editor: The Secretary, S .O.C., 21 Regent Terrace, Edinburgh EH7 SBT.Scottish Birds, the o fficial journal of the Scottish Ornithologists' Club, publishes originalmaterial relating to ornithology in Scotland; papers concerned with status and distributionare particularly invited . Short notes are also accepted. Papers and short notes should be sentto The Editor, Scottish Birds,21 Regent Terrace, Edinburgh EH7 SBT.Two numbers of Scottish Birds are published each year, in June and December. Scottish Birds is issued free to members of the Scottish Ornithologists ' Club , who also receivethe quarterly newsletter Scottish Bird News. Scottish Birds and Scottish Bird News are availableto non-members at a subscription rate (1988) of 30.00. For information on advertising contact the Business Editor.The Scottish Ornithologists' Club was formed in 1936 to encourage all aspects of ornithologyin Scotland. It has local branches which meet in Aberdeen , Ayr, the Borders, Dumfries ,Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness , New Galloway, St Andrews, Stirling, Stranraerand Thurso, each with its own programme of field meetings and winter lectures. The WaterstonLibrary at the Club's headquarters at 21 Regent Terrace, Edinburgh EH7 SBT is one of themost comprehensive ornithological libraries in Scotland, and is available for reference during office hours (Monday to Friday , 9am to Spm). The SOC Bird Bookshop at Regent Terrace carries a large stock and can supply any Natural History book in print. Much of thebusiness is by mail order , but personal callers are welcomed during office hours. The currentcatalogue is available on request. The Bird Bookshop is run by the SOC for the benefit o fornithology in Scotland.SOC annual membership subscription ratesAdult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.00Junior (under 18, or student under 2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.00Family (husband & wife, & children under 18) . . . . . . . . . . . 14.50Life Individual . . . . . . . 200.00Family . . . . . . . . 300.00Pensioner Individual . . . . . . 6.00Family . . . . . . . . 8 .S0
Scottish Birds (1988) 15: 49-fJO49Numbers of wintering Pink-footed and Greylag Geese innorth-east Scotland 1950-1986M.V. BELL, J. DUNBARAND J. PARKINThe status of Pink-footed and Greylag Geese in northeast Scotland this century is described with emphasis onthe large changes which have occurred since 1960. During this period the numbers of Pinkfeet have increasedgreatly at the two traditional roosts, the Loch ofStrathbeg and the Meikle Loch. Up to 30% (40,000 birds)of the British wintering population may roost there.Greylag have also increased and now occupy five newroosts. North-east Scotland regularly holds up to 30%(30,000 birds) of the British wintering population ofGreylag. The reasons for these changes are discussed.IntroductionPink-footed Geese Anser brochyrhynchosand Greylag Geese Anser onser have beenwintering in north-east Scotland for manyyears. The early Scottish naturalist ThomasEdward recorded Pink feet at the Loch ofStrathbeg (Smiles 1877), but there was considerable cohfusion between this species andthe Bean Goose Anser fobolis in the 19thcentury. Pinkfeet were certainly present atStrathbeg by the turn of the century and bythe late 19305 up to several thousand occurred here, and in the Slains area to the southin autumn (Berry 1939). However, the useof the Loch of Strathbeg as a roost was probably interrupted during both world wars.In the Great War it was used as a seaplanebase and in the second war there was disturbance from the adjacent Crimond airfield.At the time of Berry's review of wild duckand wild geese in Scotland, Greylag werestated to be present in only small numbersat several sites in the Dee faunal area, withtheir status unchanged for many years(Berry 1939). No quantitative informationon the wintering geese existed before theWildfowl Trust began its series of nationalNovember counts of Pinkfeet in 1950 andGreylag in 1960.This paper describes the fluctuations innumbers of both species since then. Duringthis period several new roosts have been occupied by Greylag, and the last 10 years inparticular have seen some dramatic changes.North-east Scotland is now one of the mostimportant areas in Britain for both Pinkfeetand Greylag with up to 40,000 and 30,000respectively.Survey areaThe area of north-east Scotland discussedin this paper is shown in Fig. 1. It comprisesthe area north of the River nee and east ofthe River Deveron, mainly the old countyof Aberdeenshire including part of Kincardine to the south and Banff to the northwest, all now in Grampian region. This largearea has very few stretches of water whichare suitable as goose roosts and consequentlylarge numbers of geese are concentrated ina few sites. This has the advantage that afew observers can obtain a fairly completepicture of the changes in numbers throughthe winter. There are two major Pinkfeetroosts, at Loch of Strathbeg and the MeikIeLoch/Ythan estuary, and seven Greylag
50SB 15 (2)M. V. Bell et al.Fedde rate .ReservoirYthanFyvieHaddo .Ho u seLakeNorth1Howe of10 kmFIGURE 1. A map of north-east Scotland showing the position of the goose roosts and other placesmentioned in the text, in relation to the main rivers and the coast. Pinkfeet roost at Loch of Strathbegand the Meikle Loch, and Creylag roost at the Loch of Strathbeg, Fedderate Reservoir, Haddo HouseLake, the Slains Lochs, Corby Loch, Loch of Skene and the Dinnet Lochs.roosts, at Loch of Strathbeg, Loch ofSkene, Lochs Davan and Kinord (collectivelythe Dinnet Lochs), Haddo House, CorbyLoch, the Slains Lochs and FedderateReservoir.The roosts in north-east Scotland arewell separated from the other winteringareas for both species. There are no majorPinkfoot sites to the north and the nearestroost to the south is the Montrose Basin (77km SSW of the Ythan estuary), which isregaining its former importance since theScottish Wildlife Trust established a reservethere in 1981. There are major concentrations of Greylag in Caithness, Easter Rossand along the Moray Firth. The nearestroosts are at Loch Spynie near Elgin (82 kmwest of Strathbeg) and in Strathmore (Perthshire and Angus), 50 km to the south ofthe Dinnet Lochs .MethodsExperienced observers familiar with particularsites counted geese arriving at or leaving theroosts. Long runs of data were available from thesame few observers for most roosts.The national November count data weretaken from Boyd & Ogilvie (1969, 1972), Ogilvie& Boyd (1976), from the annual reports of theWildfowl Trust and from Or M.A. Ogilvie (pers.comm.).
1988Agricultural statistics on cropping regimeswere obtained from the Scottish Records Officefor selected Aberdeenshire parishes and yearssince 1960. The parishes of Crimond, Lonrnayand St Fergus were taken as representative of thefeeding areas used by the geese from Strathbeg;those of Slains, Logie-Buchan and Foveran forthe geese from Meikle; Methlick and Meldrumfor the geese from Haddo; Kinellar and Skene forthe geese from Skene and Lumphanan, andLeochel-Cushnie for the geese from Dinnet. Theyears 1960, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1978, 1980, 1982and 1984 were taken to give a spread over theperiod since north-east Scotland became of major importance for wintering geese.Geese in NE Scotland30o25o 20Xa;15 . I.a:C105o L 1954155ResultsBuchanLoch of Strathbeg Of the two goose roosts inBuchan, the Loch of Strathbeg qualifies as a siteof international importance for ducks, geese andswans. The loch is large (220 ha), shallow, ratherexposed and within 500 m of the sea. It is a difficult roost to count because of its size. Since theRSPB reserve was established in 1973 most of thegeese have roosted at the sheltered north-west endof the loch in the peninsula area which is relativelyundisturbed by wildfowlers.There is a run of monthly counts at Strathbegsince the mid-1950s. Fig. 2 shows the winter maximum and average mid-monthly count (Octoberto March up to 1973, October to April since 1973)for both Pink feet and Greylag at Loch ofStrathbeg since the 1954/55 winter. Table 1 showsthe average mid-monthly counts for seven convenient periods from 1954/55 to 1986/87 and themaximum count within each period. Until the1963/64 winter numbers of both species were low,with Pinkfeet slightly the more numerous.Greylag numbers were relatively stable throughthe winter while Pink feet numbers reached a peakin autumn and then declined. Numbers remained fairly constant for the next eight or nine winterswith both species present in similar numbers andincreasingly likely to stay through the winter.Numbers increased after 1973. In the following 10 years the Greylag reached maxima of 9500in November 1975,9600 in November 1982 and8350 in March 1985. Since the 1984/85 winter theGreylag numbers have decreased slightly butPinkfeet numbers have increased markedly. Themaximum count of Pinkfeet at Strathbeg up to1983/84 was 7500 in November 1977 but in the1984/85 winter, 20,200 were recorded in October,51oo10X56016165/6670/7175/760018185/86oCl 0l!?1954/55 00161Cl65/8670/7175/760018185/86WinterFIGURE 2. The average monthly count andmaximum count of Pinlcfeet and Grey/ag at Lochof Strathbeg each winter from the 1954/55 1986187 winters.with 27,900 in October 1985 and 29,800 in October 1986. Over 10,000 were also present in thesprings of 1985, 1986 and 1987.Fedderate Reservoir The small flock of Greylagat Fedderate Reservoir has been counted inNovember and March since 1977 but it is not clearwhen the site was first occupied (John Edelstenpers. comm.). This small water (c. \0 ha) is easily disturbed and appeared to hold more birds inthe spring after the end of the shooting seasonthan in the autumn. The numbers in Novemberranged from 10-2500 (average 684) between 1977and 1986, and in March ranged from 1400-2700birds (average 1840) between 1982 and 1986. Thesurrounding land which rises to 200 m (650 ft)is very exposed, often taking the brunt of wintersnow storms from the north, and is therefore frequently deserted by geese in mid-winter.Ythan ValleySlains Lochs and Vthan Estuary The Slains estateand adjacent Ythan Estuary have been used extensively by both Pink feet and Greylag for many
52M. V. Bell et al.SB 15 (2)TABLE 1. The average monthly counts of geese at Loch of Strathbeg from 1954/55-1986187, togetherwith the maximum count within each period (no counts available for the 1956/57 winter; ne 680770874416040633617years. Unfortunately there is little information onnumbers here apart from the national Novembercounts. Since 1980/81 more frequent counts havebeen carried out.During the last 10 years the main Pinkfootroost has been the Meikle Loch (26 ha). This isa Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) but isnot part of the Sands of Forvie and Ythan EstuaryNational Nature Reserve (NNR). The muchsmaller Cotehill Loch (3. 1 ha) and Sand Loch (4.4ha) are included in the NNR. The Meikle, Cotehilland Sand Lochs are collectively referred to as theSlains Lochs since they are situated on the Slainsestate. In the following account Meikle Loch isused when discussing Pinkfeet and the SlainsLochs when discussing Greylag as small numbersof the latter often roosted on Cotehill and SandLochs, and pools on the Sands of Forvie. Therewas controlled wildfowling for geese and ducksat the lochs, and they provided a better sanctuarythan the Ythan Estuary NNR 3 km to the southwhich was regularly disturbed by wildfowling.However, at the end of the shooting season thePinkfeet resorted increasingly to the estuary andby mid-April most roosted there. SometimesPinkfeet roosted on Sand Loch near Collieston,and also on a semi-permanent floodwater poolI km to the north of the Meikle 29800Maximum1100373443805000950096008350The much smaller flock of Greylag was alsol1sually found on the Meikle Loch, but showeda greater tendency to disperse. Flocks of severalhundred birds quite often occurred on Sand Loch,pools on the Sands of Forvie, and at the Ythan0ooxCl., -15105Q)(;1955oo10X5o.6065707570758085Q)Q). 0ca::65YearFIGURE 3. The November counts of P;nkfeet andGreylas at the Sla;ns Lochs between 1953 and1986.
Geese in NE Scotland1988".,".Q),e1980/810::'0'"e " "00.cI-.".".e ::: 53,.1981/82." , ."1982/8314.,,."1983/841984/851985/86FIG URE 4. The numbers of Pinkfeet roosting at the Meikle LochlYthan Estuary between September andMay from the 1980/81 - 1985/86 winters. The arrows indicate snowfalls and the bars periods with10 cm or more snow cover. Broken lines are extrapolations based on counts before and aftersnowfalls.Estuary in the spring; smaller numbers roostedat Cotehillless regularly. Site preferences changedbetween and within winters.The November counts of Pinkfeet in the1950s ranged from 0-2000 (Fig. 3), but since themid-l960s very large numbers have occurred insome autumns. The November counts indicate little change in the status of the Pinkfoot here overthe last 20 years; more than 10,000 birds were present in November 1966, 1967, 1969, 1974, 1975,1983 and 1985. It seems probable that more nowremain through the winter and occur in the spring.than formerly.Between the 1980/81 and 1985/86 wintersdetailed counts were obtained of the geeseroosting at the Meikle Loch and Ythan Estuary.Whenever possible, attempts were made to countthe roost weekly or fortnightly. Small numbersof Pinkfeet often arrived in the second week ofSeptember but the main arrival was in lateSeptember and early October, usually peaking atc.15,OOO birds in October (Fig.4) . In most yearsnumbers had dropped by the November count,although high numbers were maintained throughNovember in 1983 and 1985. The main factor influencing numbers in December, January andFebruary was the presence of snow deeper thanc.1O cm. In winters when the Buchan coast wassnowfree, numbers remained high throughout thewinter, e.g. 1982183, 1983/84 and 1984/85 (Fig.4). In the three snowy winters, all the Pinkfeetleft at least once, and this is probably moretypical. However, the 1985/86 winter was unusualas three well-separated snowfalls caused majordepartures of the Pinkfeet, but on each occasionthey soon returned.In late February numbers began to build upand the spring peak was reached in late Marchor April (Fig. 4). In the first three winters of thisseries (1980/81 - 1982183) the totals in lateFebruary and March were obtained from fieldcounts, which at the time were thought to be adequate but which we now think may have been incomplete. No counts were carried out in April1981 or 1982. In 1984/85 and 1985/86 there werevery large peaks in late April and the departurein April 1985 especially was very late. In bothyears a prolonged period of cold north-westerlywinds in late April may have delayed departure.The numbers of Greylag at the Slains Lochshave been more variable than those of Pinkfeetover the last 25 years. The November counts between 1960 and 1966, and from 1974 onwards wererather low (326-1783 birds, Fig. 3), but in1967-1973 numbers were much higher with 9370in November 1969. The largest numbers ofGreylag here since 1974 were 3600 on 9 April 1978and 3200 on 20 November 1983. The autumnnumbers have decreased and the main build-upof Greylag at Slains occurred after the Novembercount in the 1983/84, 1984/85 and 1985/86winters. Over the six winters studied the average
54M . V. Bell et al.S8 15 (2)number of Greylag present from mid-October tomid-April ranged from 500-1600.Haddo House Lake The lakes at Haddo Houseare small (c.4 ha each) and largely surrounded bytrees. The Greylag roost on the upper lake whichhas been in the Grampian Region Country Parksince 1981 and a sanctuary for many years. Someduck shooting occurs on the lower lake. The roostwas first noticed in the autumn of 1981 when theranger reported c.4000 Greylag in mid-November.By the end of November c.7000 were presentwhich at the time was one of the largest countsrecorded in north-east Scotland .The early history of this roost is unclear. Apparently small numbers (less than IOOO) had beenpresent since about 1974. In the winter of 1980/81they eat1y increased. There had never been anyshootmg of the geese. After the "discovery" ofthis roost in 1981 it was monitored fairly regularlyand numbers fluctuated greatly. In autumn 1982the Greylag arrived in mid-October, c.4000 werepresent from late October to mid-November afterwhich numbers increased rapidly to 11,900 on 11December, falling thereafter. In the 1983/ 84winter, numbers showed a similar pattern (peak77(0), but in the 1984/85 winter the autumn peakdid not occur and numbers remained at c.40005000 from late October to late January thendecreased. In the 1985/ 86 winter c.HOO birds werepresent throughout. Table 2 shows the numbersof Greylag at the Haddo House roost on theNovember and March counts between the1981/82 and 1985/86 winters. Pinkfeet wereonly once recorded at this roost.TABLE 2. The national November and Marchcounts of Greylag Geese at the Haddo Houseroost from the 1981/83-1986/87 winter.1981/82 1982/83 1983/84 1984185 The reason for these sudden changes inGreylag numbers is unclear. The lake is very smallfor so many geese and easily disturbed. Even so,geese did not start coming in after dark, as theynow do at other sites in the north-east. There areno known alternative roost sites nearby, although3000 Greylag were seen at Fyvie Lake inNovember 1979 (Owen et al. 1986), which appearsto predate the large numbers at Haddo House.They have not been seen subsequently at Fyvie.Donside and DeesideLoch of Skene and Kemnay The Loch of Skeneis large (118 ha) , shallow and rather exposed onthe low ground between lower Deeside and lowerDonside. There was an autumn peak, lownumbers in mid-winter depending on snow cover,and a spring peak . The Loch of Skene was subject to regular wildfowling. There were no sitesclose by which were suitable as permanent roostsbut there were several semi-permanent marshesand pools in the Don valley to the north. Thesewere probably used occasionally and may explainsome of the fluctuations in numbers at Skene.When the November counts of Greylag werestarted in 1960 there were several hundredroosting on the River Don near Kemnay and noneused the Loch of Skene. The first record at Skenewas of 150 in November 1964 and numbers increased to 2700 in 1974. During this periodnumbers at Kemnay were very stable at around200 birds. There were no further records of geeseroosting at Kemnay until late November 1987when c.1500 used the site for about a week (G .Wright pers. comm .).Fig. 5a shows the November counts for Lochof Skene since 1960. Both the November 1983 andNovember 1984 counts were thought to be incomplete; in 1983 4000 were present a week eitherside of the count date and in 1984 a flood in theDon valley probably attracted many birds. Afterthe initial stabilization at c. 2500 birds in themid-1970s there was an increase to about 4000birds between
Scottish Birds, the official journal of the Scottish Ornithologists' Club, publishes original material relating to ornithology in Scotland; papers concerned with status and distribution are particularly invited. Short notes are also accepted. Papers and short notes should be sent to The Editor, Scottish Birds,21 Regent Terrace, Edinburgh EH7 SBT.
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