Historical And Philosophical Foundations Of Psychology
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore informationHistorical and PhilosophicalFoundations of PsychologyThis textbook connects the big ideas and key thinkers of psychology andphilosophy in a clear and cohesive theoretical narrative. Students are led tounderstand the relations between different schools of thought, and toconnect the various thinkers, theories and facts in psychology’s history.Focusing on the major ideas that have reoccurred throughout history, suchas the mind–body problem and the role of the mind in our experience,Martin Farrell shows how specific thinkers have explored the same ideas,but in different ways, leading to distinct schools of thought. The coherentnarrative enables students to see the bigger picture, through which thehistorical and conceptual roots of psychology can be easily understood.Martin Farrell is an Honorary Lecturer in the School of PsychologicalSciences at the University of Manchester. With over 15 years’ experienceof teaching psychology, he has lectured on many aspects of the disciplinebut his main focus has always been on the interface between psychologyand philosophy. He has lectured on the history of psychology for more than10 years and on consciousness for 13 years, and has taught philosophy ofscience to postgraduate students for six years. This book is the fruit of thisaccumulated experience. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore information in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore informationHistorical andPhilosophicalFoundations ofPsychologyMartin Farrell in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore informationUniversity Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United KingdomCambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit ofeducation, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/farrell Martin Farrell 2014This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the writtenpermission of Cambridge University Press.First published 2014Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow CornwallA catalogue record for this publication is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataFarrell, Martin, 1968–Historical and philosophical foundations of psychology / Martin Farrell.pages cmISBN 978-1-107-00599-0 (hardback)1. Psychology – Philosophy. 2. Psychology. I. Title.BF38.F37 2014150.1–dc232014001809ISBN 978-1-107-00599-0 HardbackISBN 978-0-521-18480-9 PaperbackAdditional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/farrellCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,accurate or appropriate. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore informationFor DonnaAnd my mother and father in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore information in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore informationContentsList of figuresList of boxesPrefaceAcknowledgementsPart I Philosophy of sciencepage ixxixiiixv11Logical positivism and Popper’s falsificationism2Kuhn and scientific revolutions263Lakatos and Feyerabend: research programmes andanarchism46Part II Historical development of the philosophy of mind2694Descartes and the mind–body problem705Locke, Berkeley, and empiricism946Hume, Kant, and Enlightenment1227Schopenhauer and Nietzsche142Part III Psychology1638Psychophysics and physiological psychology1649Evolution and psychology19010Freud and psychoanalysis21411Wundt and the birth of experimental psychology24412Titchener, introspection, and positivism26613Gestalt psychology28414William James and the stream of consciousness31215Dewey and functionalism338 in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore e psychology39018Modularity, neuroscience, and embodied cognition412GlossaryIndex434444 in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore 4.35.15.25.36.16.27.17.28.18.2Francis Bacon GeorgiosArt/iStockpage 6Karl Popper Getty Images13The increase in empirical content of a theory as a function ofhow many possible observations are ruled out by the theory19The Necker cube37The duck–rabbit37Imre Lakatos49Paul Feyerabend Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend57Galileo GeorgiosArt/iStock60René Descartes ilbusca/iStock73Aristotle Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons76Visually guided reaching. From Descartes’ L’Homme79John Locke GeorgiosArt/iStock99An example of a semantic network (Collins and Quillian 1969)108George Berkeley Bettmann/CORBIS113David Hume GeorgiosArt/iStock127Immanuel Kant GeorgiosArt/iStock133Arthur Schopenhauer Nicku/Shutterstock147Friedrich Nietzsche154Baruch Spinoza Lebrecht Authors/Lebrecht Music & Arts/Corbis169Gustav Theodor Fechner Getty Images172 in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore informationxList of .2Johannes MüllerHermann von Helmholtz Nicku/ShutterstockHerbert Spencer Michael Nicholson/CorbisCharles Darwin Stapleton Collection/CorbisSigmund Freud Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBISSophocles Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia CommonsWilhelm Wundt Bettmann/CORBISResearch in Wundt’s laboratory INTERFOTO / AlamyEdward Bradford TitchenerErnst Mach CORBISFranz BrentanoAlteration in the perception of lines as a function of perceptualcontextThe Rubin vaseThe factor of similarityThe factor of proximityThe factor of good continuityThe hidden figure ‘4’William James Bettmann/CORBISJohn Dewey Bettmann/CORBISEdward Lee Thorndike Humanities and Social Sciences Library/New York PublicLibrary/Science Photo LibraryJohn Broadus Watson Underwood & Underwood/CorbisShapes of the type used by Shepard and Metzler (1971) in theirstudy of mental rotationThe Müller–Lyer illusionModular organisation in this web service Cambridge University 303304316343365372397417418www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore 9.210.110.210.3Karl PopperPopper and politicsThomas KuhnImre LakatosPaul FeyerabendThe genesis of Against MethodRené DescartesDescartes the scientistScepticism: the example of MontaigneEducation and methodCartesian linguisticsJohn LockeLocke and scienceLocke’s politicsGeorge BerkeleyDavid HumeImmanuel KantKant’s ethical thoughtArthur SchopenhauerSchopenhauer’s influence on the artsFriedrich NietzscheNietzsche and the NazisBaruch SpinozaGustav Theodor FechnerJohannes MüllerHermann HelmholtzHelmholtz and empiricismHerbert SpencerCharles DarwinSigmund FreudFreud and JewishnessFreud and sex in this web service Cambridge University Presspage g
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore informationxiiList of 3Freud and the AncientsFreud and the artsWilhelm WundtWundt’s laboratoryEdward Bradford TitchenerErnst MachFranz BrentanoPhenomenologyMajor Gestalt psychologistsWilliam JamesDepression and recoveryJames and psychical researchJohn DeweyGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich HegelDewey and politicsEdward Lee ThorndikeJohn Broadus WatsonBurrhus Frederic SkinnerThe social views of SkinnerNoam ChomskyAlan TuringJerry FodorPaul and Patricia ChurchlandDaniel Dennett in this web service Cambridge University 364371379383392398414420425www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore informationPrefaceThe sheer amount of information available to today’s psychology student, andthe ease with which that information can be obtained, is greater than it has everbeen in the past. Though this is no doubt a blessing, it is not without its dangers.In particular, it is easy for the student to become bogged down in a mass of factsand details with little appreciation of how everything fits together. Knowingdisjointed facts, no matter how vast that knowledge may be, does not constituteunderstanding. It is only when that knowledge is embedded within an overarching framework that understanding occurs. Knowledge of the historical andphilosophical foundations of psychology provides such a framework.But in order to achieve this, the historical and philosophical foundations ofpsychology cannot themselves be presented in a bitty and disjointed fashion.There must be some sort of narrative, not just a bunch of ideas and theories. Theremust be an indication of how ideas fit together, and of the pervasive influence ofcertain core ideas that resurface at various points throughout the history ofpsychology. That is what I have tried to do in this book.This book grew out of a course on the history and philosophy of psychologythat I taught at the University of Manchester. In preparing the course I haddifficulty in finding a book that tied together the ideas and theories in quite theway I wanted. I felt that many of the available textbooks were repositories offactual information – useful factual information, no doubt – but that they did notpresent a coherent narrative. I also thought that there was a tendency to try tocover too much ground, too many thinkers, and that, as a result, the treatment ofthem was often a little cursory. My goal, then, was to provide more of a coherentnarrative, and to discuss the ideas presented in greater depth.The book is perhaps more selective than some others on the history and philosophy of psychology. I make no claims to its being comprehensive – nearly everyonewill be able to point out some favourite psychologist or philosopher who has notbeen included or has not been given enough attention. But I thought it better to lookin more detail at the work of a smaller selection of thinkers than to deal superficiallywith a large number of thinkers. It is also the case that concentrating on a smallernumber of thinkers makes it easier to grasp the interconnections between their ideasthan if one were to try to cover everyone of importance. I believe that, after having in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore informationxivPrefaceread this book, students will be equipped to locate the ideas of other thinkers notdiscussed in the book within the general framework that it provides.The narrative presented in this book is, then, not the only story that could betold about the historical and philosophical foundations of psychology. It does,however, deal with what I believe to be some of the most important and recurringproblems and issues concerning the foundations of psychology – issues such asthe mind–body problem, the extent to which the mind itself constructs ourexperience, and the extent to which mental processes can be understood asbeing purely internal to the organism or essentially connected to the environment. These fundamental issues, and others like them, reappear throughout thebook. These issues are discussed in relation to the thought of major philosophers,such as Descartes, Locke, Hume, and Kant, as well as the ideas of influentialpsychologists, such as William James and Wilhelm Wundt, and psychologicalmovements, such as Gestalt psychology and behaviourism.The book is organised in a roughly chronological order. It is sometimes the casethat books on the history of ideas are organised around themes, but a chronological presentation seemed to me to be the most natural one for providing thenarrative that I desired.Features of the bookThe book, as mentioned above, grew out of my undergraduate teaching, and so isaimed at undergraduate psychology students, though I hope that postgraduatestudents would also find something of value in it. I have tried to write the book asclearly as possible, but it is inevitable that some technical terms will feature in thetext. Where these occur, they are printed in bold and are defined in a glossary atthe end of the book.To give the student some feel for the personal context in which ideas originated, I have included, in separate boxes, biographical information on the mainthinkers discussed in the text. In addition to this, timelines at the beginning ofeach chapter relate the work of the thinkers discussed in that chapter to otherhistorical events that were occurring at the same time. The student will also findrevision questions at the end of each chapter. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00599-0 - Historical and Philosophical Foundations of PsychologyMartin FarrellFrontmatterMore informationAcknowledgementsI would like to thank the anonymous reviewers of draft chapters of this book, andHetty Marx, Valerie Appleby, and Raihanah Begum of Cambridge UniversityPress for all their help in helping me knock the book into shape. The book wouldhave been a poorer one if it were not for their suggestions. Thanks are also due tomy friend and colleague Professor Ivan Leudar, with whom I taught the course onwhich this book is based, for his constant encouragement. The biggest thanks ofall go to my partner, Donna Lloyd, for all the love and support I could havewished for. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Historical and Philosophical Foundations of Psychology This textbook connects the big ideas and key thinkers of psychology and philosophy in a clear and cohesive theoretical narrative. Students are led to understand the relations between different schools of thought, and to connect the various thinkers, theories and facts in psychology’s history.
historical and philosophical foundations of education. The first chapter examines how educa-tional biography can be used in teacher and professional education programs. The following sections are included in each of the subsequent 24 chapters: The Historical Contextthat places the educational thinker in the historical, cultural, and
This is an intensive course of study of the historical and philosophical foundations of music education. This course will encapsulate both the history of music education in the United States from the Colonial period to modern times, and a philosophical emphasis on twentieth and twenty-first century thought and movements in American music education.
Philosophical Foundations Of Physics, Rudolph Carnap, Edited By Martin Gardner, 1966 Philosophical Foundations of Science And Quantitative Analysis. Section 1: Definitions. Philosophy . ¾A study of human morals, character, and behavior. Knowledge
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the Historical and Philosophical Foundations of Education Chapter 1 Historical and Philosophical Foundations of Education: A Biographical Introduction is designed to introduce prospective teachers, in-service teachers, and other educators to the history and philosophy of education by examining the life stories, the biographies, of the
POL 570 Social, Historical and Philosophical Foundations of American Education . Assoc. Prof. Ismael Ramírez Soto . 3 Page . This course is organized around 13 weekly sessions in the fall. On the Blackboard course page, you will see a folder for each week containing subfolders with content files and links to discussion forums, web resources, and
UNIT 2 PHILOSOPHICAL AND HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Contents 2.1 Introduction . 2.2.2 Comte and a Positivist View of Society 2.3 The Study of Human Evolution 2.3.1 The Early Evolutionists 2.3.2 Classical Evolutionism 2.4 The Primitive as a Concept 2.5 Summary References Suggested Reading Sample Questions Learning Objectives
Andreas Wagner†‡ Historically, one of the most controversial aspects of Darwinian evolution has been the prominent role that randomness and random change play in it. Most biologists agree that mutations in DNA have random effects on fitness. However, fitness is a highly simplified scalar representation of an enormously complex phenotype .
