Chapter 12: China In The Middle Ages
3/15/045:39 AMPage 404404–405 CORBIS404-407 Ch12 CO-824133China in theMiddle AgesImperial Palace at the Forbidden CityA.D. 600A.D. 9001200A.D. 581A.D. 868Wendifounds SuidynastyChineseGenghis Khanprint world’s unites thefirst bookMongols120615001405Zheng He begins overseasvoyage
404-407 Ch12 CO-8241333/15/045:42 AMPage 405Chapter PreviewChapter Overview Visitjat.glencoe.com for a previewof Chapter 12.Like the Arabs, the Chinese were interested in scienceand technology. Read this chapter to learn about Chineseinventions and how they influence your life today.View the Chapter 12 video in the World History:Journey Across Time Video Program.China ReunitesDuring the Middle Ages, Chinese rulers brought peace, order,and growth to China. Buddhism became a major religion inChina, but the Chinese government supported Confucian ideas.Chinese SocietyFarming and trade brought wealth to China. The Chinese developed new technology and enjoyed a golden age of art and writing.The Mongols in ChinaLed by Genghis Khan, the Mongols built a vast empire. Underhis son, Kublai Khan, they went on to conquer China as well.The Ming DynastyChina’s Ming rulers strengthened government and broughtpeace and prosperity. They supported trading voyages toother parts of Asia and to East Africa.Categorizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize your notesabout China in the Middle Ages.Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper inhalf from side to side, leaving1—— inch tab along the side.212Step 3 Unfoldand cut alongthe top threefold lines.Step 2 Turn the paper and foldit into fourths.Leaveinch tabhere.Fold in half,then fold inhalf again.Reading and WritingAs you read the chapter,identify the main ideas inthe chapter. Write theseunder the appropriatetab.Step 4 Label as shown.This makesfour tabs.ChinaReunitesChineseSocietyTheTheMongols Mingin China DynastyChina in the Middle Ages405
404-407 Ch12 CO-8241333/15/045:44 AMPage 406InferencesReading Between the LinesTo infer means to evaluate information and arrive at a conclusion.When you make inferences, you “read between the lines,” or draw conclusions that are not stated directly in the text. We naturally make inferencesabout things we read, see, and hear every day.Read this paragraph from Section 3.GenGenghis Khan gathered an army of more than 100,000warriors. He placed his soldiers into well-trained groups.Commanding them were officers chosen for their abilities,not for their family ties. These changes made the Mongolsthe most skilled fighting force in the world at that time.—from page 425Use this Think-Through chart to help youmake inferences.eyou maksemiteSomings by askecnereforinestionsuqflesyouronspredictignikag tomt is goinahwtuaboxt.come ne406406Unit TitleTextGenghis KhanQuestionWho was he?InferenceA powerful leader?To take overThe army hadWhy did he need100,000 warriors so many warriors? another countryor to defendhis own?Why did Genghis So they wouldOfficers notKhan want officers not worry aboutchosen forwithout strongtheir families tofamily tiesfamily ties?better concentrateon battle?MongolsWho were they?Genghis Khan’scountrymen?People fromMongolia?
Kadokawa/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection404-407 Ch12 CO-8241333/15/045:47 AMPage 407Making InferencesRead the next paragraph, also about Genghis Khan’swarriors, and pay attention to highlighted words as youmake inferences.Genghis Khan began buildinghis empire by conquering otherpeople on the steppes. These victories brought him wealth andnew soldiers to fill the army. Soonthe Mongols were strong enoughto attack major civilizations. In1211 Mongol forces turned eastand invaded China. Within threeyears, they had taken all of northern China. They then moved westand struck at the cities and kingdoms that controlled parts of theSilk Road.Read to WriteRead the text under theheading ScholarOfficials in Section 1,page 414. Pay attentionto the paragraph abouthow important it wasfor students to passtests. Write about anyexperiences with testsyou have had to helpyou understand thefears and hopes ofChinese students duringthe Middle Ages.—from pages 425–426Create your own Think-Through Chart to help you makefurther inferences about Genghis Khan’s army. You mightwant to use the highlighted words in your first column andlabel it Text. Your second and third columns can be labeledQuestions and Inference. Read the rest of page 426 to seeif your inferences were correct.We also make inferences about othertypes of text, such as poetry. Readthe poems on pages 420–421, andcreate a Think-Through chart tohelp understand the poems.407
408-415 Ch12 S1-8241333/15/046:07 AMPage 408China ReunitesWhat’s the Connection?Meeting PeopleEarlier you read that the Handynasty of China collapsed and Chinaplunged into civil war. As you will read,China eventually reunited. The newdynasties took Chinese civilizationto even higher levels.Wendi (WHEHN DEE)Empress Wu (WOO)Focusing on the The Sui and Tang dynasties reunitedand rebuilt China after years of war.(page 409) Buddhism became popular in Chinaand spread to Korea and Japan.(page 412) The Tang dynasty returned to theideas of Confucius and created a newclass of scholar-officials. (page 413)warlordeconomy (ih KAH nuh mee)reformmonastery (MAH nuh STEHR ee)Reading StrategyCategorizing Information Completea table like the one below to show thetime periods, the most important rulers,and the reasons for the decline of theSui and Tang dynasties.SuiImportant RulersKorea (kuh REE uh)Japan (juh PAN)Reasons for DeclineChanganA.D. 9001300A.D. 581A.D. 9071279Wendi foundsSui dynastyTang dynastyfallsMongols endSong ruleHangzhouCHAPTER 12TangTime PeriodLocating PlacesA.D. 500408Building Your VocabularyChina in the Middle Ages
408-415 Ch12 S1-8241333/15/046:11 AMPage 409While China was absorbed in its ownproblems, it lost control of some of thegroups it had conquered. One of thesegroups was the people of Korea (kuh REE uh). They lived on the Korean Peninsula tothe northeast of China. The Koreansdecided to end Chinese rule of their country. They broke away and built their ownseparate civilization.Rebuilding China’s EmpireThe Sui and Tang dynasties reunitedand rebuilt China after years of war.Reading Focus Have you ever thought about how theeconomy in your town or city works? How do goods get toyour local stores? Who makes sure roads are paved? Readto learn how China dealt with these issues.Earlier you read that China’s Hanempire ended in A.D. 220. For the next 300years, China had no central government. Itbroke into 17 kingdoms. War and povertywere everywhere. Chinese warlords—military leaders who run a government—fought with each other while nomadsconquered parts of northern China.The Sui Dynasty Reunites ChinaChinafinally reunited in A.D. 581. In that year, ageneral who called himself Wendi (WHEHN DEE) declared himself emperor. Wendi wonbattle after battle and finally reunitedChina. He then founded a new dynastycalled the Sui (SWEE).Tang Dynasty China c. A.D. 700N60 E01,000 mi.80 E100 EE01,000 kmTwo-Point Equidistant projection120 EWMONGOLIASASIAN40 GOBIHu a n kMBay ofBengalSuiCivil War581–618 A.D. 907–960TangSongA.D. 618–907A.D. 960–1279N20 PACIFICOCEANSouthChina Sea.Dynasties of China1350 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 INDIAN000 YAesArabianSeaHeChanganChIndusR.Tang dynastyGrand CanalHKOREANPENINSULABeijingThe Tang dynasty lasted almost 300 years.1. What two cities were connected by theGrand Canal?2. What physical feature made up much ofthe northern border of the Tang dynasty?Find NGS online map resources @www.nationalgeographic.com/mapsCHAPTER 12China in the Middle Ages409
408-415 Ch12 S1-8241333/15/046:13 AMPage 410After Wendi died, his son Yangdi(YAHNG DEE) took the Chinese throne.Yangdi wanted to expand China’s territory.He sent an army to fight the neighboringKoreans, but the Chinese were badlydefeated. At home, Yangdi took on manyambitious building projects. For example,the Great Wall had fallen into ruins, andYangdi had it rebuilt.Yangdi’s greatest effort went into building the Grand Canal. This system of waterways linked the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River)and Huang He (Yellow River). The GrandWeb Activity Visit jat.glencoe.com andclick on Chapter 12—Student Web Activity tolearn more about China.Canal became an important route for shipping products between northern and southern China. It helped unite China’s economy.An economy (ih KAH nuh mee) is anorganized way in which people produce,sell, and buy things.Grand Canal and Three Gorges Dam ProjectThe Three GorgesDam underconstructionOpening the Grand Canal boostedImperial China’s economy and made it muchcheaper and faster to ship food and goodsnorth and south. It also cost many laborerstheir lives. In addition, the canal systemoften flooded, drowning many people andanimals and destroying crops.In 1994 China began buildingthe Three Gorges Dam on the ChangJiang. The dam will control floodingand produce electricity. Building it,however, requires many areas to beflooded. Millions of people have had tomove, and much farmland will be lost. WhatThe Grand Canal410CHAPTER 12have construction projects changed in your state?China in the Middle Ages(l)The Art Archive/Bibliothèque Nationale Paris, (r)Christopher Liu/ChinaStock
3/15/046:16 AMPage 411Song China c. A.D. 120001,000 mi.HeLuoyangChanganianggJanKEYSong empireGrand CanalKOREANPENINSULABeijingGOBIThe Tang DynastyEastChinaSeaHangzhouNCHINAEWGuangzhouM20 NekoR.ngIn A.D. 618 one ofYangdi’s generals took over China. Hemade himself emperor and set up a newdynasty called the Tang (TAHNG). Unlike theshort-lived Sui, the Tang dynasty was inpower for about 300 years—from A.D. 618 toA.D. 907. The Tang capital at Changanbecame a magnificent city, with about onemillion people living there.Tang rulers worked to strengthenChina’s government. They carried out anumber of reforms, or changes that broughtimprovements. The most powerful Tangemperor was named Taizong (TY ZAWNG).He restored the civil service exam system.Government officials were once again hiredbased on how well they did on examsrather than on their family connections.Taizong also gave land to farmers andbrought order to the countryside.During the late A.D. 600s, a womannamed Wu ruled China as empress. Shewas the only woman in Chinese history torule the country on her own. A forcefulleader, Empress Wu (WOO) added moreofficials to the government. She alsostrengthened China’s military forces.Under the Tang, China regained muchof its power in Asia and expanded the areasunder its control. Tang armies pushed westinto central Asia, invaded Tibet, and tookcontrol of the Silk Road. They marched intoKorea and forced the Korean kingdoms to N4001,000 kmTwo-Point Equidistant projectionHu a n gYangdi rebuilt China, but he did itby placing hardships on the Chinese people.Farmers were forced to work on the GreatWall and the Grand Canal. They alsohad to pay high taxes to the governmentfor these projects. Finally, the farmersbecame so angry that they revolted. Thearmy took control and killed Yangdi.With Yangdi gone, the Sui dynasty cameto an end.Ch408-415 Ch12 S1-824133SSouthChina SeaBay ofBengal100 E120 EThe Song dynasty moved thecapital city to Hangzhou.1. Use the map of the Tang dynastyon page 409 to compare the areasof the Tang and Song dynasties.2. About how far is Hangzhou fromthe northern border of the empire?pay tribute, a special kind of tax that onecountry pays to another to be left alone. TheTang also moved south and took control ofnorthern Vietnam.By the mid-A.D. 700s, however, the Tangdynasty began to have problems. A newgroup of nomads—the Turks that you readabout earlier—drove the Tang armies out ofcentral Asia and took control of the SilkRoad. This damaged China’s economy.Revolts in Tibet and among Chinese farmers at home further weakened the Tang. InA.D. 907 all of this disorder brought downthe Tang dynasty.The Song DynastyFor about 50 years afterthe fall of the Tang, military leaders ruledChina. Then, in A.D. 960, one of the generalsdeclared himself emperor and set up theSong (SOONG) dynasty.CHAPTER 12China in the Middle Ages4110
3/15/046:17 AMPage 412The Song dynasty ruled fromA.D. 960 to 1279.This period wasa time of prosperity and culturalachievement forChina. From thestart, however, theSong faced probStatue of the Buddha,lems that threatcarved about A.D. 460ened their holdin the Yun-Kang caveson China. Songin China.rulers did nothave enough soldiers to control their large empire. Tibetbroke away, and nomads took over much ofnorthern China. For safety, the Song movedtheir capital farther south to the city ofHangzhou (HAHNG JOH). Hangzhou wason the coast near the Chang Jiang delta.Explain How did Wendiunite China?Buddhism Spreads to ChinaBuddhism became popular in China andspread to Korea and Japan.Reading Focus Where do you turn when you are having problems? Read to learn why many Chinese turnedto Buddhism when China was in trouble.Earlier you learned that traders andmissionaries from India brought Buddhismto China in about A.D. 150. At the time, theHan dynasty was already weak. Soon afterward, China collapsed into civil war. Peopleeverywhere were dying from war and alack of food and shelter. It was a time ofgreat suffering. Because Buddhism taughtthat people could escape their suffering,many Chinese seeking peace and comfortbecame Buddhists.Chinese BuddhismEarly Tang rulers werenot Buddhists, but they allowed Buddhismto be practiced in China. They evenCity Life in Tang ChinaUnder the Tang, China grew and was prosperous. Tang cities couldbe large, with many activities occurring within the city’s walls. Acity contained many shops and temples. The homes of rich familiesoften had two or three floors. When did the Tang rule China?Musicians and dancersFarmerssellinggoodsPrint shopMaking potteryCivil serviceexaminationsIra Kirschenbaum/Stock Boston408-415 Ch12 S1-824133
supported the building of Buddhist temples. Many Chinese Buddhists becamemonks and nuns. They lived in placescalled monasteries (MAH nuh STEHR eez),where they meditated and worshiped.Buddhist temples and monasteries provided services for people. They ran schoolsand provided rooms and food for travelers.Buddhist monks served as bankers and provided medical care.Not all Chinese people liked Buddhism,however. Many thought that it was wrong forthe Buddhist temples and monasteries toaccept donations. Others believed that monksand nuns weakened respect for family lifebecause they were not allowed to marry.In the early A.D. 800s, Tang officialsfeared Buddhism’s growing power. Theysaw Buddhism as an enemy of China’s traditions. In A.D. 845 the Tang had many Buddhist monasteries and temples destroyed.Buddhism in China never fully recovered.Chinese Buddhism Spreads EastAs youread earlier, Korea broke free of China whenthe Han dynasty fell in A.D. 220. For severalhundred years after, Korea was divided intothree independent kingdoms.In the A.D. 300s, Chinese Buddhistsbrought their religion to Korea. AboutA.D. 660, the Koreans united to form onecountry. After that, with government support, Buddhism grew even stronger in Korea.Buddhism later spread to the nearbyislands of Japan (juh PAN). According tolegend, one of Korea’s kings wrote toJapan’s emperor. The letter contained astatue of the Buddha and Buddhist writings. “This religion is the most excellent ofall teachings,” the king wrote. As timepassed, Buddhism won many followers inJapan as well.New Confucian IdeasThe Tang dynasty returned to theideas of Confucius and created a new class ofscholar-officials.Reading Focus Have you ever seen someone get areward that he or she did not earn? Read to learn howChina’s rulers tried to avoid this problem when hiringgovernment officials.You have already read about Confuciusand his teachings. Confucius and his followers believed that a good governmentdepended on having wise leaders. The civilservice examinations introduced by HanDefendingConfucianismHan Yü (A.D. 768 to A.D. 824) encouraged theChinese people to remain faithful toConfucianism.“What were the teachings of our ancient kings?Universal love is calledhumanity. To practice thisin the proper manner iscalled righteousness. Toproceed according tothese is called the Way. . . .They offered sacrifices toHeaven and the godscame to receive them. . . .What Way is this? I say:This is what I call theHan YüWay, and not what theTaoists [Daoists] and theBuddhists called the Way. . . .”—Han Yü, “An Inquiry on The Way” (Tao)Why does Han Yü think Confucianismshould be followed?Explain Why did someChinese people dislike Buddhism?CHAPTER 12China in the Middle Ages413Bettmann/CORBIS
3/15/046:20 AMPage 414Civil Service ExamsProficiency testsand final exams today take a lot ofpreparation, but they are not as difficultas China’s civil service examinationsgiven during the Tang dynasty. Men ofalmost all ranks tried to pass the examsso they could hold government jobs andbecome wealthy. Thousands attemptedthe tests, but only a few hundred peoplequalified for the important positions.Chinese boys began preparing forthe exams inprimary school.After many years oflearning to read andwrite more than400,000 words andsayings, the boys—now men in theirtwenties or earlythirties—would takethe first of threelevels of exams.StudentsStudents traveled totaking civilhuge testing sites toservice examstake the tests. Foodand beds were notprovided, so they had to bring theirown. Many men became sick or insanebecause of the stress of the tests andthe poor conditions under which theywere tested.Connecting to the Past1. How old were the Chinese when they tookthe tests?2. Why do you think taking the tests was sostressful for these men?rulers were a product of Confucian ideas.They were supposed to recruit talentedgovernment officials.After the fall of the Han dynasty, nonational government existed to give civilservice examinations. Confucianism lostmuch support, and Buddhism with itsspiritual message won many followers.Tang and Song rulers, however, broughtConfucianism back into favor.What Is Neo-Confucianism?The Tangdynasty gave its support to a new kind ofConfucianism called neo-Confucianism.This new Confucianism was created, inpart, to reduce Buddhism’s popularity. Ittaught that life in this world was just asimportant as the afterlife. Followerswere expected to take part in life andhelp others.Although it criticized Buddhistideas, this new form of Confucianismalso picked up some Buddhist andDaoist beliefs. For many Chinese,Confucianism became more than a system of rules for being good. It became areligion with beliefs about the spiritualworld. Confucian thinkers taught that ifpeople followed Confucius’s teachings,they would find peace of mind and live inharmony with nature.The Song dynasty, which followed theTang, also supported neo-Confucianism.The Song even adopted it as their officialphilosophy, or belief system.Scholar-OfficialsNeo-Confucianism alsobecame a way to strengthen the government. Both Tang and Song rulers used civilservice examinations to hire officials. Indoing so, they based the bureaucracy on amerit system. Under a merit system, people are accepted for what they can do andnot on their riches or personal contacts.Snark/Art Resource, NY408-415 Ch12 S1-824133
408-415 Ch12 S1-8241333/15/046:21 AMPage 415The examinations tested job seekers ontheir knowledge of Confucian writings. Topass, it was necessary to write with style aswell as understanding. The tests were supposed to be fair, but only men were allowedto take the tests. Also, only rich people hadthe money that was needed to help theirsons study for the tests.Passing the tests was very difficult.However, parents did all they could to prepare their sons. At the age of four, boysstarted learning to write the characters ofthe Chinese language. Later, students hadto memorize all of Confucius’s writi
Journey Across Time Video Program. China Reunites During the Middle Ages, Chinese rulers brought peace, order, and growth to China. Buddhism became a major religion in China, but the Chinese government supported Confucian ideas. Chinese Society Farming and trade brought wealth to China. The Chinese devel-
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Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .
TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Contents Dedication Epigraph Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part Two Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18. Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26
