President Harry S. Truman’s Address Before A Joint Session .

I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential toeconomic stability and orderly political processes.The world is not static, and the status quo is not sacred. But we cannot allow changes in the status quoin violation of the Charter of the United Nations by such methods as coercion, or by such subterfugesas political infiltration. In helping free and independent nations to maintain their freedom, the UnitedStates will be giving effect to the principles of the Charter of the United Nations.It is necessary only to glance at a map to realize that the survival and integrity of the Greek nation areof grave importance in a much wider situation. If Greece should fall under the control of an armedminority, the effect upon its neighbor, Turkey, would be immediate and serious. Confusion anddisorder might well spread throughout the entire Middle East.Moreover, the disappearance of Greece as an independent state would have a profound effect uponthose countries in Europe whose peoples are struggling against great difficulties to maintain theirfreedoms and their independence while they repair the damages of war.It would be an unspeakable tragedy if these countries, which have struggled so long againstoverwhelming odds, should lose that victory for which they sacrificed so much. Collapse of freeinstitutions and loss of independence would be disastrous not only for them but for the world.Discouragement and possibly failure would quickly be the lot of neighboring peoples striving tomaintain their freedom and independence.Should we fail to aid Greece and Turkey in this fateful hour, the effect will be far reaching to the Westas well as to the East.We must take immediate and resolute action.I therefore ask the Congress to provide authority for assistance to Greece and Turkey in the amount of 400,000,000 for the period ending June 30, 1948. In requesting these funds, I have taken intoconsideration the maximum amount of relief assistance which would be furnished to Greece out of the 350,000,000 which I recently requested that the Congress authorize for the prevention of starvationand suffering in countries devastated by the war.In addition to funds, I ask the Congress to authorize the detail of American civilian and militarypersonnel to Greece and Turkey, at the request of those countries, to assist in the tasks ofreconstruction, and for the purpose of supervising the use of such financial and material assistance asmay be furnished. I recommend that authority also be provided for the instruction and training ofselected Greek and Turkish personnel.Finally, I ask that the Congress provide authority which will permit the speediest and most effectiveuse, in terms of needed commodities, supplies, and equipment, of such funds as may be authorized.If further funds, or further authority, should be needed for purposes indicated in this message, I shallnot hesitate to bring the situation before the Congress. On this subject the Executive and Legislativebranches of the Government must work together.This is a serious course upon which we embark.

I would not recommend it except that the alternative is much more serious. The United Statescontributed 341,000,000,000 toward winning World War II. This is an investment in world freedomand world peace.The assistance that I am recommending for Greece and Turkey amounts to little more than 1 tenth of 1per cent of this investment. It is only common sense that we should safeguard this investment andmake sure that it was not in vain.The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want. They spread and grow in the evilsoil of poverty and strife. They reach their full growth when the hope of a people for a better life hasdied. We must keep that hope alive.The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms.If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world -- and we shall surely endangerthe welfare of our own nation.Great responsibilities have been placed upon us by the swift movement of events.I am confident that the Congress will face these responsibilities squarely.20th Century Page Avalon Home Page 1997 The Avalon Project.

Eisenhower’s Letter to Ngo Dinh DiemOctober 23, 1954 (Department of State Bulletin, November 15, 1954)Dear Mr. President;I have been following with great interest the course of developments in Vietnam, particularly since theconclusion of the conference at Geneva. The implications of the agreement concerning Vietnam havecaused grave concern regarding the future of the country temporarily divided by an artificial militarygrouping, weakened by a long and exhausting war, and faced with enemies without and by theirsubversive collaborators within.Your recent requests for aid to assist in the formidable project of the movement of several hundredthousand loyal Vietnamese citizens away from areas which are passing under a de facto rule andpolitical ideology which they abhor, are being fulfilled. I am glad that the United States is able to assistin this humanitarian effort.We have been exploring ways and means to permit our aid to Vietnam to be more effective and tomake a greater contribution to the welfare and stability of the Government of Vietnam. I am,accordingly, instructing the American Ambassador to Vietnam [Donald R. Heath] to examine with youin your capacity as Chief of Government, how an intelligent program of American aid given directly toyour Government can serve to assist Vietnam in its present hour of trial, provided that yourGovernment is prepared to give assurances as to the standards of performance it would be able tomaintain in the event such aid were supplied.The purpose of this offer is to assist the Government of Vietnam in developing and maintaining astrong, viable state, capable of resisting attempted subversion or aggression through military means.The Government of the United States expects that this aid will be met by performance on the part ofthe Government of Vietnam in undertaking needed reforms. It hopes that such aid, combined with yourown continuing efforts, will contribute effectively toward an independent Vietnam endowed with astrong Government. Such a Government would, I hope, be so responsive to the nationalist aspirationsof its people, so enlightened a purpose and effective in performance, that it will be respected at homeand abroad and discourage any who might wish to impose a foreign ideology on your free people.

President Kennedy Letter to President Diem, December 14, 1961Source: The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Volume 2, pp. 805-806President Kennedy letter to President Diem, December 14, 1961, Department of State Bulletin, January1, 1962, p. 13:"Dear Mr. President: I have received your recent letter in which you described so cogently thedangerous condition caused by North Viet-Nam's efforts to take over your country. The situation inyour embattled country is well known to me and to the American people. We have been deeplydisturbed by the assault on your country. Our indignation has mounted as the deliberate savagery of theCommunist program of assassination, kidnapping and wanton violence became clear."Your letter underlines what our own information has convincingly shown--that the campaign of forceand terror now being waged against your people and your Government is supported and directed fromthe outside by the authorities at Hanoi. They have thus violated the provisions of the Geneva Accordsdesigned to ensure peace in Viet-Nam and to which they bound themselves in 1954."At that time, the United States, although not a party to the Accords, declared that it 'would view anyrenewal of the aggression in violation of the agreements with grave concern and as seriouslythreatening international peace and security.' We continue to maintain that view."In accordance with that declaration, and in response to your request, we are prepared to help theRepublic of Viet-Nam to protect its people and to preserve its independence. We shall promptlyincrease our assistance to your defense effort as well as help relieve the destruction of the floods whichyou describe. I have already given the orders to get these programs underway."The United States, like the Republic of Viet-Nam, remains devoted to the cause of peace and ourprimary purpose is to help your people maintain their independence. If the Communist authorities inNorth Viet-Nam will stop their campaign to destroy the Republic of Viet-Nam, the measures we aretaking to assist your defense efforts will no longer be necessary. We shall seek to persuade theCommunists to give up their attempts of force and subversion. In any case, we are confident that theVietnamese people will preserve their independence and gain the peace and prosperity for which theyhave sought so hard and so long."John F. Kennedy"His Excellency Ngo Dinh DiemPresident and Secretary of State for National DefenseThe Republic of Viet-Nam Saigon, Viet-Nam"

President Johnson's Message to Congress, August 5, 1964Last night I announced to the American people that the North Vietnamese regime had conductedfurther deliberate attacks against U.S. naval vessels operating in international waters, and I hadtherefore directed air action against gunboats and supporting facilities used in these hostile operations.This air action has now been carried out with substantial damage to the boats and facilities. Two U.S.aircraft were lost in the action.After consultation with the leaders of both parties in the Congress, I further announced a decision toask the Congress for a resolution expressing the unity and determination of the United States insupporting freedom and in protecting peace in southeast Asia.These latest actions of the North Vietnamese regime has given a new and grave turn to the alreadyserious situation in southeast Asia. Our commitments in that area are well known to the Congress.They were first made in 1954 by President Eisenhower. They were further defined in the SoutheastAsia Collective Defense Treaty approved by the Senate in February 1955.This treaty with its accompanying protocol obligates the United States and other members to act inaccordance with their constitutional processes to meet Communist aggression against any of the partiesor protocol states.Our policy in southeast Asia has been consistent and unchanged since 19554. I summarized it on June2 in four simple propositions:1. America keeps her word. Here as elsewhere, we must and shall honor our commitments.2. The issue is the future of southeast Asia as a whole. A threat to any nation in that region is a threatto all, and a threat to us.3. Our purpose is peace. We have no military, po

President Harry S. Truman’s Address Before a Joint Session of Congress, March 12, 1947 Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the Congress of the United States: The gravity of the situation which confronts the world today necessitates my appearance before a joint session of the Congress.