STUDY OF MACROPHYTE DIVERSITY FROM THE RESERVOIRS OF .
International Journal of Science, Environmentand Technology, Vol. 3, No 5, 2014, 1721 – 1730ISSN 2278-3687 (O)STUDY OF MACROPHYTE DIVERSITY FROM THE RESERVOIRSOF SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY CAMPUS, KOLHAPUR (MAHARASHTRA)Supriya Gaikwad* and Meena DongareDepartment of Botany, Shivaji University, KolhapurE-mail: supriya15suk@gmail.com (*Corresponding Author)Abstract: The present work is an attempt to the study of Macrophyte diversity from ShivajiUniversity campus reservoirs. They showed total number of 106 species from 60 familieswith 4 different groups of vegetation viz. algae, bryophyte, pteridophyte and angiosperms.The macrophytes are also classified on the basis of their habitat status. The results of thestudy reveal that the highest percent contribution to the macrophytes is protected byangiosperms. The species which have marginal habitat status are dominant in present work.According to present study Rajaram reservoir having great macrophyte diversity.Keywords: Macrophyte diversity, k-Dominance.IntroductionMacrophytes are integral components of aquatic ecosystem because they provide food,nutrients and habitats to the aquatic organisms which enhance biodiversity of aquaticecosystems. Macrophytes constitute one of the major components of freshwaterenvironments; because they help to maintain the biodiversity (Agostinho et.al.2007a, Theelet.al.2008). They oxygenate the water and are important for different activities of aquaticanimals. They inflict tremendous influence and drive an ecosystem in a particular direction,ultimately providing a definite shape to reservoires.Macrophytes are highly productive in floodplains (Junk and Piedade, 1993). Aquaticcommunities reflect anthropogenic effects and are very useful to determine and evaluatehuman impacts (Solaket.al., 2012) Aquatic macrophytes respond to the changes in waterquality and have been used as bio-indicator of pollution. They also dynamically guide thecycling of minerals and other organic constituents, thereby influencing over all biomassproduction of water bodies and can serve as indicator for monitoring the degree of damage inthe ecosystem. These are considered as an efficient accumulator of heavy metals (Devlin,1967). These are also helpful to reduce different kinds of pollutants from polluted water.Received Aug 22, 2014 * Published Oct 2, 2014 * www.ijset.net
Supriya Gaikwad and Meena Dongare1722Macrophytes sustain the clear-water state by various mechanisms whose relative importanceis possibly variable (Ozimeket al., 1990, Vermaatet al.,2000, Madsen et al., 2001).Taking into consideration the significance of the macrophyte diversity the presentinvestigation was undertaken. This aims to brief summerisation of macrophytes and theircategorisation which will give us baseline data about species diversity.Study AreaThe campus of Shivaji University, Kolhapur lies between 16040’35.45” North latitudes and74015’06.04” East longitudes. This campus area is about 853 acres. In this area there are fourreservoirs located, which supplies water to the University for various purposes. Thereservoirs of Shivaji University campus are as follows.Sr.No1.2.3.4.Name and Code of ReservoirsReservoir behind Bhashabhavan (R1)Reservoir behind Music department (R2)Lead garden Reservoir (R3)Rajaram Reservoir ,22”EMaterials and MethodsMacrophytes were recorded through a survey of study area for one year (2012 to 2013)during which regular excursion were made at short intervals to collect and photograph theplants of the area. Plants were identified with the help of available literature of Subramanyam(1962), Jain and Rao (1976), Varma (1981), Cook (1996), Gupta (2001) and Sardesai andYadav (2004). The assessment of macrophytes habitat status is presented with K Dominancecurve (Lambshead et al. 1983) by using BioDiversity professional Software (Version 2).Results and DiscussionPresent investigation was done from four reservoirs of Shivaji University Campus duringperiod of 2012 to 2013. In present study altogether 106macrophytes species were recordedout of which 73 species was recorded from R1,42 speciesfrom R2, 58 from R3 and 104 fromR4. (Table No. 1).The present macrophyte diversity broadly classified in four majorgroupsi.e Angiosperm,Pteridophyte, Bryophyte and Algae. Angiospermicmacrophyte diversity all over composed of46 families, 74 genera and 84species. Pteridophyte diversity represents 3 families, 5 generaand 5 species. The diversity of Bryophytes includes 3 families, 4 genera and 4 species. WhileAlgal diversity shows 8 family, 10 genera and 13 species. (Table No.2)
Study of Macrophyte Diversity from the Reservoirs of .1723The percent contribution of observed macrophyte diversity is summarised in fig. 1.and Table No.2. R1 having percent contribution as an angiosperms 82.19%, owsangiosperms88.37%,pteridophyte2.32%, bryophytes and algae 4.65%. In R3 it is observed that the percentcontribution of macrophyte is angiosperm as 86.44%, pteridophyte 3.38%, bryophytes andalgae 5.08%. R4 presenting percent contribution of macrophyte in range of angiosperm79.80%, pteridophyte 2.88%, bryophytes 3.84% and algae 12.5%.Macrophyte are also classified on the basis of their habitat (Keddy, 2000). The macrophyteare classified as marginal, submerged, floating and emergent. In R1 marginal (58),submerged (8) and emergent (7) species are present. Macrophyte habitat status of R2 showsmacrophyte species as marginal (36), submerged (3) and emergent (4). According to R3macrophyte diversity is observed as marginal (48), submerged (6) and emergent (5). In caseof R4 marginal (68), submerged (23), floating (3) and emergent (10) macrophyte species arenoticed. (Table No.3)For more detailed study of macrophyte habitat from shivaji university campus, k dominancecurve method is used. According to the macrophyte habitat all four reservoirs were observedand total species of marginal, submerged, floating and emergent habitat macrophyte werestudied and by using this data K dominance curve are plotted. K dominance curve of R1, R2andR3 shows three curves which represents three habitats of macrophytes i.e marginal,submerged and emergent, while K dominance curve of Rajaram reservoir shows four curveswhich represents four habitats of macrophyte i.e marginal, submerged, floating and emergent.(Fig.2)Thus according to survey R4 having highest macrophyte diversity followed by R1 and R3while very lowest macrophyte diversity shown by R2. The angiosperm macrophyte specieshave more contribution to all four reservoirs than pteridophyte, bryophyte and algae. Algaeshows more contribution only in R4 than all other three reservoirs. Pteridophyte andbryophyte species are very less in all four reservoirs. From the study of macrophyte habitat itis clear that, the macrophyte species which have marginal habitat are more in all fourreservoirs while submerged and emergent habitat macrophyte species are present more in R1and R4 and very less present in R2 and R3. The floating type of macrophyte habitat is presentonly in R4 and absent in all other three reservoirs.
Supriya Gaikwad and Meena Dongare1724Table No. 1: Macrophytes recorded during study period from three reservoirs of Shivaji University campus. (Year 2012 to 2013)Sr.Name of SpeciesFamilyHabitNo.Name of gofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz.linifoliaExacum pedunculatum L.Trichodesma inaequale Edgew.Linum mysorense Heyne ex. BenthSpermacoce pusilla Wallvar.FabaceaeHerbMarginal erbHerbMarginalMarginalMarginalMarginal MolluginaceaePoaceaeHerbHerbMarginalMarginal inalMarginal - - erbHerbHerbHerbMarginalMarginalMarginalMarginal Var.RubiaceaeFabaceaeHerbHerbMarginalMarginal - Var.OrchidaceaeHerbMarginal - AsteraceaeHerbMarginal - bHerbMarginalMarginalMarginal Mollugo pentaphylla var. pentaphyllaArthraxon lanceolatus(Roxb.) Hochst.Lavandula bipinnata (Roth) O. KuntzeCrotalaria hebecarpa (DC.) RuddHedyotis corymbosa (L.)Lam.Sesamum laciniatum Klein ex. Willd.Cassia mimosoides L.Cassia tora L.Indigofera linifolia(L.f.) Retz.var. campbelliiNeanotis tubulosa (G.Don) Mabb.Crotalaria medicaginea yathocline purpurea (Buch-Ham.D.Don)O.Ktze var. PurpureaAcalypha hispida Burm.f.Stemodia viscosa Roxb.Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) J.A. &Schult.ExJ.H.
Study of Macrophyte Diversity from the Reservoirs of 8.39.40.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.49.50.Cyanotis fasciculata (Heyne ex Roth) J.A.& J.H. Schult.Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D.DonCyanotis cristata (L.) D.DonPhyla nodiflora (L.) GreeneArgemone mexicana L.Cleome viscosa L.Cleome chelidonii L.f.Portulaca oleracea L.Tridax procumbens L.Ziziphus nummulariaSesbania sesban (L) Merr.Plumbago zeylanica L.Centaurium meyeri (Bunge) Druce.Heliotropium indicum L.Withania somnifera (L.)Mecardonia procumbens (Mill). Small.Utricularia naikii Yadav, SardesaiGaikwadSesamum Lanciniatum Klein ex willd.Boerhavia erecta L.Achyranthes aspera L. Var. aspera1725CommelinaceaeHerbMarginal rbHerb - - - nal - Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br.ex DCEuphorbia hirta L.Euphorbia geniculata Orteg.Pouzolzia pentandra (Roxb.)Benn. VarpentandraTypha angustifolia eShrubHerbHerbHerbEmergentMarginalMarginalMarginal - TyphaceaeHerb- Coldenia procumbens L.Rotala densiflora (Roth ex R & S) KohneNymphoides indicum (L.) O. Ktze.Blyxa octandra (Roxb.) Planch. ex tingMarginal - -
Supriya Gaikwad and Meena Dongare172651.Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.HydrocharitaceaeHerb52.53.Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) NashPotamogeton nodosus Poir.PooideaePotamogetonaceaeHerbHerb54.Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) rbHerb61.Najas Marina L.Oxalis corniculata L. Var. corniculataCommelina benghalensis L.Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven subsp.SessilifloraNymphoides hydrophylla (Lour.) O. Ktze.Ceratophyllum demersum ria spiralis L.HydrocharitaceaeHerb63.Cyperus rotundus L. ssp. RotundusCymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.Amaranthus spinosus Linn.Ageratum conyzoides L.Parthenium hysterophorus Linn.Lantana camara L. var. aculeata (L.)MoldenkeLemna perpusilla Torr.Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir.Synedrella nodiflora (L.) GaertnCentaurium meyeri (Bunge) Druce.Chloris barbata Sw.Blumea obliqua(L.) Druce.Crotalaria juncea L.Sida acuta Burm.f.Phyllanthus reticulatus - -- - - - --- --- nalMarginal lEmergent -
Study of Macrophyte Diversity from the Reservoirs of .79.80.81.82.83.84.Hemigraphis crenata (Benth. Ex Hohen.)BremekTagetes erecta L.Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Wats.Bergia ammannioides Roxb. Ex RothChrozophora rottleri (Geis.) Juss. ExSpreng.Calotropis gigantean (L.) R. Br.1727AcanthaceaeHerbMarginal--- HerbHerbEmergentEmergentMarginalEmergent--- AsclepiadaceaeShrubEmergent - PteridaceaeShrubMarginal -PteridaceaeShrubMarginal - -SalvineaceaeHerb -- SalvineaceaeHerb--- MarsileaceaeHerbSubmergedSubmergedSubmerged -- Marginal MarginalMarginal TargioniaceaeHerb(Moss)HerbHerb(Moss)HerbMarginal - Pteridophytes85.86.87.88.89.Pteris vittata L.Adiantum philippense L.Azolla pinnata R. Br.Salvinia Molesta D.S. Mitch.Marsilea minuta L.Bryophytes90.Funaria hygrometrica HedwFunariaceae91.Cyathodium tuberosum. Kash.TargionaceaeAnthocerotaceae92.93.Anthoceros erectus KashyapTargionia hypophylla L.Algae94.95.chara zeylanica kl.ex.willdNitella furcatus d - 96.Oscillatoria brevis Kutzing ex GomantOscillatoriaceaeHerbSubmerged--- 97.Nostoc paludosum Kutzing ex Bornet &FlahaultOscillatoria tenuis C. Agardh ex GomantSpirullina nordstedtiiNostocaceaeHerbSubmerged--- rged-98.99. -
Supriya Gaikwad and Meena Dongare1728100.Bulbochaete praereticulata JoaOedogoniaceaeHerbSubmerged--- 101.Desmidium swartzii C.Agardh ex RalfMougeotia scalaris ubmergedSpirogyra condensate (Vauch.) KuetzSpirogyra crassa (Kutzing) edSubmerged 73 43 59 104102.103.104.105.106.TotalR 1: Reservoir behind Bhashabhavan,R2: Reservoir behind Music department, R 3: Lead garden Reservoir, R 4: Rajaram ReservoirR 1: Reservoir behind Bhashabhavan, R 2: Reservoir behind Music department, R 3: Lead garden Reservoir, R 4: Rajaram ReservoirFig 2: Habitat status of studied macrophytes from reservoires of Shivaji university campus by K dominance curveAbundance PlotAbundance PlotAbundance Plot100R1Abundance nk1000110100RankR 1: Reservoir behind Bhashabhavan, R 2: Reservoir behind Music department, R 3: Lead garden Reservoir, R 4: Rajaram Reservoir110Rank100
Study of Macrophyte Diversity from the Reservoirs of .1729Table No. 2: Observed Plant groups and percent contribution of MacrophytesSr.No.Plant groupofMacrophyteName (Code) of 5.085.084133.8412.5R 1: Reservoir behind Bhashabhavan, R 2: Reservoir behind Music department, R 3: Leadgarden Reservoir, R 4: Rajaram Reservoir TS: Total species PC: Percent contribution (%)Table No. 3: Habitat Status of studied MacrophytesSr.No.1.2.3.4.Habitat Status R15808000773R23603000443R34806000559R46823310104R 1: Reservoir behind Bhashabhavan, R 2: Reservoir behind Music department,R 3: Lead garden Reservoir, R 4: Rajaram ReservoirConclusionFrom the present investigation it is concluded that the reservoirs of Shivaji university campusare clearly dominated by Angiosperms. The pteridophyte, bryophyteand algae are poor indistribution. The diverse type of macrophyte forms recorded from studying reservoirsindicates that, these reservoirs are very rich in plant diversity particularly in marginal andsubmerged species. Rajaram reservoir (R4) have great macrophyte diversity fallowed byReservoir behind Bhashabhavan (R1), Lead garden Reservoir (R3) and Reservoir behindMusic department (R1).AcknowledgementThe authors record their thanks to Head of Botany Department, Shivaji University, Kolhapur,for their help and constant encouragement. Authors are also thankful to UGC-BSR, NewDelhi for providing financial support.References[1] Agostinho, AA., Pelicice, FM., Petry, AC., Gomes, LC. and Julio Jr., HF., 2007. Fishdiversity in the upper Parana River basin: habitats, fisheries, management and conservation.Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management,10(2), pp. 174-186.[2] Cook CDK. 1996. Aquatic Plant Book. 2nd ed. SPB Academic Publishing,Amsterdam/New York.
1730Supriya Gaikwad and Meena Dongare[3] Devlin RM, 1967. Plant Physiology. Reinhold, New York, pp. 564.[4] Gupta O.P. 2001. Weedy Aquatic Plants: their Utility, Menace and Management.Agrobios Jodhpur, India, pp 273.[5] Junk, WJ. And Piedade, MTF., 1993. Biomass and primary- production of herbaceousplant communities in the Amazon floodplain. Hydrobiologia, 263, pp.155-162.[6] Jain, S.K. &Rao, R.R. 1976. A Hand book of Field and Herbarium Methods, Today andTomarrow, New Delhi.[7] Keddy, Paul, 2000. Wetland ecology: Principles and conservation. Cambridge UniversityPress, xiv 1 614 p. US 52.95, paper. ISBN 0-521-78367-4.[8] Lambshead PJD, Platt HM & KM Shaw. 1983. Detection of differences amongassemblages of marine benthic species based on an assessment of dominance and diversity. J.Nat. Hist. 17, pp859-874.[9] Madsen, J.D., Chambers, P.A., James, W.F., Koch, E.W., Westlake, D.F. 2001.Theinteraction between water movement, sediment dynamics and submerged macrophytes.Hydrobiologia 444 pp71-84.[10] Ozimek, T., van Donk, E., Gulati, R.D., 1990. Can macrophytes be useful inbiomanipulations of lakes? The Lake Zwemlustexample. Hydrobiologia 201, pp 399-409.[11] S.R. Yadav, M.M. Sardesai 2002.Flora of Kolhapur District.[12] Solak, C.N., Barinova, S Acs E and Dayioglu H., 2012. Diversity and ecology ofdiatoms from Felent creek (Sakarya river basin), Turky. Turkish Journal of Botany,36pp191203.[13] Subramanyam, K.1962. Aquatic angiosperms. Botanical Monograph (3), CSIR, NewDelhi.[14] Theel, HJ. and Dibble, ED., 2008. An experimental simulation of an exotic aquaticmacrophyte invasive and its influence on foraging bahavior of bluegill. Journal ofFreashwater Ecology , 23(1), pp. 79-89.[15] Vermaat, J.E., Santamaria, L., Roos, P.J. 2000. Water flow across and sediment trappingin submerged macrophyte beds of contrasting growth form. Arch Hydrobiol ogia 148, pp549562.[16] Warwick, R.M. and Clarke, K.R. 1991. Acomparison of some methods for analysingchanges in benthic community structure. Journal of the marine biology Association U.K. 71:225-244.
OF SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY CAMPUS, KOLHAPUR (MAHARASHTRA) Supriya Gaikwad* and Meena Dongare Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur E-mail: supriya15suk@gmail.com (*Corresponding Author) Abstract: The present work is an attempt to the study of Macrophyte diversity from Shivaji University campus reservoirs.
5 Figure 1. Transect locations and lengths (red lines) for macrophyte assessment in Muskegon Lake. See text for sampling details. Field protocols – Macrophyte surveys took place August 24-26, 2009, Augus
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