Construction Noise And Vibration Plan - WaterNSW
Chaffey Dam Safety Upgrade and AugmentationConstruction Noise and Vibration PlanDocument No. JH/C680/10RevDatePrepared byA10/07/2014Krissy VajdaDraft for Principal ReviewB04/08/2014Krissy VajdaDraft addressing ER commentsC22/08/2014Draft addressing WP comments101/09/2014223/09/2014Krissy VajdaPeterSheehanPeterSheehanConstruction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandReviewed byApprovedRemarksFor ApprovalBrandonPerrinTony O’ReillyResponse to commentsPage 1 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
Terms and DefinitionsTermDefinitionAMSActivity Method StatementCEMPConstruction Environmental Management PlanCNVMPConstruction Noise and Vibration Management Sub PlanCoAConditions of ApprovalDPENSW Department of Planning and EnvironmentEISEnvironmental Impact StatementEPANSW Environment Protection AuthorityEP&A ActEnvironmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979EPLEnvironment Protection LicenceJHJohn HollandProjectInfrastructureApprovalInfrastructure Approval SSI-5039 and accompanyingConditions of Approval (CoA), dated 27 February 2014Project EISEnvironmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the Chaffey sons, dated 07 December 2012 and PreferredInfrastructure Report (PIR) for the Chaffey Dam Augmentationand Safety Upgrade prepared by WorleyParsons, dated 15March 2013The ProjectChaffey Dam Safety Upgrade and AugmentationThe ProponentState Water CorporationConstruction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandPage 2 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
Table of ContentsTerms and Definitions . 21.2.Introduction . 51.1Purpose and application . 51.2Background . 51.3Noise and Vibration Objectives . 51.4Environmental Management Documentation . 61.5Review and Ongoing Development . 71.6Consultation . 7Legal and Other Requirements . 72.1Legislation . 72.2Guidelines and Standards . 72.3Licensing and Approvals . 83.Roles and Responsibilities . 84.Indicative Construction Program . 94.1Construction Hours of Work . 94.1.1 Noise Intensive Activities . 94.1.2 Out of Hours Work . 94.1.3 Out of Hours Delivery. 105.Construction Noise and Vibration Management Objectives . 105.1Airborne Construction Noise Management Levels . 105.1.1 Maximum noise levels for plant and equipment. 105.26.Noise Sensitive Receivers . 126.17.Construction Vibration Goals . 12Residential Receivers and Noise Management Levels . 12Evaluation and Assessment of Construction Noise and Vibration Impacts . 157.1.1 Airborne Noise Evaluation and Assessment . 157.1.2 Construction Vibration Assessment . 157.1.3 Construction Road Traffic Noise . 168.Management and Mitigation Measures . 168.1Noise and vibration management measures . 168.2Monitoring and Reporting . 178.2.1 Noise Monitoring . 178.2.2 Vibration Monitoring . 188.39.Reporting . 18Non-Conformance and Corrective Action . 18Construction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandPage 3 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
10.Enquiries and Complaints Management . 18Appendix 1 – Out of Hours Protocol . 19Appendix 2 Chaffey Dam Augmentation and Safety Upgrade Project Signage . 21Compliance Matrix . 22List of TablesTable 1 - Roles and Responsibilities. 8Table 2 - Construction Hours . 9Table 3 – Residential Receivers Noise Goals . 10Table 4 – Sensitive Receivers Noise Goals . 10Table 5 - Sound Power Levels of Equipment . 10Table 6 – Vibration Goals . 12Table 7 – Sensitive Receivers . 12Table 8 – Predicted Noise Levels Sensitive Receivers . 15Table 9 - Mitigation Measures . 16List of FiguresFigure 1 – Environmental Management Documentation . 6Figure 2 - Sensitive Receivers . 14Construction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandPage 4 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
1.Introduction1.1Purpose and applicationThis Construction Noise and Vibration Management Sub Plan (CNVMP) is a key element of theoverall Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) for the Project.John Holland (JH) recognises that the effective management of construction noise and vibrationon the Chaffey Dam Safety Upgrade and Augmentation (the Project) is vital to the overallsuccess of the Project. The purpose of the CNVMP is to describe how JH will manageconstruction noise and vibration during the construction phase of the Project.This CNVMP has been developed to ensure the requirements of the Project InfrastructureApproval, associated environmental documentation and contract requirements are satisfied toensure the successfully delivery of the Project . This plan is applicable to the construction phaseof the Project.Background1.2This CNVMP has been developed based on the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for theProject prepared by WorleyParsons, dated 07 December 2012, which takes into consideration acomprehensive assessment and analysis of noise and vibration risks for the Project andidentifies methods to manage, mitigate or minimise the potential impacts.Noise and Vibration Objectives1.3The following noise and vibration objectives apply to the construction phase of the Project Minimise unreasonable noise and vibration impacts on sensitive receivers Avoid structural damage to building or items of heritage significance as a result ofconstruction vibration Undertake active community consultation and maintain positive workingrelationshipsConstruction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandPage 5 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
1.4Environmental Management DocumentationThe CNVMP forms a key element of the environmental management documents that will beimplemented for the EnvironmentalImpact StatementConditions ofApprovalConstruction Environmental Management Plan (DPE Approved)Construction Environmental Management Sub Plans Biodiversity Management Plan (DPE Approved) Soil and Water Management Plan (DPE Approved) Dust and Air Quality Management Plan (DPE Approved) Construction Noise and Vibration Management Plan (DPEApproved) Construction Traffic Management Plan (DPE Approved) Heritage Management Plan(DPE Approved) Recreational Use Management Plan(DPE Approved) Waste Management and Recycling Plan Dam Spill Management Plan (DPE Approved)Environmental Management Procedures Out of Hours Work (OOHW) ProcedureEnvironmental Management Documents and Records Compliance Tracking Program OOHW Application Form Noise and Vibration Monitoring Workplace Risk Assessments Activity Method Statements Inspection and auditsFigure 1 – Environmental Management DocumentationConstruction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandPage 6 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
Review and Ongoing Development1.5The CNVMP will be reviewed annually and/or under the following conditions – Significant change to the Scope of Works If required as a result of an audit or incident If State Water or the Environmental Representative formally requests the change If the Project Manager determines that it is appropriateConsultation1.6Consultation has been undertaken with the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) with regardto the potential impacts associated with the construction phase of the Project. A summary isprovided in the Appendix of the CEMP.2.Legal and Other Requirements2.1LegislationThe following legislation is applicable to the management of noise and vibration for the Project: Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 Protection of the Environment and Operations Act 1997 Protection of the Environment and Operations (Noise Control) Regulations 2008(NSW)Guidelines and Standards2.2Additional guidelines and standards relating to the management of noise and vibration that areapplicable for the Project include: Interim Construction Noise Guideline (DECC, 2009); Assessing Vibration: a technical guideline, (NSW OEH, 2006); Australian Standard AS2436:1981 Guide to Noise Control on Construction,Maintenance and Demolition Sites; Australian Standard AS1055:1997 Acoustics - Description and Measurement ofEnvironmental Noise; German Standard DIN 4150-Part 3:1999 Structural vibration - Effects of vibration onstructures;Construction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandPage 7 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
2.3Licensing and ApprovalsThe Environment Protection Licence (EPL) issued by the EPA for scheduled activities asoutlined under the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 will detail the complianceconditions to manage noise and vibration throughout the Project.3.Roles and ResponsibilitiesAll project personnel including subcontractors have a role in ensuring that the strategies andprocedures set out in this CNVMP are implemented. Key roles and responsibilities have beenoutlined below –Table 1 - Roles and ResponsibilitiesRoleResponsibilities Managing the delivery of the project including overseeing the implementationof noise and vibration control measures Ensuring appropriate resources are available for the implementation andmaintenance of appropriate noise and vibration management measures Providing assistance and advice to all Project personnel to fulfil therequirements of this CNVMP Undertaking and assessing data from inspections, monitoring and reporting Ensuring appropriate training and awareness programs are developed andimplemented Liaising with relevant authorities and organisations as necessary Preparing and submitting applications for Out of Hours Work (OOHW) inaccordance with the Out of Hours Work Protocol Liaising with the Environmental Manager to ensure appropriate corrective andpreventative actions are developed and implemented Provide EM approval to submit applications for OOHW Liaison and notification of construction activities including timeline, out ofhours work and traffic management issues such as changes to access andproperty issues Ensuring personnel are fully briefed on the relevant noise and vibrationmanagement requirements prior to work commencing Managing and / or minimising impacts on noise and vibration sensitive landuses as a result of construction activities Ensuring that appropriate noise and vibration management measures areimplemented and maintained on site Developing Activity Method Statements and Task Risk Assessments inconsultation with the EM Responsible for following mitigation measures when undertaking site work Informing the supervisor of any noise and vibration management issuesProject ManagerEnvironment ManagerSenior Project EngineerCommunity LiaisonOfficerSuperintendent andSupervisorsProject and SiteEngineersConstruction PersonnelConstruction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandPage 8 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
Indicative Construction Program4.An indicative construction program is provided in Section 1.4 of the CEMP.Construction Hours of Work4.1The construction hours for the Project are defined by the conditions outlined in ProjectInfrastructure Approval. All construction works will be carried out within the approved hours oras otherwise approved as part of the Environmental Protection Licence (EPL).The standard construction hours of work are detailed in the table below.Table 2 - Construction HoursConstruction ActivityMonday to FridaySaturdaySunday/Public HolidaysConstruction Activities7.00am to 6.00pm8.00am to 1.00pmNo works unless in accordancewith 4.1.2 of this plan4.1.1Noise Intensive ActivitiesNoise intensive activities are construction works with impulsive, tonal or low frequencycharacteristics such as jack hammering, rock hammering, pile driving, vibratory rolling, cutting ofpavement and shall, in accordance with Project Infrastructure Approval only be undertaken– Between the hours of 8.00am to 5.00pm Monday to Friday Between the hours of 8.00am to 1.00pm Saturday In continuous blocks not exceeding three hours each with a minimum respite fromthose activities and works of not less than one hour between each block, except asexpressly permitted by the EPL (to be issued).4.1.2Out of Hours WorkAll construction works are to be carried out within the construction hours outlined in Table 3,except under the following circumstances – Construction work that generates air-borne noise that is No more than 5dB(A) above rating background level at any residence inaccordance with the Interim Construction Noise Guideline (DECC, 2009) No more than the noise management levels specified in Table 3 of the InterimConstruction Noise Guideline (Department of Environment and ClimateChange, 2009) at other sensitive receivers. For the delivery of materials required outside these hours by the NSW Police Forceor other authorities for safety reasons Where it is required in an emergency to avoid the loss of lives, property and/or toprevent environmental harm Works approved through an EPL Works as approved through the out of hours protocol outlined in Appendix 1If works are undertaken OOWH a Construction Noise and Vibration Impact Statement (CNVIS)will be prepared to document potential impacts associated with the work. A protocol for theassessment of OOWH activities is provided in Appendix 1.Construction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandPage 9 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
4.1.3Out of Hours DeliveryDelivery of most plant and equipment to the project will occur during standard constructionhours. On occasion however oversized deliveries will be necessary. Oversized movements willbe scheduled to occur off-peak, where possible, when traffic volumes are typically at aminimum, thereby ensuring road user and public safety and minimising disruption to the roadnetwork.5.Construction Noise and Vibration ManagementObjectives5.1Airborne Construction Noise Management LevelsNoise management levels have been determined using the NSW Interim Construction NoiseGuideline (ICNG).Table 3 – Residential Receivers Noise GoalsLocationReceiverBackgroundLevelR4 – R11Residential30Inaudible WorksBackground 5dBA(Out of Hours)NML Background 10dBA(Std Construction Hours)Highly Noise Affected(Std Construction Hours)354075The noise management levels are applicable when the following premises are in use –Table 4 – Sensitive Receivers Noise GoalsNML LAeq (15minute)dB(A)(Std Construction Hours)Highly Noise AffectedR1, R2Passive recreational areas (characterised bycontemplative activities that generate and wherebenefits are compromised by external noise intrusione.g. Reading, meditation6075R3, R12Active recreation areas (characterised by sportingactivities and other activities which generate their ownnoise or focus for participants, making them lesssensitive to external noise intrusion)6575Location5.1.1ReceiverMaximum noise levels for plant and equipmentAll plant and equipment used throughout the works should have an operating Sound Power orSound Pressure Levels less than or equal to those in Table 6. The LAmax levels in the tablebelow can be used as a guide in the prediction of LAeq15min construction noise.For most construction activities, it is expected that the construction noise levels would frequentlybe lower than predicted in the EIS at the most-exposed receptor as the noise levels below arebased on realistic worst-case assessment.Table 5 - Sound Power Levels of EquipmentEquipmentBitumen Spray TruckConstruction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandNoise Level – Lamax (dBA) without noise mitigationSound Pressure Level108Sound Pressure Level @7m83Page 10 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
EquipmentNoise Level – Lamax (dBA) without noise mitigationSound Pressure LevelSound Pressure Level @7mBobcat11085Concrete Pump10984Concrete Saw11186Concrete Truck11287Crane(small)10883Crane Truck10881Dozer11893Elevated Work Platform10277Excavator (approx. 12 tonne)10075Excavator (approx. 15 tonne10277Excavator (approx. 30 tonne)11085Excavator (approx. 40 tonne)11590Excavator (approx. 7.5 tonne)9873Excavator (Breaker)12499Flatbed Truck10681Franna Crane10782Front End Loader11186Generator10479Grader11388Hand Tools10075Jackhammer11388Mobile Crane (100 tonne)10782Mobile Crane (25 tonne)10580Mobile Crane (300 tonne)11085Mobile Crane (50 tonne)10681Paving Machine11287Piling Rig (Vibratory)12196Road Profiler11388Slip Form Machine11085Sucker Truck10984Tipper Truck10782Truck (12-15 tonne)10883Vibratory Roller11792Water Tanker10378Welding Equipment10075Construction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandPage 11 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
Construction Vibration Goals5.2Vibration from plant will be site specific with the level of vibration potentially experienced at areceptor dependent upon the vibration energy generated by the source, the predominatefrequencies of vibration, the local geotechnical conditions and the interaction of structures andfeatures which can dampen vibration.German Standard DIN 4150-3 1999 Structural Vibration Part 3: Effects of Vibration onStructures provides guideline criteria for evaluating the short and long-term effects of vibrationon structures. The interim guideline Assessing Vibration: A Technical Guideline (DEC 2006)provides guideline building vibration levels associated with a low probability of annoyance fromoccupants.Table 6 – Vibration GoalsAll WorksAnnoyance Risk (mms/s)LocationResidentialDamage Risk .45Predicted Buffer Distance from Impact Piling (applicable road and bridge works only)LocationResidential/DwellingsDamage Risk (m)50% Capacity100% Capacity80100Annoyance Risk (m)50% Capacity100% Capacity150180Predicted Buffer Distance from Vibratory Rolling (applicable road and bridge works only)LocationResidential/DwellingsDamage Risk (m)18Annoyance Risk (m)436.Noise Sensitive Receivers6.1Residential Receivers and Noise Management LevelsChaffey Dam is located in a predominately rural setting. Background noise within the ProjectSite is considered to be ‘rural’ in nature, with little contributed noise from man-made sources.Existing sources of noise around the Project Site primarily comprise vehicle noise on localroads, recreational activities and farming practices.A total of 13 potential sensitive receivers were found to occur within the Project Site, comprisingactive and passive recreational, rural residential land uses and the State Water StorageCustodian’s residence (Table 7 and Figure 2).The majority of these receivers are located within the Bowling Alley Point and Hydes Creekareas. It should be noted that as R13 is a State Water employee’s residence and directly relatedto the operation of Chaffey Dam this receiver has not been considered as part of the noise andvibration assessment.Table 7 – Sensitive ReceiversReceiver IDR1R2ReceiverBowling Alley Point Recreation Area – AmenitiesBuildingBowling Alley Point Recreation Area – Camping AreaConstruction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandReceiver TypePassiveRecreationalPassiveReceiver 28947.5Page 12 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
Receiver IDR3Nundle Fishing ClubhouseR4R5R6R7R8R9R10R11Bowling Alley Point ReceiverBowling Alley Point ReceiverBowling Alley Point ReceiverBowling Alley Point ReceiverWestern Foreshore ReceiverWestern Foreshore ReceiverWestern Foreshore ReceiverWestern Foreshore ReceiverR12South Bowlo Fishing Club ClubhouseR13Storage Custodians ResidenceConstruction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandReceiverReceiver TypeRecreationalActiveRecreationalRural ResidentialRural ResidentialRural ResidentialRural ResidentialRural ResidentialRural ResidentialRural ResidentialRural er .56527758.5321675.86531119.5322825.26529325.5Page 13 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
EASTING (m)Figure 2 - Sensitive ReceiversConstruction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandPage 14 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
7.Evaluation and Assessment of Construction Noise andVibration Impacts7.1.1Airborne Noise Evaluation and AssessmentConstruction noise management levels have been determined using the NSW ICNG and basedon the EIS peak construction noise levels will not be exceeded at the passive or activerecreational receivers.Peak construction noise levels will be exceeded at all rural residential receivers (R4, R5, R6,R7, R8, R9, R10 and R11). However noise levels at rural residential receivers will be below the“Highly Noise Affected” level of 75 dB(A).Table 8 – Predicted Noise Levels Sensitive ReceiversBowling Alley PointBridgeTamworth-NundleRivers andWestern ForeshoreRoadsR1R2R3R12Morning GlorySpillway WorksReceiverDam Wall WorksPredicted Noise Levels LAeq (15minute) dB(A)ScenariosAll scenarios3932 30 3034 30 30 303233 30 3033323652413840527.1.2 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30Tamworth-NundleRivers andWestern ForeshoreRoads 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30All scenarios 30 30 30 Management Level LAeq(15minute) dB(A)Bowling Alley PointBridgeR4R5R6R7R8R9R10R11Morning GlorySpillway WorksReceiverDam Wall WorksPredicted Noise Levels LAeq (15minute) dB(A)ScenariosManagement Level LAeq(15minute) dB(A)Noise AffectedHighly ruction Vibration AssessmentThe activity to generate the highest level of vibration is Vibratory rollers during the realignment of the roadsAll residences in the study area are located outside the required buffer distance for vibratoryrollers.The closest residential receiver (R7) is located approximately 65 m from vibratory rollingactivities associated with road construction, outside the maximum required buffer of 43 m forAnnoyance Risk. As rollers represent the highest potential for vibration, the required bufferdistances for all other road and bridge construction activities will also be met. Given theConstruction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandPage 15 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
significant distance from construction activities proposed at the dam wall, the risk of vibrationrelated impacts is negligible.7.1.3Construction Road Traffic NoiseThe ICNG does not provide specific guidance in relation to acceptable noise level associatedwith construction traffic; guidance is taken from the Road Noise Policy. Construction road trafficnoise levels are predicted to meet the relevant NSW Road Noise Policy criteria on LindsaysGap Road, Garoo Road and within the township of Woolomin. On the Tamworth- Nundle Roadbetween Woolomin and Dungowan, existing noise levels are predicted to marginally exceedroad traffic noise assessment criteria at the closest receiver to the roadway.Noise impacts associated with the initial movement of construction vehicles to site at thecommencement of each Project stage and the final movement of construction vehicles awayfrom the Project Site at completion of each stage are expected to be minimal, given the limitednumber of vehicles required for this function and the intermittent scheduling of suchmovements. Following mobilisation to site, heavy vehicle movements will generally be restrictedto within each of the designated works areas.8.Management and Mitigation Measures8.1Noise and vibration management measuresStandard noise and vibration mitigation measures are to be implemented throughout theconstruction period to reduce and control potential construction noise impacts. These measuresminimise potential for disturbance at receptors, preserve the acoustic amenity of thesurrounding environment and aim to control noise levels within the construction NMLs.Table 9 - Mitigation MeasuresMitigation MeasureAll work will be carried out within the following hours: Monday to Friday 7:00am to 6:00pm Saturday 8:00am to 1:00pm No work on Sundays or public holidaysProject PhaseConstructionResidents adjacent to works areas will be informed prior to and during construction, as per EPLrequirements of the nature, duration and expected overall noise and dust levels of construction activities.Relevant contact details for site personnel will also be provided.PreconstructionSimultaneous operation of noisy plant will be avoided wherever practicable.ConstructionMaintenance work on construction plant and vehicles will be carried out away from identified sensitivereceivers and confined to standard daytime construction hours, wherever practicable.ConstructionConstructionWherever practicable, noisy equipment will be: Positioned behind structures that act as barriers to identified sensitive receivers Positioned at the greatest distance from identified sensitive receivers Oriented to directed noise emissions away from identified sensitive receiversConstructionAll vehicles and equipment will be regularly serviced, as per manufactures instructions and maintained inproper working order and turned off when not in use.Construction“Quiet” practices will be employed wherever practicable when operating equipment.ConstructionAn effective Complaints Handling System, as outlined in the Community Communication Strategy will bedeveloped and implemented throughout construction.ConstructionConstruction Noise and Vibration PlanJohn HollandPage 16 of 25IN CONFIDENCE
Mitigation MeasureVibration monitoring will be carried out at the nearest sensitive receiver on commencement of significantconstruction activities, as follows: In the event that construction vibration is found to be significantly below constructionvibration criteria, no subsequent monitoring of that activity is requiredConstructionIf monitored vibration levels are considered to be high-risk or close to the vibrationcriteria, unattended vibration monitoring will be carried out on a continuous basis at thenearest vibration sensitive receiver.Where feasible and reasonable, piling activities shall be undertaken using quieter alternative methodsthan impact or percussion piling. Bored piling will be used during the construction of Bowling Alley Bridge.8.2Monitoring and Reporting8.2.1Noise Monitoring8.2.1.1Project PhaseConstructionPlant and Equipment Noise MonitoringA Plant Hazard Assessment will be prepared for each piece of plant prior to its operation onsite. The PHA will require measurement of the sound power level and will confirm that actualplant noise levels are within those maximum noise levels in Table 6.8.2.1.2Airborne noise monitoring in the communityAttended noise monitoring will be carried out to verify construction noise levels against theConstruction Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment and determine effectiveness of noisemitigation strategi
Construction Noise and Vibration Plan Page 5 of 25 John Holland IN CONFIDENCE 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose and application This Construction Noise and Vibration Management Sub Plan (CNVMP) is a key element of the overall Construction Environmental
Noise Figure Overview of Noise Measurement Methods 4 White Paper Noise Measurements The noise contribution from circuit elements is usually defined in terms of noise figure, noise factor or noise temperature. These are terms that quantify the amount of noise that a circuit element adds to a signal.
Transit noise and vibration analysis, noise and vibration impact criteria, noise and vibration mitigation measures, environmental impact assessment, National Environmental Policy Act compliance. 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 274 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT Unclassified 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Unclassified 19.
november 2011 v1 olume 1 section 3 Part 7 hD 213/11 2. noise anD vibration – uK hiGhwaYs Definition of noise and vibration 2.1 Traffic noise is a general term used to define the noise from traffic using the road network. A traffic stream is made up of a variety of vehicle types which have their own individual noise sources. Close to a
The Noise Element of a General Plan is a tool for including noise control in the planning process in order to maintain compatible land use with environmental noise levels. This Noise Element identifies noise sensitive land uses and noise sources, and defines areas of noise impact for the purpose of
noise and tire noise. The contribution rate of tire noise is high when the vehicle is running at a constant speed of 50 km/h, reaching 86-100%, indicating tire noise is the main noise source [1]. Therefore, reducing tire noise is important for reducing the overall noise of the vehicle and controlling noise pollution [2].
7 LNA Metrics: Noise Figure Noise factor is defined by the ratio of output SNR and input SNR. Noise figure is the dB form of noise factor. Noise figure shows the degradation of signal's SNR due to the circuits that the signal passes. Noise factor of cascaded system: LNA's noise factor directly appears in the total noise factor of the system.
Figure 1: Power spectral density of white noise overlaid by flicker noise. Figure 2: Flicker noise generated from white noise. 1.1 The nature of flicker noise Looking at processes generating flicker noise in the time domain instead of the frequency domain gives us much more insight into the nature of flicker noise.
Prosedur Akuntansi Hutang Jangka Pendek & Panjang BAGIAN PROYEK PENGEMBANGAN KUR IKULUM DIREKTORAT PENDIDIKAN MENENGAH KEJURUAN DIREKTORAT JENDERAL PENDIDIKAN DASAR DAN MENENGAH DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL 2003 Kode Modul: AK.26.E.6,7 . BAGIAN PROYEK PENGEMBANGAN KURIKULUM DIREKTORAT PENDIDIKAN MENENGAH KEJURUAN DIREKTORAT JENDERAL PENDIDIKAN DASAR DAN MENENGAH DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN .
