Special Thanks To
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Special Thanks to. Nate CookeVictor Grau-SerratGwyndaf JonesBernard KiwiaKathleen LiSuprio DasDennis NagleAmy SmithL i s a Ta c o r o n t eA d a m Ta l s m aM i k e Ta r k a n i a nand all other D-Lab mentors!Also,Nate and Jessica's officeThat sleeping bag in the D-Lab lounge“Brainstorming” walksThe M-Lab welding machine2
Ta b l e o f C o n t e n t s 0.Executive Summary1.Prior Art1.1Washing Clothes 1.2Hand Washing and the Technology Gap 1.3The Washing Machine 1.4Human-powered Washing Machines 1.4.1. Maya Pedal 1.4.2. Radu Raduta 1.4.3. Remya Jose 1.4.4. Lisa Tacoronte 1.4.5. Kathleen Li 1.4.6. Adam Talsma 2.Evolution of an Idea3.Experimentation and Evaluation3.1De-watering Experiments 3.2Brief Prototype Testing 4.Final Concept4.1Objective 4.2Design Specifications 4.3Our Design 4.3.1. Outer Drum 4.3.2. Inner Drum 4.3.2.1.Frame 4.3.2.2.Weave 4.3.2.3.Assembly 4.3.2.4.Reasonning 4.3.2.5.Improvements 4.3.3. Bicycle 4.3.4. Mobility Structure 5.Next Steps6.Appendices6.1Pugh Charts 6.1.1.Washing Method 6.1.2.Drying Method 6.1.3.Transport 6.2 Visual Comparison between inner drums 6.3 Design Specifications from Initial Planning 6.4 Rough Line Item Budget 3
0. Executive Summary Problem StatementTo design an economically-viable, human-powered washing machine that can be used by the averagePeruvian woman entrepreneur. The machine must clean as well as or better than, and in less timethan hand-washing, and be compact yet stable enough to be transported by foot in an urban setting.Design SpecificationsThe movilavadora's design specifications are divided into 6 major groups: form, portability,effectiveness, cultural acceptability, resource consumption, and economics. After reviewing interviewswith Guatemalan women, our main concern was that the customer would not be comfortable pedalingthe bicycle on the sidewalk. Therefore we aimed to accommodate their needs by reducing themovilavadora's width so that it could be brought inside for more private use. We also aimed totransform the current bulky design into something easy to turn, to move long distances, and tostabilize for the wash mode. In order to be more financially viable, we also worked to reduce thematerials and processes needed for the product. To reduce environmental impact, we aimed toincrease the washer's efficiency so that less soap and water are needed. Overall we tried to balancepeople, profit, and planet for the most sustainable project possible.Prior WorkHuman-powered laundry machines have been designed and implemented at a small-scale in Peru,Guatemala, the Philippines, the US, and other countries. There are several crank-powered, compactmachines that are commercially available and target bachelors, business women, and other singleserve on-the-go lifestyles. On the other hand, the bicycle-powered machine has adapted for manyenvironments and many demographics (men, children, etc). To our knowledge, four MIT teams havealso implemented bicycle-powered washing machines. All the models are horizontal axis washer, butthat is where the similarity ends. One has used plastic for both the inner and outer drum, onecombines a plastic inner with a metal outer, another uses a concrete basin with plastic inner drum, andthe final uses sheet metal to construct both. The most recent design by Lisa Tacorante incorporatesthe seat into the design while the others rely on the user to find appropriately positioned seating.Concepts EvaluationThe movilavadora's functions can be broken into different categories: washing method, de-wateringmethod, power source, and portability. Our initial challenge was to make the 2009 bicilavadora moreportable. However, we began by investigating each of these categories to ensure that the use of the2009 bicilavadora would be a good foundation for the portable iteration. The main competing ideaswere (1) the Hippo roller which de-waters using compression (2) the fold-up suitcase design thatutilizes netting as the inner drum and does not provide a seat from which to pedal, and (3) the washingmachine that is transported, powered, and dewatered by bicycle. After many Pugh charts, the 2009bicilavadora won out in all categories except for the inner drum. The previous team designed amodular inner drum that is meant to be thermoformed and constructed for large-scale distribution.Thermoforming requires huge initial investments; therefore, this was an unacceptable solution for ourintermediate technology.Proposed SolutionRecognizing that the inner drum is a weakness in most pedal-powered machines, we decided to focusour attention on creating an inner drum from locally available materials. For us, it didn't make sense togive portability to a machine with fundamental flaws. We brainstormed local materials that couldprovide a strong, permeable inner drum. As a coastal town, Lima is home to many fishermen who arecapable of making durable netting that could be used as part of the inner drum. The inner drum ismade from wood and netting. As compared to the rest of the metal machine, this component can beeasily removed, repaired, and replaced. This innovation is cheap as compared to plastic and rust-free4
as compared to metal. We based our design for the movilavadora's portable structure off of the common food carts found inPeruvian streets. Women sell tea and sandwiches from large, boxy carts that are pushed forward fromgut height. Our design fits a dolly to the movilavadora so that the wheels act as transportation whilemoving from house-to-house and stabilizing shocks during wash cycles. The wheels are independentof one another, which allows for a small turning radius, and are large enough to manage a 5" curbdrop-off.Future WorkIn general, our next steps concern market identification and product feedback. In particular, we will becoordinating with Limakids to determine how our project can work with their aims and needs.However, we believe that we need to expand beyond LimaKids in order to reach our targeteddemographic. Before summer 2010, our team will draft a survey that will be used in Guatemala andSouthern Peru by Connie Lu and Brooke Jarrett, respectively. We will collect data concerning workhabits, typical income, etc. so that we can modify the design accordingly. If time permits, it would bebest to build a prototype in order to gather specific feedback about user interface. In the fall of 2010,Benji Moncivaiz will use the movilavadora for his 2.671 class. Here, we hope to detail a standardizedexperimental procedure. This will then be used to establish baseline statistics for comparison to futureprototypes.5
1. Prior Art 1.1 Washing ClothesThree major components are required in clothes washing: water, chemical surfactants andmechanical agitation. Heat speeds up the removal of soil from the clothing, but it is not absolutelyessential for most types of soiled clothes. During washing, clothes are first submerged in water andchemical surfactant, and the mixture is mechanically agitated. The mechanical agitation lifts most dirtparticles from the clothes into the water. Chemical surfactants surround and loosen stubborn particlesfrom fabric, and keep them suspended particles suspended in the water. After a period of mechanicalagitation, the water and suspended dirt particles are drained. The clothes are then again submergedin clean water, and mechanically agitated to lift remaining dirt and chemical surfactant. This rinsewater is then drained. Rinse water can be reused. Finally, either wringing or fast, vigorous spinningdries the wet clothes.1 . 2 H a n d W a s h i n g a n d Te c h n o l o g y G a pThere is large technology gap between traditional hand washing and electric washingmachines. In communities around the world, many cannot afford to buy electric washing machines,which cost at least two hundred US dollars. Even if people had the initial purchasing power, manytimes they cannot afford the electricity required to operate these machines. The lack of sufficientwater pressure in many developing countries also deteriorates utility of most electric washers. Thus, itis very common for women to wash clothes by hand. Washing clothes by hand costs very littlemonetarily, but is an extremely time consuming process. Moreover, repeated washing is harmful tohands due to prolonged exposure to harsh chemical surfactants combined with deliberate agitation.Cold weather makes hand washing especially painful. The chemicals and agitation causes drynessand cracking of the skin that makes it difficult for women to do other daily activities. If clean water isnot easily available, women often wash laundry in contaminated waters, which can cause infectionsthrough the broken skin. Additionally, the posture required for hand washing clothes can cause backpains, also hindering their daily activities. In both Peru and Guatemala, and most likely in many othercountries, some women earn their livelihood by washing clothes by hand for wealthier households.For these women especially, the effects of harsh chemicals and agitation are magnified because theywash clothes very frequently. Moreover, the fact that hand washing is time-consuming means that theirproductivity and income are narrowly limited.1.3 Washing MachinesMany types of washing machines have been invented and used, but the two designs that haveproven to be most effective are the vertical axis (top-loading) and the horizontal axis (traditionallyfront-loading) machines. In the vertical axis washer, clothes are fully submerged in water and thevertical drum rotates back and forth to separate and agitate clothing. In the horizontal axis washer, thedrum is only filled to approximately one-third of the full volume. The horizontal drum rotatescontinuously in one direction. Fins on the side of the drum pick up the clothing and drop them backdown, agitating and separating the clothes. Recently, horizontal axis washers have become morepopular because they use significantly less water and potentially less power than vertical axiswashers. Rotating the drum in a single direction uses rotational momentum in its favor, whereasturning the drum back and forth requires a significant amount of impulse to change the momentumwith each switch in direction. However, it has been recognized that the horizontal axis drum needs tobe significantly stiffer and more robust to withstand the large amount of force that the pounding of wetclothes exerts on the drum walls. Moreover, horizontal axis washers generate more vibrations thanvertical axis washers do.1 The understanding of the relative benefits and disadvantages of verticaland horizontal axis drums that has been gathered during the development of electric washing1Raduta, Radu. “Design for Dissemination of a Low Cost Washing Machine for Developing Countries.”Bachelors Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 2008.6
machines can be translated to human-powered washing machines. 1.4 Human-Powered Washing Machines There have beenmany efforts to createhuman-powered washingmachines. Some of theseefforts have arisen out ofenvironmental awareness,and several technologieshave been focused onapplication in developingcountries. At HumboldtUniversity, two humanpowered washingIllustration 2: WonderWash handmachines have been built.cranked washing machine isIllustration 1: Household electricmarketed for campers, single people, Both of these adaptwashing machine converted tohousehold washing electricand business people and washes uppedal power (via exercise bike.)machines to pedal powerto 5 pounds of clothes at a time.Image Credit: http://www.humboldt.edu(Illustration 1). While mostImage Credit:http://www.dallasnews.com Bart Orlando. All rights reserved. This Laundry Alternative.examples of humanAll rights reserved.content is excluded from our Creativepowered washingThis content is excluded from our CreativeCommons license. For more information,Commons license. For more information,machines have been pedalsee http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.powered, there is at 2leastone machine that is hand-crank powered. The WonderWash is a small plastic washing machine thatwashes up to 5 pounds of clothes and is powered by a hand crank (Illustration 2). Commercially atless than 50 per unit, the WonderWash is targeted at campers, single people and businesspeoplebecause of its portability and compact form.1.4.1 Maya PedalThe NGO Maya Pedal in Guatemala attempted its first bicilavadora in 2005. This bicilavadorahad a vertical-axis and top-loading (Illustration 3). It tended to rip clothes and was hard to power, andas a result the project was abandoned.Illustration 3:Vertical-axis bicilavadora built by Maya Pedal. Image Credit: Raduta, h.htm7
1.4.2 Radu RadutaThe bicilavadora development was picked up again in 2006 when Radu Raduta and severalother MIT students helped to continue the project at Maya Pedal. This MIT team worked with MayaPedal to build a proof-of-concept horizontal axis washer solely out of materials that could be found inGuatemala (Illustration 4). The MIT team first constructed a prototype on campus, and won anInternational Technology Award from the IDEAS competition in 2005 (Raduta). They were successfulin building a very similar protytype at Maya Pedal as well, and materials were locally available, butsome materials were not locally abundant.Illustration 4: Horizontal-axis bicilavadoras built by MIT team and Maya Pedal in 2006. Left isoriginal MIT prototype design. Similar prototype was built at MIT for IDEAS competition. Right islocal adaptation from original design. Image Credit: Raduta, 2005.Radu continued to look thoroughly into washing clothes and the mechanisms ofwashing machines in order to continue the bicilavadora project as his master’s thesis in 2007. In thisthesis, Radu focused primarily on the large-scale dissemination of the bicilavadora and on the designof the inner drum. Radu suggested a business model that was inspired by International DevelopmentEnterprises’ (IDE) model of centralized manufacturing with local assembly. The inner drum of thebicilavadoras would be made in a centralized factory setting, and a kit containing only the partsnecessary to build the inner drum would be sold at local markets by stand owners who currently soldchemical washing powders. Radu suggested a marketing partnership between the bicilavadora and aspecific brand of chemical detergent. The partnership would be mutually beneficial, Radu believes,because the chemical detergent company would distinguish itself from a large field of competitors witha “novel way to promote products” and the bicilavadora company would “increase adoption rates andfurther promote their brand.3” The consumer or a middleman would be instructed on how to assemblethe parts, and to devise a system to catch water and secure the drum. In designing the inner drum,Radu explored different materials that could be used to make the inner drum and developed afunctional and easily transported shape for the final inner drum. Radu ruled out metal for the innerdrum because metal corrodes easily. He also built a test inner drum entirely out of relatively waterresistant (oily) wood, but found the construction to be “expensive, cumbersome and exceedinglyheavy.” See Appendix. He settled on making the drum from ABS, thermoformed into the shape heinvestigated.3Raduta, Radu. “Design for Dissemination of a Low Cost Washing Machine for Developing Countries.”Bachelors Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 2008.8
1.4.3Remya JoseA student named Remya Jose in India alsoengineered a clothes-washing machine thatconsisted of a cylindrical drum made out of wiremesh inside of a custom-welded aluminum boxcasing. Pedals on either side of the washingmachine directly drive the turning of the innerdrum, and the seat is detached (Illustration 5).Remya’s father brought the original designs to anengineering workshop for manufacturing, and itappears that Remya’s family has been using theresulting washing machine. Remya’s story and thetechnology she created received attention fromthe Indian government and a legal firm, whichhelped Remya submit her design for patenting.However, it seems that the patent never camethrough and the design has not beendisseminated commercially.Image removed due to copyright restrictions.Still image from video clip, see full video athttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v VhlUVdbU9Lk1 . 4 . 4 L i s a Ta c o r o n t eLisa Tacoronte built a bicilavadora using one of theABS drums designed by Radu during the winter of 2009. Thisbicilavadora was implemented during a D-Lab: Developmenttrip at an orphanage called Sagrada Familia in Lima, Peru.When we visited a year after the implementation, thebicilavadora was in use, although not well maintained. Thebicilavadora was extremely well received, and very useful inhelping with the huge volume of laundry at Sagrada Familia(there are approximately 800 children who are housed andschooled at this orphanage). The community requested thatD-Lab students bring more of the ABS drums and build morebicilavadoras, but had not taken the initiative to find alternative Illustration 6: Lisa Tacoronte standinginner drums or build additional bicilavadoras on its own. Foramong the kids at La Familia Sangradawhatever reasons, this model seems to be the most wellwith her bicilavadora. Image Credit:known bicilavadora, and has been documented in many news Gwyndaf Jones, 2009.channels like CBS.4 Gwyndaf Jones. All rights reserved. This content isexcluded from our Creative Commons license. For moreinformation, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.4See: 22/eveningnews/main4962435.shtml9
1.4.5 Kathleen LiKathleen Li also built a pedal-powered washing machineduring a trip to India in summer 2009. Because it is relativelyinexpensive to have local craftsman make custom parts in thecommunity where Kathleen was working, the inner and outerdrum, as well as several other parts were manufactured toorder, primarily out of sheet metal. Unlike Lisa’s design, thiswashing machine had a detached seat (See Illustration 7). Oneemployee at the NGO where the washing machine was builtlikes using the machine to wash her clothes regularly, but it isunclear whether it has been used extensively by the communityas intended.Illustration 7: A woman testing out themachine. This is a still taken from avideo. In it, the chain falls off severaltimes. Image source: Li, 2009.Courtesy of Kathleen Li.Used with permission.1 . 4 . 6 A d a m Ta l s m aAdam Talsma, William Chin and Josh Geltman built apedal-powered washing machine prototype at MIT in Spring2008 through CityDays, and implemented an improvedprototype in Tambo de Mora, Peru the following summer. Thewashing machine had a detached seat, simple steel frame, andplastic barrels for the inner drum (see Illustration 8) TheCityDays team was able to find appropriately sized plasticbarrels, but it has been noted in Radu’s thesis that even whena few barrels can be obtained, the supply is likely to be toolimited to accommodate scale-up. The construction process forthis washing machine is very well-documented. However, thewashing machine, as far as the team is aware, was not usedafter they left Tambo de Mora.Illustration 8: Nested Drums. ImageCredit: Talsma, 2007. Adam Talsma. All rights reserved. This content isexcluded from our Creative Commons license. For moreinformation, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.10
2. Evolution of an Idea The movilavadora’s functions can be broken into different categories: washing method, dewatering method, power source, and portability. Our initial challenge was to make the2009 bicilavadora more portable. However, we began by investigating each of these categories toensure that the use of the 2009 bicilavadora would be a good foundation on which to base ourmodifications. The following table compartmentalizes our brainstorming sessions and research bycategory.WashingDe-WateringPower SourcePortabilityWater agitationHang wringingBicycle PedalBackpack / BriefcaseScrubbing by frictionPressing together(direct)CrankBicycleImpact (rotational)Pressing together(rollers)Sewing pedalPush cart / wheelbarrowImpact (pounding)SpinRolling drum (ie QDrum)Rolling washerPressurized air throughmaterialHeatMotorWhip effectManual shakingUsing a Pugh chart for each category, we concluded that spin washing, press de-watering, andbackpack transportation were the best solutions (power source was not discussed in detail until later inthe design process). These Pugh charts can be found in Appendix 6.1. Despite the results, certainideas and methods continued to persuade us in ways that the numbers could not. For example, in ourdiscussion about press de-watering, our visual concept of pressing revolved around a single piece ofclothing. Thus we put a plus next in this cell. If one considers an entire mountain of clothes, however,the press de-watering becomes a less effective option.Therefore, over Spring Break 2010, each team member was tasked with detailing an integrateddesign that combined his or her favorite components of wash, de-watering, power, and portabilitystructure. The resulting ideas, their benefits, anddisadvantages are described below:(1) A Hippo roller which de-waters usingcompression. The handles for pushing/pulling themachine fold out to become the base of the machineduring wash mode. The method for powering wasnot yet developed.Benefits: Simplicity. Many parts are multi-functional.Disadvantages: Instability and lockingcomplications. Having the handles function as both apushing device as well as a stand has advantages,but it is not optimal for creating a stable base. The Illustration 9: Computer sketch of the Improvedmembers would need to be rigidly connected to the Hippo Roller concept. Image Credit: Moncivaiz,201011
drum while also having the capacity for rotating. This would be difficult to achieve without a thoroughlyengineered member, which would likely be expensive.(2) A collapsible suitcase design that utilizes netting as the inner drum. The pedals would fit on top ofthe suitcase and be detached for wash mode. The user would need to find his or her seating fromwhich to pedal. In wash mode, thehandle would fold over to preventthe machine from sliding out further.Benefits: Compactness.Unhindered travel is optimized forthose who need to walk and takethe bus. This is a likely situationsince the washing woman willprobably not live in the same highincome bracket neighborhood asher client.Disadvantages: Sealing issuesand abundance of moving parts.Each of the sections would need atight seal against other sectionswhen expanded to wash mode. As Illustration 10: Sketch up model of the collapsible concepta result, the manufacturing wouldImage Credit: Hasan, 2010need to be fairly precise to ensureproper alignment of pieces againstone another. Moving parts are inherently vulnerable points especially if they are used often. Sheerfriction and repeated use would significantly weaken the machine. This would possibly result in ashorter expected lifespan.(3) A washing machine that attaches to the back of a wheelchair. The seat detaches from the wheelchair, using the front casters and metal backlegs (originally the armrests). The drum is placedbetween the wheels which act to stabilize the drumas it spins (not reflected in diagram). The entire thingis powered by hot water pressure that pushes thesuds of soap through the cloth.Benefits: Compactness and ability to carry washingaccessories. The wheelchair could be used to stacklaundry, detergent, or other related items.Disadvantages: Use of an expensive wheelchairwith an able-bodied person. Modifying a wheelchairis not ideal. It would be best to take the basiccomponents of a wheelchair (seating, push cartIllustration 11: Diagram of wheelchair idea, Imagehandles, and wheels) and design around localCredit: Jarrett, 2010materials. Additionally the wheelchair is anunnecessary transportation mechanism if the person is already capable of walking.12
(4(4) Building off of the Q-Drum concept,this design is suspended off the ground.The bicycle wheels support the drum, turnit, and allow it to go over rough terrain.Here, the clothes would be washed/driedas one walks. The ends of the handleshave two pegs on which the drum can becentered. Each peg creates a differentgear ratio, allowing for a transitionbetween wash and transportation modes.Benefits: Simplicity of using a single druminstead of requiring inner and outer drums.Disadvantages: Being required to walk in Illustration 12: Sketch to describe the transition betweenwash and spin modes.order to wash.Image Credit: Lu, 2010(5) A washing machine that is transported, powered, and dewatered by bicycle.Benefits: Ease of transportability.Disadvantages: The device is bulky andwould require some fairly complicatedPhoto of bicycle-powered ice cream push cart removed due to copyrightmechanisms for engaging andrestrictions. See gaging the chain -timewash and transportation modes.The inner drum has varied across all of the bicycle powered machines that have beendescribed so far. Please see Appendix 6.2 or a visual comparison between the variations. Previousdesigns have incorporated a number of materials such as ABS, wood, plastic water barrel, sheetmetal, and metal mesh (resembling chicken wire). We immediately ruled out ABS since it is not13
financially sustainable on a small-scale. The plastic water barrel is only available in certain parts ofPeru and cannot be depended on for consistent sizing. Sheet metal will rust, but there are methods ofpreserving it such as using varnish or car body coatings. We decided against this alternative forenvironmental and health reasons. We decided on using a combination of a mesh (metal / rope) andwood for our inner drum design. Being locally available, easy to work with, and cheap, these materialswere ideal for the conditions in Peru.The derailleurs are another weakness in the 2009 bicilavadora (Tacoronte’s) design. Thissystem is not immediately intuitive to someone who has never ridden a bike before. This is a likelyscenario in Peru where women are not often found riding bikes. The system is also not easy to buildaround due to the precision and knowledge necessary to install the derailleur successfully. If it breaks,the women will need to seek help for repairs. To top it all off, the chain must wrap around as the bikefolds into transportation mode. For these reasons, we tried to come up with a good alternative to thederailleur. The retro-direct is the best alternative at this point. However, we decided not to pursue theretro-direct since we knew it would involve expensive, unusual gear ratios. Additionally, time waslimited and so we were forced to prioritize.The five ideas from Spring Break inspired a final concept. Based off of several experimentsthat are detailed in section three, we shaped this concept into our final design which is described insection four. This design incorporates the idea of the pushcart, wheels as stabilizers, fishermen's ropefor the inner drum, and bicycle power.14
3. Experimentation and Evaluation 3.1 De-wateringHand wringing is one of the hardest stages in hand washing clothes, thus removing water aftera wash cycle is one of main challenges in creating a good washing machine. We tested differentmethods of de-watering our clothes by using a small towel which we wet to saturation. From its soppystate, we measured the amount of water we were able to remove using different methods. Ourstandard test was hand-wringing, for which we folded the towel and twisted it to remove the water for30 seconds.Most modern day washers use a spin cycle to remove water after a wash. In order to simulatethe spin cycle of a washer the towel was suspended inside a mesh pocket inside of a bucket and wasmanually spun around on the vertical axis as fast as possible. A similar test was also preformed whilespinning on the horizontal axis.Illustration 14: Different methods tested for de-watering. Wringing by hand (right), horizontal axis spinning(middle), and vertical axis (left). Image Credit: Lu and Jarrett, 2010.A method to remove water before the introduction of a spin cycle was a press. We tried threemethods of press drying (see Illustration 15. First, the towel was placed between two planks of woodand full body weight was put on it by stepped on it. The stepper rocked back and forth for about 30seconds and then measured the amount of water that is in our flat bin. The second was similar but thetowel was pressed mechanically by clamping towel between two planks until it would no longertighten. Finally, using a 4” diameter cylinder, we rolled over the folded towel four times back and forthand measured the amount of water squeezed out.Illustration 15: Different methods tested for de-watering. Vertical pressing via weight (right), verticalpressing via clamp (middle), and pressing with roller (left). Image Credit: Moncivaiz and Hasan201015
The results of these are as follows: HandVerticalHorizontalHumanMechanical Rolling Pin6WringingSpinSpinpressPressHasan and Moncivaiz2TesterJarrett and Lu1Test 1610mL450mL3500mL5720mL720mL600mLTest 2580mL485mL4380mL3800mL800mL620mLTest 773.3mL773.3mL623.3mL1Weight of water used to measure the amount of water removed, using 1mL/g as the conversion factor. 2Volume of water used to measure the amount of water removed, in mL. 3Was spun for 20 seconds. 4Was spun for 30 seconds. 5Was spun for 25 seconds. 6The cylinder was somewhat hollow so full force could not be applied. Illustration 16: Final Results from testing. 3 . 2 B r i e f P r o t o t y p
machines can be translated to human-powered washing machines. 1.4 Human-Powered Washing Machines one machine that is hand-crank powered. The . WonderWash . is a small plastic washing machine that washes up to 5 pounds of clothes and is powered by a hand crank (Illustration 2).
That makes me feel funny. Thanks for the money That bought me a bunny. Thanks for the day That makes me feel ok. Thanks for the school That makes me feel cool. Thanks for the love That makes me feel above. Thanks for the hurry That made me worry. Thanks for the happy That makes
work/products (Beading, Candles, Carving, Food Products, Soap, Weaving, etc.) ⃝I understand that if my work contains Indigenous visual representation that it is a reflection of the Indigenous culture of my native region. ⃝To the best of my knowledge, my work/products fall within Craft Council standards and expectations with respect to
I am physically able to take part in Special Olympics activities. 2. Likeness Release. I give permission to Special Olympics to use my photo, video, name, voice, and words to promote Special Olympics and raise funds for Special Olympics. For this form, "Special Olympics" means all Special Olympics organizations. 3. Risk of Concussion and .
Thanks to those Hungarian friends and colleagues of the author who supported the research with their insights, information, and observations. Special thanks for the commitment of the members of the 25/88th Light Mixed Battalion, the 34th Bercsényi László Special Operations Battalion, and the Joint Forces Command of the Hungarian Defense Forces.
support and inspiration. Lastly, thanks to the entire Apress team for their support to complete this book on time. Hemant Kathuria – Thanks to entire Apress team especially Matthew, Shrikanth and Smriti, for helping us complete this book on time. A special thanks to Varun Ka
Thanks to people who built Polyglot [40]. Without them, this project would have taken a lot more engineering time and effort. Thanks to my families and friends for their constant support and encouragement. Special thanks to Mom and Dad. Without them calling me and nagging at me on a
from Microsoft CSS Security (in Texas, North Carolina, and Washington) for shar-ing experiences every day, with a special thanks to all the great engineers from CSS India—you guys are the pillars of this team. Thanks for pushing me with tough questions and concerns. To all the readers of my articles and blogs, thanks
Special days are cool. Special days are fun. Special days bring special treats for everyone! Every January first, We celebrate and say, “Happy New Year!” to everyone Because it’s New Year’s Day. (Chorus) There are lots of special days, And each one is a treat. We have parades and fireworks And delicious food to eat. Listen and read .
